L - Doing Homework （状态dp）

Ignatius has just come back school from the 30th ACM/ICPC. Now he has a lot of homework to do. Every teacher gives him a deadline of handing in the homework. If Ignatius hands in the homework after the deadline, the teacher will reduce
his score of the final test, 1 day for 1 point. And as you know, doing homework always takes a long time. So Ignatius wants you to help him to arrange the order of doing homework to minimize the reduced score.

InputThe input contains several test cases. The first line of the input is a single integer T which is the number of test cases. T test cases follow. 

Each test case start with a positive integer N(1<=N<=15) which indicate the number of homework. Then N lines follow. Each line contains a string S(the subject's name, each string will at most has 100 characters) and two integers D(the deadline of the subject),
C(how many days will it take Ignatius to finish this subject's homework). 

Note: All the subject names are given in the alphabet increasing order. So you may process the problem much easier. 

OutputFor each test case, you should output the smallest total reduced score, then give out the order of the subjects, one subject in a line. If there are more than one orders, you should output the alphabet smallest one. 

Sample Input

2
3
Computer 3 3
English 20 1
Math 3 2
3
Computer 3 3
English 6 3
Math 6 3

Sample Output

2
Computer
Math
English
3
Computer
English
Math

Hint

In the second test case, both Computer->English->Math and Computer->Math->English leads to reduce 3 points, but the
word "English" appears earlier than the word "Math", so we choose the first order. That is so-called alphabet order.

题意：有n门课，每门课有截止时间和完成所需的时间，如果超过规定时间完成，每超过一天就会扣1分，问怎样安排做作业的顺序才能使得所扣的分最小

思路：因为最多只有15门课程，可以使用二进制来表示所有完成的状况

例如5，二进制位101，代表第一门和第三门完成了，第二门没有完成，那么我们可以枚举1~1<<n便可以得出所有的状态

然后对于每一门而言，其状态是t = 1<<i，我们看这门在现在的状态s下是不是完成，可以通过判断s&t是否为1来得到

当得出t属于s状态的时候，我们便可以进行DP了，在DP的时候要记录路径，方便之后的输出

代码：

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cstring>
#include <stack>
const int inf=1<<30;
using namespace std;
struct node{
string name;
int dead;
int cost;
}a[55];
struct Node{
int time;
int score;
int pre;
int now;
}dp[1<<15];

int main(){
ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
int T,i,j,n;
cin>>T;
while(T--){
memset(dp,0,sizeof(dp));
cin>>n;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
cin>>a[i].name>>a[i].dead>>a[i].cost;
for(i=1;i<(1<<n);i++)
{
dp[i].score=inf;
for(j=n-1;j>=0;j--){
if(i&(1<<j)){
int past=i-(1<<j);
int ss=dp[past].time+a[j].cost-a[j].dead;
if(ss<0)ss=0;
if(ss+dp[past].score<dp[i].score)
{
dp[i].score=ss+dp[past].score;
dp[i].now=j;
dp[i].pre=past;
dp[i].time=dp[past].time+a[j].cost;
}
}
}
}
stack<int>s;
int tem=(1<<n)-1;
cout<<dp[tem].score<<endl;
while(tem){
s.push(dp[tem].now);
tem=dp[tem].pre;
}
while(!s.empty()){
cout<<a[s.top()].name<<endl;
s.pop();
}

}
return 0;
}