synchronized与lock之间的性能比较
2018-01-12 15:29
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1.关于两者的实现的比较
A).一般认为synchronized关键字的实现是源自于像信号量之类的线程同步机制,涉及到线程运行状态的切换,在高并发状态下,CPU消耗过多的时间在线程的调度上,从而造成了性能的极大浪费。然而真的如此么? 线程的状态主要有一下五种,分别是新建状态,就绪状态,运行状态,阻塞状态,消亡状态等5种状态
B).lock实现原理则是依赖于硬件,现代处理器都支持CAS指令,所谓CAS指令简单的来说Compare And Set,CPU循环执行指令直到得到所期望的结果,换句话来说就是当变量真实值不等于当前线程调用时的值的时候(说明其他线程已经将这个值改变),就不会赋予变量新的值。这样就保证了变量在多线程环境下的安全性。
然而,现实情况是当JDK版本高于1.6的时候,synchronized已经被做了CAS的优化:具体是这样的,当执行到synchronized代码块时,先对对象头的锁标志位用lock cmpxchg的方式设置成“锁住“状态,释放锁时,在用lock cmpxchg的方式修改对象头的锁标志位为”释放“状态,写操作都立刻写回主内存。JVM会进一步对synchronized时CAS失败的那些线程进行阻塞操作(调用操作系统的信号量)(此段来摘自别处)。也就是先CAS操作,不行的话继而阻塞线程。
除此之外,系统环境,CPU架构,虚拟机环境都会影响两者的性能关系。
举例如下
1).X86_64 cpu i7 4910mq @4.0ghz ,Windows10 64bit,JDK1.8 hotspot 64bit虚拟机环境
测试代码
测试对某Map对象高并发下的读写线程安全测试
测试对比有synchronized,ReadWriteLock,ConcurrentHashMap,
public class MapTest { private Map<Integer,String> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(); private long starttime; private AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(t_count); private final static int t_count = 5000; private final static int rw_count = 10000; Runnable readrun = new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { int i = rw_count; while (i > 0){ map.get(i); i--; } System.out.println("read-mapsize="+map.size()); if(count.decrementAndGet() == 0) System.out.println("time="+ (System.currentTimeMillis() - starttime +"ms")); } }; Runnable writerun = new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { int i = rw_count; while (i > 0){ map.put(i,i+""); i--; } System.out.println("write-mapsize="+map.size()); if(count.decrementAndGet() == 0) System.out.println("time="+ (System.currentTimeMillis() - starttime + "ms")); } }; public void run(){ starttime = System.currentTimeMillis(); for(int i = 0;i < t_count/2;i ++){ new Thread(writerun).start(); new Thread(readrun).start(); } } }
HashMap 用synchronized重写
public class SyncHashMap extends HashMap{ @Override public Object get(Object key) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub synchronized (this) { return super.get(key); } } @Override public synchronized Object put(Object key, Object value) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub synchronized (this) { return super.put(key, value); } } }
用读写锁实现的Map代理类,有些粗糙,没加try finally
public class SyncMapProxy<K,V> implements Map<K,V>{ private Map<K,V> origin; private ReadWriteLock lock; public SyncMapProxy(Map<K, V> origin) { this.origin = origin; lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock(); } public static <K,V> SyncMapProxy<K,V> SyncMap(Map<K,V> map){ return new SyncMapProxy<K,V>(map); } @Override public void clear() { lock.writeLock().lock(); origin.clear(); lock.writeLock().unlock(); } @Override public boolean containsKey(Object key) { lock.readLock().lock(); boolean res = origin.containsKey(key); lock.readLock().unlock(); return res; } @Override public boolean containsValue(Object value) { lock.readLock().lock(); boolean res = origin.containsKey(value); lock.readLock().unlock(); return res; } @Override public Set<Entry<K, V>> entrySet() { lock.readLock().lock(); Set<Entry<K, V>> res = origin.entrySet(); lock.readLock().unlock(); return res; } @Override public V get(Object key) { lock.readLock().lock(); V res = origin.get(key); lock.readLock().unlock(); return res; } @Override public boolean isEmpty() { return origin.isEmpty(); } @Override public Set<K> keySet() { lock.readLock().lock(); Set<K> res = origin.keySet(); lock.readLock().unlock(); return res; } @Override public V put(K key, V value) { lock.writeLock().lock(); V v = origin.put(key, value); lock.writeLock().unlock(); return v; } @Override public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> map) { lock.writeLock().lock(); origin.putAll(map); lock.writeLock().unlock(); } @Override public V remove(Object key) { lock.writeLock().lock(); V v = origin.remove(key); lock.writeLock().unlock(); return v; } @Override public int size() { return origin.size(); } @Override public Collection<V> values() { lock.readLock().lock(); Collection<V> res = origin.values(); lock.readLock().unlock(); return res; } }
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