numpy,scipy,matplotlib,pandas等简明教程
2017-09-17 20:27
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numpy中文文档(updating…)
numpy,scipy,matplotlib,pandas,keras,scikit-learn简明实例教程
基础部分
就比如,在3D空间中一个点的坐标[1, 2, 1]就是一个秩为1的数组,因为它仅有一个轴, 并且其长度为3. 又比如在下面的例子中,数组的秩为2(有两个维度),第一个维度(轴)的长度为2,第二个维度(轴)的长度为3.
numpy,scipy,matplotlib,pandas,keras,scikit-learn简明实例教程
基础部分
numpy的主要对象是一个同类元素的多维数组. 这是一个所有元素均为同种类型,并通过正整数元组来进行索引的元素(一般为数字)表. 在
numpy中维度(dimensions)称之为轴(axes). 数目称之为秩(rank).
就比如,在3D空间中一个点的坐标[1, 2, 1]就是一个秩为1的数组,因为它仅有一个轴, 并且其长度为3. 又比如在下面的例子中,数组的秩为2(有两个维度),第一个维度(轴)的长度为2,第二个维度(轴)的长度为3.
[[1., 0., 0.], [0., 1., 2.]]
numpy的数组类被称之为
ndarray, 我们也将它叫做
array. 需要注意的是,numpy.array与python标准库中的array.array是有区别的,后者仅处理一维数组并且只提供了少量的功能. 对于ndarray对象而言,比较重要的属性有:
ndarray.ndim
数组中轴(维度)的个数,在python的世界里,维度的个数是指秩
ndarray.shape
数组的维度. 这是一个表示数组在每一个维度上的大小的一个整数元组. 对于一个n行m列的矩阵而言,它的shape属性就为(n, m). 那么,这个元组的长度就必然为秩,或者为维度的个数,或为ndim属性
ndarray.size
数组中元素的总个数. 也就等于shape属性元组中各个元素的乘积.
ndarray.dtype
一个用来描述数组中元素类型的对象. 你能通过标准的python类型来创建或者直接指定dtype属性. 另外numpy也提供了它自己的数据类型. 例如,numpy.int32, numpy.int16, 以及numpy.float64, 等等.
ndarray.itemsize
数组中元素的字节大小(bytes). 例如,一个类型为float64的数组元素的itemsize为8(=64/8), 而一个类型为complex32的数组元素的itemsize为4(=32/8). 这个属性等价于ndarray.dtype.itemsize
ndarray.data
包含了实际数组元素的缓冲区. 通常我们不需要用这个属性,原因是,我们会用索引(功能)访问数组中元素.
……
Pandas
import numpy as np import pandas as pd import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import warnings warnings.filterwarnings('ignore') plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei'] # 用来正常显示中文标签 plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False def test1(): # for each Series, it includes `index`, so merging them into `DataFrame`, as corresponding index-value into a row # print(pd.Index([3]*4)) # print(pd.Index(range(4))) # print(pd.date_range('20180201', periods=4)) # DatetimeIndex, default 'D' (calendar daily), `stride` as daily # print(pd.period_range('20180101', '2018-01-04')) # PeriodIndex # print(pd.Index(data=[i for i in 'ABCDEF'])) # print(list(pd.RangeIndex(10))) # s = pd.Series(10) # scalar # s = pd.Series(data=[1, 2, 3], index=[10, 20, 20]) # array-like, and non-unique index values are allowed s = pd.Series({'a': 10, 10: 'AA'}, index=['aa', 10]) # dict print(s) # print(s[:]) # df = pd.DataFrame(data=np.random.randn(4, 3), index=pd.RangeIndex(1, 5), columns=['A', 'B', 'C']) # ndarray # df = pd.DataFrame(data={'A': np.array(range(1, 4))**2, 'B': pd.Timestamp('20180206'), # 'C': pd.Series(data=['MLee', 'python', 'Pearson']), 'D': 126, # 'E': pd.Categorical(values=['Upper', 'Middle', 'Lower'], categories=['Middle', 'Lower']), # 'F': 'Laplace'}, index=pd.RangeIndex(3), columns=['A', 'B']) # dict df = pd.DataFrame(data={'A': np.array(range(1, 4))**2, 'B': pd.Timestamp('20180206'), 'C': pd.Series(data=['MLee', 'python', 'Pearson']), 'D': [126, 10, 66], 'E': pd.Categorical(values=['Upper', 'Middle', 'Lower'], categories=['Middle', 'Lower']), 'F': 'Laplace'}, index=pd.RangeIndex(3), columns=pd.Index([i for i in 'FEDCBA'])) # dict print(df) # print(df.dtypes) # print(df.index) # print(df.columns) # print(df.values) # numpy.ndarray # print('*'*126) # print(df.info()) # print('*'*126) # print(df.describe()) # print(df.transpose()) # print(df.sort_index(axis=0, ascending=False)) # print(df.sort_index(axis=1)) # print(df.sort_values(by='D')) print('*'*126) df = pd.DataFrame(data=np.arange(24).reshape(6, 4), index=pd.date_range('20180201', periods=6), columns=pd.Index([i for i in 'ABCD'])) # df = pd.DataFrame(data=np.arange(24).reshape(6, 4)) # print(df[0]) # print(df[0:1]) # select rows require to use the slice print(df[:]) print(df['A']) # print(df.A) print(df[0:2][['A', 'B']]) print(df['20180201':'20180202'][['A', 'B']]) # select rows require to use the `slice`, while select columns require to use the `list` # print(df[['A', 'B']]) # print(df[0:2]) # exclude 3th row # print(df['20180201':'20180203']) # include index `20180203` row # print(df[0:1]) # print(df.loc['20180201']) # enable to get only one # For row & column, df.loc requires to use `index` and `column`, while df.iloc requires to use `slice` and `slice`, # in particular, df.ix supports mixed-selection print(df.loc['20180201':'20180202'][['A', 'B']]) print(df.loc['20180201':'20180202', ['A', 'B']]) # print(df['20180201':'20180202', ['A', 'B']]) # error # equivalent to df.iloc[0, 0] print(df.iloc[0:1, 0:1]) # use index(both row and column, necessarily all like 0, 1, 2, ...) print(df.iloc[[0, 2, 4], 0:2]) print(df.ix[0:2, 0:2]) # print(df.ix['20180201':'20180202', 0:2]) # print(df.ix[0:2, ['A', 'B']]) # print(df.ix['20180201':'20180202', ['A', 'B']]) print('**') print(df['B'][df.A>4]) # print(df.B[df.A>4]) df.B[df.A > 4] = np.nan print(df) df['E'] = 0 print(df) df['F'] = pd.Series(data=range(6), index=pd.date_range('20180201', periods=6)) print(df) print('*'*12) df = pd.DataFrame(data=np.arange(24).reshape(6, 4), index=pd.date_range('20180201', periods=6), columns=pd.Index([i for i in 'ABCD'])) # print(df) # df.dropna() # df.fillna() def test2(): dataset_training = pd.read_csv('C:/users/myPC/Desktop/ml/Titanic/train.csv') # print(dataset_training) print(dataset_training.Survived.value_counts()) deceased = dataset_training.Pclass[dataset_training.Survived == 0].value_counts(sort=True) survived = dataset_training.Pclass[dataset_training.Survived == 1].value_counts(sort=True) # print(deceased, survived, sep='\n') df = pd.DataFrame({'Survived': survived, 'Deceased': deceased}) print(df) df.plot(kind='bar', stacked=True) plt.title('Distribution of SES') plt.xlabel('Class') plt.ylabel('Numbers') plt.show() def test3(): id = ['1001', '1008', '1102', '1001', '1003', '1101', '1126', '1007'] name = ['Shannon', 'Gauss', 'Newton', 'Leibniz', 'Taylor', 'Lagrange', 'Laplace', 'Fourier'] country = ['America', 'Germany', 'Britain', 'Germany', 'Britain', 'France', 'France', 'France'] iq = [168, 180, 172, 228, 182, 172, 160, 186] sq = [180, 194, 160, 274, 150, 200, 158, 180] eq = [144, 152, 134, 166, 118, 144, 156, 128] dataset = list(zip(id, name, country, iq, sq, eq)) df = pd.DataFrame(data=dataset, columns=['Id', 'Name', 'Country', 'IQ', 'SQ', 'EQ']) df.to_csv('persons.csv', index=True, header=True) df = pd.read_csv('persons.csv', usecols=range(1, 7)) print(df) # print(df.info()) # print(df[df.IQ == df.IQ.max()]) print(df.sort_values(by='IQ', axis=0, ascending=False)) # df.head(1) plt.subplot2grid((1, 3), (0, 0)) df.IQ.plot() df.SQ.plot() df.EQ.plot() for i in range(df.shape[0]): plt.annotate(s=df.ix[i, 'Name'], xy=(i, df.ix[i, 'IQ']), xytext=(1, 1), xycoords='data', textcoords='offset points') plt.subplot2grid((1, 3), (0, 1), colspan=2) df[['IQ', 'SQ', 'EQ']].plot(kind='bar') # df['IQ'].plot(kind='bar') # df['SQ'].plot(kind='bar') # df['EQ'].plot(kind='bar') for i in range(df.shape[0]): plt.annotate(s=df.ix[i, 'Name'], xy=(i, df.ix[i, 'IQ']), xytext=(1, 1), xycoords='data', textcoords='offset points') plt.show() def test4(): data_train = pd.read_csv(r"C:\Users\myPC\Desktop\ml\Titanic\train.csv") # plt.subplot2grid((2, 3), (0, 0)) # 在一张大图里分列几个小图 survived = data_train.Pclass[data_train.Survived == 1].value_counts() deceased = data_train.Pclass[data_train.Survived == 0].value_counts() pd.DataFrame({'Survived': survived, 'deceased': deceased}).plot(kind='bar', stacked=True) # print(data_train.Sex[data_train.Survived == 1].value_counts()) print(data_train.groupby(by='Survived').count()) # data_train.Survived.value_counts().plot(kind='bar') # 柱状图 # plt.title("获救情况 (1为获救)") # plt.ylabel("人数") # plt.subplot2grid((2, 3), (0, 1)) # data_train.Pclass.value_counts().plot(kind="bar") # plt.ylabel("人数") # plt.title("乘客等级分布") # # plt.subplot2grid((2, 3), (0, 2)) # plt.scatter(data_train.Survived, data_train.Age) # plt.ylabel("年龄") # 设定纵坐标名称 # plt.grid(b=True, which='major', axis='y') # plt.title("按年龄看获救分布 (1为获救)")x # # plt.subplot2grid((2, 3), (1, 0), colspan=2) # data_train.Age[data_train.Pclass == 1].plot(kind='kde') # data_train.Age[data_train.Pclass == 2].plot(kind='kde') # data_train.Age[data_train.Pclass == 3].plot(kind='kde') # plt.xlabel("年龄") # plots an axis lable # plt.ylabel("密度") # plt.title("各等级的乘客年龄分布") # plt.legend(('头等舱', '2等舱', '3等舱'), loc='best') # sets our legend for our graph. # # plt.subplot2grid((2, 3), (1, 2)) # data_train.Embarked.value_counts().plot(kind='bar') # plt.title("各登船口岸上船人数") # plt.ylabel("人数") plt.show() def test5(): url = r'http://s3.amazonaws.com/assets.datacamp.com/course/dasi/present.txt' present = pd.read_table(url, sep=' ') # print(present) # present.set_index(keys=['year'], inplace=True) # print(present) print(present.columns) print(present.index) print(present.dtypes) # present.boys.plot(kind='kde') # present.girls.plot(kind='kde') present.set_index(keys=['year'], inplace=True) kinds = ['line', 'bar', 'barh', 'hist', 'box', 'kde', 'density', 'area', 'pie', 'scatter', 'hexbin'] # plt.figure() # for i in range(len(kinds)): # plt.subplot2grid(shape=(2, 3), loc=(i//3, i % 3)) # present[:10].plot(kind=kinds[i], subplots=True) present[:].plot(x='boys', y='girls', kind=kinds[-1]) plt.legend(loc='upper right') plt.show() def test6(): s = pd.Series(data=np.random.randn(1000), index=pd.date_range('20180101', periods=1000)) print(s) s = np.exp(s.cumsum()) s.plot(style='m*', logy=True) plt.show() def test7(): df = pd.read_csv('http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data', names=['sepal_length', 'sepal_width', 'petal_length', 'petal_width', 'name']) # print(df) # df.boxplot(by='name') # df.plot(kind='kde') # df.ix[:, :-1].plot(kind='hist') setosa = df[df.name == 'Iris-setosa'] versicolor = df[df.name == 'Iris-versicolor'] virginica = df[df.name == 'Iris-virginica'] # plt.subplot2grid(shape=(1, 3), loc=(0, 0)) plt.subplot(131) pd.DataFrame.plot(setosa) # setosa.plot(title='setosa', subplots=True) # plt.subplot2grid(shape=(1, 3), loc=(0, 1)) # versicolor.plot(title='versicolor', subplots=True) # pd.DataFrame.plot(versicolor) # plt.subplot2grid(shape=(1, 3), loc=(0, 2)) # virginica.plot(title='virginica', subplots=True) # pd.DataFrame.plot(data=virginica) plt.show() # df.sepal_length.plot(kind='hist') # plt.show() def test8(): import numpy as np import pandas as pd from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor from sklearn import preprocessing from sklearn import linear_model dataset_training = pd.read_csv('C:/users/myPC/Desktop/ml/Titanic/train.csv') dataset_test = pd.read_csv('C:/users/myPC/Desktop/ml/Titanic/test.csv') passenger_id = dataset_test['PassengerId'] # for the feature `Fare` in the `test_data`, only one missed dataset_test.loc[dataset_test.Fare.isnull(), 'Fare'] = 0.0 # drop the irrelevant features dataset_training.drop(labels=['PassengerId', 'Name', 'Ticket'], axis=1, inplace=True) dataset_test.drop(columns=['PassengerId', 'Name', 'Ticket'], inplace=True) # predict `age` which is missed by others' features dataset_training_age = dataset_training[['Pclass', 'SibSp', 'Parch', 'Fare', 'Age']] dataset_test_age = dataset_test[['Pclass', 'SibSp', 'Parch', 'Fare', 'Age']] age_known0 = dataset_training_age[dataset_training_age.Age.notnull()].as_matrix() # get the `ndarray` age_unknown0 = np.array(dataset_training_age[dataset_training_age.Age.isnull()]) age_unknown1 = dataset_test_age[dataset_test_age.Age.isnull()].as_matrix() training_data_age = age_known0[:, :-1] training_target_age = age_known0[:, -1] rfr = RandomForestRegressor(n_estimators=1000, n_jobs=-1, random_state=0) # enable to fit them by the 1000 trees rfr.fit(training_data_age, training_target_age) predicts = rfr.predict(age_unknown0[:, :-1]) dataset_training.ix[dataset_training.Age.isnull(), 'Age'] = predicts # fill the `age` which is missed # fit model(RandomForestRegressor) by the `training data` dataset_test.loc[dataset_test.Age.isnull(), 'Age'] = rfr.predict(age_unknown1[:, :-1]) dataset_training.ix[dataset_training.Cabin.notnull(), 'Cabin'] = 'Yes' # fill the `Cabin` as `Yes` which `notnull` dataset_training.ix[dataset_training.Cabin.isnull(), 'Cabin'] = 'No' # else, `No` dataset_test.ix[dataset_test.Cabin.notnull(), 'Cabin'] = 'Yes' dataset_test.ix[dataset_test.Cabin.isnull(), 'Cabin'] = 'No' # dummy some fields whose types of [`object`, `category`] to eliminate relation between categories dataset_training_dummies = pd.get_dummies(dataset_training, columns=['Pclass', 'Sex', 'Cabin', 'Embarked']) dataset_test_dummies = pd.get_dummies(dataset_test, columns=['Pclass', 'Sex', 'Cabin', 'Embarked']) ss = preprocessing.StandardScaler() # standardize some features which have some differences dataset_training_dummies['Age'] = ss.fit_transform(dataset_training_dummies.Age.reshape(-1, 1)) dataset_training_dummies['Fare'] = ss.fit_transform(dataset_training_dummies.Fare.reshape(-1, 1)) dataset_test_dummies['Age'] = ss.fit_transform(dataset_test_dummies.Age.reshape(-1, 1)) dataset_test_dummies['Fare'] = ss.fit_transform(dataset_test_dummies.Fare.reshape(-1, 1)) # get all processed samples print(dataset_training_dummies) dataset_training_dummies = dataset_training_dummies.filter(regex='Age|SibSp|Parch|Fare|Pclass_*|Sex_*|Cabin_*|Embarked_*|Survived').as_matrix() # print(data_training_dummies.info()) training_data = dataset_training_dummies[:, 1:] training_target = dataset_training_dummies[:, 0:1] lr = linear_model.LogisticRegression(C=1.0, penalty='l1', tol=1e-5) from sklearn import model_selection print(model_selection.cross_val_score(lr, training_data, training_target, cv=4)) lr.fit(training_data, training_target) predicts = lr.predict(dataset_test_dummies) ans = pd.DataFrame({'PassengerId': passenger_id, 'Survived': predicts.astype(np.int32)}) # print(ans) # ans.to_csv('C:/users/myPC/Desktop/ml/Titanic/submission.csv', index=False) # ignore label-index # print(pd.DataFrame({'features': list(dataset_test_dummies[1:]), 'coef': list(lr.coef_.T)})) def test9(): import numpy as np import numpy.linalg as nla import scipy.linalg as sla a = np.random.randint(20, size=(3, 4)) print(a) print(np.diag(a)) U, Sigma, V_H = nla.svd(a) # 其中U, V为酉矩阵,Sigma为一个由奇异值组成的对角矩阵(但返回的是一个由奇异值组成的向量形式) Sigma = np.concatenate((np.diag(Sigma), np.zeros((U.shape[0], V_H.shape[1]-U.shape[1]))), axis=1) print(U) print(Sigma) print(V_H) print(U.dot(Sigma.dot(V_H))) def google(): import tensorflow as tf a = tf.constant((1, 1)) b = tf.constant((2, 2)) ans = a + b sess = tf.Session() # print(type(sess.run(ans))) print(sess.run(ans)) if __name__ == '__main__': # test9() # google() test8() # pd.concat() # df.drop() # df = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1, 2, 3], 'B': [np.nan, 1, np.nan], 'C': [10, 111, 1111], 'D': ['good', 'common', 'bad']}) # df.loc[df.B.notnull(), 'B'] = 'Yes' # prior to judge `isnull()`, or leading to all values as the `Yes` # df.loc[df.B.isnull(), 'B'] = 'No' # print(df.ix[:, 'B']) # df.ix[df.B.isnull(), 'B'] = [0, 0] # print(pd.get_dummies(df, columns=['D', 'B'])) # print(df) # print(df.filter(regex='A|D|B')) # df = pd.get_dummies(df, prefix=['M', 'L']) # loss original data(variable) # print(df)
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