Part 1 - Learning The Shell
1 - What Is The Shell
date -- cal
df -- to see the current amount of free space on your disk driver
free -- to display the amount of free momery
2 - Navigation
pwd
cd -- relative path
cd ~[user_name] -- home directory
3 - Exploring The System
ls ~ /usr -- multiple directories
ls -l -- long format
ls -lt -- sort by the file's modification time
| Option | Description |
---|
-F | Append a “/” if the name is a directory. |
-S | Sort results by file size. |
-t | Sort by modification time. |
-r | Reverse. |
drwxr-x--- 4 sty staff 136 6 3 10:11 .android
1-3-3-3 -- access rights to the file
1 -- indicates the type of file, "/" means a regular file, "d" indicates a directory
3 -- access rights for the file's owner
3 -- for the file's group
3 -- for everyone else
file filename -- determining a file's type
macbook:EBooks sty$ file TLCL-16.07.pdf
TLCL-16.07.pdf: PDF document, version 1.4
less -- view file contents
less is more
| Directory | Comments |
---|
/ | The root directory. Where everything begins. |
/bin | Contains binaries programs that must be present for the system to boot and run. |
/boot | Contains the Linux kernel, initial RAM disk image, and the boot loader. |
/dev | “Everything is a file”. |
/etc | Contains all of the system-wide configuration files. |
/opt | Used to install “optional” software. Mainly used to hold commercial software products. |
/usr | Contains all the programs and support files used by regular users. |
/usr/bin | Contains the executable programs installed by your linux distribution. |
/usr/lib | The shared libraries for the programs in /usr/bin. |
/usr/local | Where programs that are not included with your distribution but are intended for system-wide use are installed. |
/usr/sbin | Contains more system administration programs. |
/usr/share | Contains all the shared data by programs in /usr/bin. Includes things like default configuration files, icons, screen backgrounds, sound files, etc. |
4 - Manipulating Files And Directories
cp
mv
mkdir
rm
ln -- create hard and symbolic links
wildcards
| Wildcards | Matches |
---|
Data??? | Any file beginning with Data followed by exactly three characters |
[abc]* | Any file beginning with either an “a”, “b”, or “c” |
Backup.[0-9] | Any file beginning with Backup followed by one number |
[[:upper:]]* | Beginning with an uppercase letter |
[![:digit:]]* | Not beginning with a numera |
*[[:lower:]123] | Ending with a lowercase letter or the numerals 1, 2, or 3 |
mkdir
mkdir dir1 dir2 dir3
cp
cp item... directory. -- to copy multiple items
| Command | Results |
---|
cp file1 file2 | If file2 exists, it is overwritten with the contents of file1, if not, create file2. |
cp -i file1 file2 | Same as above, except that if file2 exists, the user is prompted before it is overwritten. |
cp file1 file2 dir1 | Copy file1 and fie2 into directory dir1. |
cp dir1/* dir2 | Using a wildcard, all the files in dir1 are copied into dir2. |
cp -r dir1 dir2 | After the copy, dir2 will contain the same contents as directory dir1. |
mv
mv item1 item2 -- to move or rename file or directory item1 to item2
mv item... directory -- move one or more items from one directory to another
rm
| Command | Results |
---|
rm file1 | Delete file1 silently. |
rm -i file1 | Prompt while deleting. |
rm -r file1 dir1 | Delete file1 and dir1 and its contents. |
rm -rf file1 file2 | ^_^ |
ln — create links
ln file link -- hard link
ln -s item link -- symbolic link where item is either a file or a directory
To be continue
To To To.