Oracle基本语法及例子

--创建表空间
CREATE TABLESPACE mydb
DATAFILE 'D:\Oracle\mydb.dbf'
SIZE 5M
--创建用户
CREATE USER admin_1 IDENTIFIED BY 123456
DEFAULT Tablespace mydb

--赋值权限
GRANT CONNECT,RESOURCE TO ADMIN_1

--移出权限
REMOVE CONNECT,RESOURCE TO ADMIN_1
--删除用户
DROP USER ADMIN_1 cascade;
--创建表
CREATE TABLE UserInfo(
NAME Varchar2(40) NOT NULL,
sex VARCHAR2(1) DEFAULT 'Y'NOT NULL,
birthday DATE NOT NULL,
height Number(3,2),
weight NUMBER(3,2),
memo VARCHAR2(100)
);
--给列添加描述
COMMENT ON column userinfo.name IS '姓名';
COMMENT ON column userinfo.sex IS '性别';
COMMENT ON column userinfo.birthday IS '生日';
COMMENT ON column userinfo.height IS '身高';
COMMENT ON column userinfo.weight IS '体重';
COMMENT ON column userinfo.memo IS '备注';
--创建主键
alter TABLE userinfo ADD CONSTRAINT tb_test_p_name PRIMARY KEY (NAME);
--提交以上操作
COMMIT;

--创建表
CREATE TABLE student(
sid Varchar2(20) PRIMARY KEY  NOT NULL,
sname varchar2(20) NOT NULL,
sbirth DATE,
sclass varchar2(20) NOT NULL,
saddress varchar2(100)
)TABLESPACE mydb;

CREATE TABLE department(
did Varchar2(20) PRIMARY KEY  NOT NULL,
dname varchar2(40),
doffice VARCHAR2(100),
dtelphone varchar2(20),
dprincipal varchar2(20)
)TABLESPACE mydb;

CREATE TABLE CLASS(
cid Varchar2(20) PRIMARY KEY  NOT NULL,
department varchar2(20),
cname VARCHAR2(20)
)TABLESPACE mydb;
--提交以上操作
COMMIT;
--插入测试数据:
INSERT INTO student(SID,sname,sbirth,sclass,saddress)
VALUES('201005101','杨过',Date'1990-07-11','C001','湖南长沙');
INSERT INTO student(SID,sname,sbirth,sclass,saddress)
VALUES('201005102','小龙女',Date'1992-05-11','C002','云南大理');
INSERT INTO student(SID,sname,sbirth,sclass,saddress)
VALUES('201005103','赵敏',Date'1995-04-01','C001','湖北武汉');
INSERT INTO student(SID,sname,sbirth,sclass,saddress)
VALUES('201005104','李莫愁',Date'1950-11-21','C001','北京');
INSERT INTO student(SID,sname,sbirth,sclass,saddress)
VALUES('201005105','段然',Date'1980-12-25','C002','四川成都');
INSERT INTO student(SID,sname,sbirth,sclass,saddress)
VALUES('201005106','阿珠',Date'1970-07-10','C002','重庆');
INSERT INTO student(SID,sname,sbirth,sclass,saddress)
VALUES('201005107','株珠',Date'1997-07-10','C003','广东东莞');

INSERT INTO CLASS(cID,department,cname)VALUES('C001','d001','软件一班');
INSERT INTO CLASS(cID,department,cname)VALUES('C002','d001','软件二班');
INSERT INTO CLASS(cID,department,cname)VALUES('C003','d002','建筑一班');

INSERT INTO department(did,dname,doffice,dtelphone,dprincipal)
VALUES('d001','计算机系','计算机楼','086-88764278','欧阳锋');
INSERT INTO department(did,dname,doffice,dtelphone,dprincipal)
VALUES('d002','建筑工程系','工程楼','086-88764285','黄华华');
--------------------------------Oracle第三章Oracle模式对象-----------------------------------
--查看表(编辑表)
SELECT rowid ,student.* FROM student;
SELECT * FROM CLASS FOR UPDATE;
SELECT * FROM department;
--约束
ALTER TABLE class
ADD CONSTRAINT FK_department
FOREIGN KEY (department) REFERENCES department(did);

ALTER TABLE student
ADD CONSTRAINT FK_sclass
FOREIGN KEY (sclass) REFERENCES class(cid);
--查询语句
SELECT student.SID,student.sname,student.sbirth,class.cname,department.dname FROM CLASS
INNER JOIN student ON class.cid=student.sclass
INNER JOIN department ON department.did=class.department;
--权限
GRANT CREATE VIEW,CREATE SEQUENCE,CREATE SYNONYM TO admin_1;

--创建视图
CREATE VIEW view_student AS
SELECT * FROM student;
--查看视图
SELECT * FROM VIEW_student
--删除视图
DROP VIEW VIEW_student

--创建索引
CREATE INDEX index_sname ON student(sname);
--查看索引
SELECT * FROM all_indexes;
--删除索引
DROP INDEX index_sname;

--创建序列号
CREATE SEQUENCE seq_student
START WITH 1
INCREMENT BY 1
--添加序列号
INSERT INTO student(SID,sname,sbirth,sclass,saddress)
VALUES(seq_student.nextval,'Tony',Date'1995-07-10','C001','广东东莞');
--查看序列号
SELECT seq_student.nextval FROM dual;
--删除序列号
DROP sequence seq_student

--同义词
CREATE SYNONYM stu FOR mydb.studnet
--查看
SELECT * FROM stu;
--删除
DROP SYNONYM stu;

--------------------------------Oracle第四章PL/SQL程序设计-----------------------------------
--声明输出
DECLARE
number1 INTEGER:=90;
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(number1);
END;

/*
--------PL/SQL块-----------
声明(DECLARE)
变量,游标等
开始(BEGIN)
SQL语句或者PL/SQL语句
异常(EXCEPTION)
异常处理
结束(END)

*/
SELECT * FROM STUDENT;

DECLARE
NAME VARCHAR2(20);
BEGIN
SELECT sname INTO NAME FROM student WHERE SID='201005101';
dbms_output.put_line(NAME);
END;
--if-else条件控制
DECLARE
u1 NUMBER:=50;
u2 NUMBER:=50;
BEGIN
IF u1<u2 THEN
dbms_output.put_line('u1小于u2');
ELSIF u1>u2 then
dbms_output.put_line('u1大于u2');
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('u1等于u2');
END IF;
END;
---case条件控制
BEGIN
CASE '&level'
WHEN 'A' THEN  dbms_output.put_line('优秀');
WHEN 'B' THEN  dbms_output.put_line('良好');
WHEN 'C' THEN  dbms_output.put_line('一般');
WHEN 'D' THEN  dbms_output.put_line('还需努力');
END CASE;
END;
--loop...exit...end loop循环控制
/*
loop
循环语句块
if 条件 then
exit
end if;
end loop;
*/
DECLARE
number1 Integer:=50;
number2 INTEGER:=60;
i INTEGER:=0;
BEGIN
LOOP
number1:=number1+1;
IF number1=number2 THEN
EXIT;
END IF;
i:=i+1;
END loop;
dbms_output.put_line('共循环次数:'||to_char(i));
END;

--loop...exit...when...end loop循环
DECLARE
i NUMBER:=0;
BEGIN
LOOP
i:=i+1;
dbms_output.put_line('共循环次数:'||to_char(i));
EXIT WHEN i>10;
END LOOP;
END;

--for...in..loop..end循环控制
DECLARE
i NUMBER:=0;
BEGIN
FOR i IN 1..10 LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(to_char(i));
END LOOP;
END;
--while...loop..end loop
DECLARE
number1 Integer:=50;
number2 INTEGER:=60;
i INTEGER:=0;
BEGIN
WHILE number1<number2 LOOP
NUMBER1:=NUMBER1+1;
i:=i+1;
END loop;
dbms_output.put_line('共循环次数:'||to_char(i));
END;

/*
九九乘法表
*/

--if循环
DECLARE
i NUMBER:=1;
j NUMBER:=1;
BEGIN
FOR i IN 1..9 LOOP
FOR j IN 1..i LOOP
dbms_output.put(j||'*'||i||'='||i*j||'  ');

END LOOP;
dbms_output.put_line('');
END LOOP;
END;
--goto语句
BEGIN
GOTO put;
dbms_output.put_line('这句话不会执行');
<<put>>
dbms_output.put_line('跳到这里了');
END;
--exp01:
DECLARE
classname VARCHAR2(20);
BEGIN
SELECT cname INTO classname FROM student,CLASS WHERE student.sclass=class.cid AND SID='&stuid';
IF classname='软件一班'THEN
dbms_output.put_line('发放奖金500');
ELSIF classname='软件二班'THEN
dbms_output.put_line('发放奖金300');
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('无奖金');
END IF;
END;
--exp02:
CREATE TABLE temp_table(
ID NUMBER,
NAME VARCHAR2(20)
);

DECLARE
i NUMBER:=1;
NAME VARCHAR2(20):='HelloWord';
BEGIN
FOR i IN 1..6 LOOP
INSERT INTO temp_table(ID,NAME) VALUES(i,NAME);
END LOOP;
END;

SELECT ROWID,temp_table.* FROM temp_table;

--预定义异常
DECLARE
sname VARCHAR2(20);
BEGIN
SELECT sname INTO sname FROM student;
EXCEPTION
WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN
dbms_output.put_line('出现返回了多行的异常');
END;

--自定义异常
DECLARE
--定义异常
not_in EXCEPTION;
city VARCHAR2(20);
BEGIN
city := '&name';
IF city NOT IN('长沙','常德','北京') THEN
RAISE not_in;
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN not_in THEN
dbms_output.put_line('输入的地名不正确!');
end;

--------------------------------Oracle第五章游标------------------------------------
select * from student;
-------------------------------隐式游标-------------------------------------
--%found游标:DML语句影响一行或者多行是,%found属性返回true
begin
update student set sid='201005108'where sid='1';
if sql%found then
dbms_output.put_line('存在记录');
else
dbms_output.put_line('不存在记录');
end if;
end;
--%notfound游标:与%found游标作用相反
begin
delete from student where sid='1';
if sql%notfound then
dbms_output.put_line('删除失败');
end if;
end;
--%rowcount游标:返回DML语句执行的行数
begin
update student set sid='201005109'where sid='2';
if sql%rowcount=0 then
dbms_output.put_line('没有查询到数据');
else
dbms_output.put_line('查询到'||sql%rowcount||'条数据');
end if;
end;
--Cursor for loop游标遍历查询结果集
begin
for s in(select sid,sname,saddress from student)
loop
dbms_output.put('学生编号'||s.sid||'  ');
dbms_output.put('学生姓名'||s. sname||'  ');
dbms_output.put_line('学生住址'||s.saddress);
end loop;
end;
--------------------------自定义显示游标------------------------------------
declare
cursor cur_class is
select * from class ;
cid varchar2(20);
department varchar2(20);
cname varchar2(20);
begin
open cur_class;
loop
fetch cur_class into cid,department,cname; --从游标中提取数据
exit when cur_class%notfound;
dbms_output.put('科目编号'||cid||'  ');
dbms_output.put('教师编号'||department||'  ');
dbms_output.put_line('住址'||cname);
end loop;
close cur_class;
end;

-----------显示游标带参(参数不能带长度)--------------
declare
cursor cur_class(id class.cid%type) is
select * from class where cid=id  ;
crow class%rowtype; --行类型
id class.cid%type;
begin
id := '&id';
open cur_class(id);
loop
fetch cur_class into crow  ; --从游标中提取数据
exit when cur_class%notfound;
dbms_output.put('科目编号'||crow.cid||'  ');
dbms_output.put('教师编号'||crow.department||'  ');
dbms_output.put_line('住址'||crow.cname);
end loop;
close cur_class;
end;

--游标for循环
declare
cursor cur_student is
select * from student;
begin
for s in cur_student
loop
dbms_output.put('学生编号'||s.sid||'  ');
dbms_output.put('学生姓名'||s.sname||'  ');
dbms_output.put_line('学生住址'||s.saddress);
end loop;
end;
--游标for循环的上机练习2
begin
for showclass_cur in (select * from class) loop
dbms_output.put_line('班级名:'||showclass_cur.cid);
for showstu_cur in (select *　from student where sclass=showclass_cur.cid) loop
dbms_output.put_line('学生名:'||showstu_cur.sname);
end loop;
end loop;
end;
----------------游标变量--------------------
declare
--声明游标类型
type stu_cur is ref cursor return student%rowtype;
--声明游标变量
stu_cur_type stu_cur ;
--声明接收结果集变量
sturow student%rowtype;
begin
--打开游标
open stu_cur_type for select * from student;
loop
fetch stu_cur_type into sturow;--接收stu_cur_type游标变量中的结果集
exit when stu_cur_type%notfound;
dbms_output.put('学生编号'||sturow.sid||'  ');
dbms_output.put('学生姓名'||sturow.sname||'  ');
dbms_output.put_line('学生住址'||sturow.saddress);
end loop;
--关闭游标
close stu_cur_type;
end;

------------第六章存储过程---------------
select * from student;
--声明无参proc
create  procedure showstudent as
begin
for student_cur in (select * from student)
loop
dbms_output.put('学号:'||student_cur.sid||' ');
dbms_output.put('姓名:'||student_cur.sname||' ');
dbms_output.put_line('住址:'||student_cur.saddress);
end loop;
end showstudent;
--调用proc
begin
showstudent;
--exec showstudent;
end;

--查看存储过程
select text from user_source where name = 'SHOWSTUDENT';
--删除proc
drop procedure showstudent;

--声明有参proc(in,out参数类型)
create or replace procedure GetStuInfo(id in varchar2,sname out varchar2,cname out varchar2) is
begin
select s.sname,c.cname into sname,cname from
student s join class c on s.sclass=c.cid where s.sid=id;
exception
--no_data_found异常是在找不到一条记录时报错
--dup_val_on_index唯一索引重复报错
when no_data_found then
dbms_output.put_line('该学生信息不存在!');
commit;
end GetStuInfo;
--调用proc
declare
stuname varchar2(20);
calssname varchar2(20);
begin
GetStuInfo('201005106',stuname,calssname);
dbms_output.put('学生姓名:'||stuname||'  ');
dbms_output.put_line('班级名称:'||calssname||'  ');
end;

--声明有参proc(in out参数类型)
--给电话号码增加区码
create or replace procedure add_region(tel_num in out varchar2)
as
begin
tel_num := '0735-'||tel_num;
end add_region;
--调用add_region存储过程
declare
phone varchar2(15):='84541542';
begin
add_region(phone);
dbms_output.put_line('新电话号码为:'||phone);
end;

--存储函数
create or replace function getsnamebyid(id varchar2)
return varchar2 --声明返回值类型
as
name varchar2(20);--接收值的变量
begin
select sname into name from student where sid=id;
return(name); --返回值
exception
when no_data_found then
dbms_output.put_line('没有数据');
return(null);
when others then
dbms_output.put_line('发生其他错误');
return(null);
end;
--调用函数
begin
dbms_output.put_line(getsnamebyid('201005101'));
end;

select * from student;
select * from class;
--计算当前的年份差select语句
select floor(to_number(sysdate-to_date(student.sbirth))/365) from student;
--自定义计算当前的年份差timepoor函数
create or replace function time_poor (years in varchar2) return varchar2
as
timepoor varchar2(20);
begin
select floor(to_number(sysdate-to_date(years,'yyyy-mm-dd'))/365) into timepoor from dual;
return(timepoor);
end;
--调用function
begin
if time_poor('1998-01-05')>=18 then
dbms_output.put_line('成年!');
else
dbms_output.put_line('未成年!');
end if;
--dbms_output.put_line('时间差为:'||time_poor('2001-01-05'));
end;

------------------程序包--------------------
create or replace package stuInfo is --声明包头
function getclassname(id varchar2) return varchar2; ---根据班级号获得班级名称函数
procedure showstu;  ---获得学生信息列表proc

end;

create or replace package body stuInfo --包体部分
as
---根据班级号获得班级名称函数--
function getclassname(id varchar2)
return varchar2
is
classname varchar2(20);
begin
select cname into classname from class where cid=id;
return(classname);
exception
when no_data_found then
dbms_output.put_line('没有数据');
return(null);
when others then
dbms_output.put_line('发生其他错误');
return(null);
end;
---获得学生信息列表proc--
procedure showstu
is
begin
for stu in (select * from student) loop
dbms_output.put('学生编号为:'||stu.sid||'       ');
dbms_output.put('学生姓名为:'||stu.sname||'     ');
dbms_output.put_line('学生住址为:'||stu.saddress||' ');
end loop;
end showstu;
end stuInfo;

--删除程序包
drop package stuinfo;

--调用程序包
begin
dbms_output.put_line('班级名称为:'||stuinfo.getclassname('C005'));
dbms_output.put_line('----------------------------------');
dbms_output.put_line('----学生列表----');
stuInfo.showstu;
end;

------------------------第七章触发器-------------------------
-----------------------表操作----------------------
create table temp(
Del_name varchar2(20),
Del_time date
)TABLESPACE mydb;

--新增字段 [alter table 表名 add 字段名 字段类型;]
alter  table temp add v_type varchar2(15);
--修改字段名 [alter table 表名 rename column 原字段名 to 新字段名;]
alter table temp rename column  V_TYPE to t_type;
--删除字段 [alter table 表名 drop column 字段名;]
alter table temp drop column  t_type;
--修改表名
alter table temp rename                                                                                                             .........
to recordtable;

--语句级触发器(未使用for each now):不管DML语句影响多少行 也只调用一次触发器
--创建多条件触发器(当删除学员以后触发插入语句 插入数据到recordtable表中)
create or replace trigger t_student_trigger
after --触发时机
delete or update or insert  --触发事件
on student --触发目标
begin
if deleting then
insert into recordtable values(user,sysdate,'delete');  --触发操作
elsif updating then
insert into recordtable values(user,sysdate,'update');  --触发操作
elsif inserting then
insert into recordtable values(user,sysdate,'insert');  --触发操作
end if;
end;

--删除student表中数据
delete from student where sid='201005108';
--插入student数据
INSERT INTO student(SID,sname,sbirth,sclass,saddress)
VALUES('201005108','Tong',Date'1991-07-10','C002','美国纽约');
--更改student表中数据
update student set sname='李逍遥' where sid='201005107';
--查询recordtable表
select * from recordtable for update;

--行级触发器(使用for each now):DML语句影响多少行数据的时候 对其中的每行数据都会调用触发器
--[标识符:new和:old]
create or replace trigger t_student_trig
after delete on student
for each row --行内触发器标志
when(old.sid = '201005108') --条件标识符不能加冒号
begin
insert into recordtable values(:old.sid,sysdate,'delete_row');  --触发操作
end;
--测试行级触发器
delete  from student where sid > '201005106';

--instead of触发器(基于多表视图是无法进行insert,update,delete操作)
--创建学生学分视图
create or replace view stu_cla_view as
select sname,cname,cps,sclass
from class,student
where class.cid=student.sclass;
--查看视图
select * from user_updatable_columns
where table_name=upper('stu_cla_view');

select * from stu_cla_view;

--测试是否能更新视图
update stu_cla_view set cname='软件二班' where sclass='C002';
-- delete from stu_cla_view  where cname='经管一班';
select * from student;
select * from class;
--更新视图trig
create or replace trigger update_view
instead of update
on stu_cla_view
for each row
begin
update class
set cname=:new.cname
where cid=:new.sclass;
end;

--系统事件触发
--数据库关闭时记录的关闭时间
create or replace trigger db_close_trig
before shutdown
on database
begin
dbms_output.put_line('系统于'||sysdate||'关闭');
end;

--用户事件触发器:DDL语句或者用户注册登录等事件的时候触发
create table user_log(
username varchar2(20),
log_date timestamp,
l_type varchar2(20)
)
--创建触发器
--登录触发器
create or replace trigger logon_trig
after logon on schema
begin
insert into user_log values(user,sysdate,'Logon');
end;
--注销
create or replace trigger logff_trig
before logoff on schema
begin
insert into user_log values(user,sysdate,'logoff');
end;
--测试用户事件触发器
select * from user_log;

--查看触发器
select trigger_name,trigger_type,triggering_event from user_triggers
where trigger_name=upper('T_STUDENT_TRIG');

---------------------使用触发器和序列自动增长-----------------------
create table test(
id number primary key,
name varchar2(20)
)
--创建序列号
create sequence seq_test_id
start with 1
increment by 1
--创建触发器
create or replace trigger test_trig
before insert
on test
for each row
declare
next_id number; --接收序列号变量
begin
select seq_test_id.nextval into next_id from dual;
:new.id := next_id;
end test_trig;

select * from test;

--测试
insert into test
(name)
values
('Pater');

-----------------第八章数据库备份与恢复--------------------
select name,created,log_mode from V$database;

select * from test;