有用的Linux命令整理（不断积累中）

System

1. man command —— show the manual for command$ man whereis

2. whereis app —— show possible locations of app$ whereis gcc
gcc: /usr/bin/gcc /usr/lib/gcc /usr/share/man/man1/gcc.1.gz
3. which app —— show which app will be run by default$ which gcc
/usr/bin/gcc
4. whoami —— show your username (who you are logged in as)$ whoami
airobot

File/Directory Basics

5. pwd —— show the present working directory$ pwd
/home/airobot/Desktop/dev

6. cdcd dir —— change directory to dircd .. —— go up one directorycd / —— go to the root directorycd ~ —— go to your home directorycd - —— go to the last directory you were just in


File  Viewing

7. cat —— output the contents of file
8. head —— output the first 10 lines of file
9. tail —— output the last 10 lines of file
10. nl —— number lines



File Properties/Permissions

11. file —— identify file types12. stat —— display file attributes



13. chmod ugo file —— change permissions of file to ugo, where u is the user's permission, g is the group's permissions, and o is the everyone else's permission. The walues of u, g, and o can bu any number between 0 and 7. (4: read, 2: write, 1: execute)e.g.
chmod 777: read, write, execute for all （参考上图中给出的例子）
chmod 755: rwx for owner, everyone else can rxchmod 600: you can read and writechmod 644: you can read and wirte, and everyone else can only read
14. chgrp —— change file group15. chown —— change file owner



IO Redirection16. cat > file —— places standard input to file
例如，在下图中，我们首先在命令上输入 cat > my_file，然后系统会自动在当前文件夹下创建一个名为my_file的文件，然后我们在Terminal上输入的文字将被写入my_file中，直到我们在键盘上输入CTRL + d 时返回。这时我们打开my_file文件，可以发现之前的内容已经被成功写入了。



17. cmd > file —— Standard output (stdout) of cmd to file



18. cmd >> file ——  Append stdout to file



Process Management
19. ps —— show snapshot of processes
ps命令用于报告当前系统的进程状态。可以搭配kill指令随时中断、删除不必要的程序。ps命令是最基本同时也是非常强大的进程查看命令，使用该命令可以确定有哪些进程正在运行和运行的状态、进程是否结束、进程有没有僵死、哪些进程占用了过多的资源等等，总之大部分信息都是可以通过执行该命令得到的。
20. top —— show real time processes
 top命令可以实时动态地查看系统的整体运行情况，是一个综合了多方信息监测系统性能和运行信息的实用工具。通过top命令所提供的互动式界面，用热键可以管理。



21. kill pid —— kill process with id pid22. pkill name —— kill process with name name
23. killall name —— kill all processes with names beginning name

Searching24. locate file —— find all instances of file using indexed database built from the updatedb command. Much faster than find
25. grep pattern files —— search for pattern in filesgrep -i : case insensitive searchgrep -o : only show matched part of file



26. grep -r pattern dir —— search recursively for pattern in dir
27. grep -rn pattern dir —— search recursively for pattern in dir and show the line number found
28. command | grep pattern —— search for pattern in the output of command


Pipes and Command Lists

29. cmd1 | cmd2 —— stdout of cmd1 to cmd2
30. cmd1 |& cmd2 —— stderr of cmd1 to cmd2
31. cmd1 ; cmd2 —— run cmd1 then cmd2
32. cmd1 && cmd2 —— run cmd2 if cmd1 is successful
33. cmd1 || cmd2 —— run cmd2 if cmd1 is unsuccessfull

ShortcutsCTRL+c —— stop current command
CTRL+w —— erases one word in the current line
CTRL+u —— erases the whole line
CTRL+a —— move cursor to the beginning of lineCTRL+e —— move cursor to the end of line
CTRL+b —— move cursor backward one character
CTRL+f ——  move cursor forward one character
ALT+b —— move cursor backward one word
ALT+f —— move cursor forward one word

参考http://gnulinux.guru/bash_cheatsheet.pdfhttp://man.linuxde.net/