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unit4～～管理系统中的简单分区和文件系统

2017-04-26 17:42 393 查看

1.查看分区信息

p：主分区

E：扩展分区

l：逻辑分区

fdisk -l 显示系统中所有可以使用的设备信息

blkid 显示系统正在使用的设备 id

partprobe 将磁盘分区表的变化信息通知内核，请求系统重新加载分区表

2.创建磁盘分区

[root@localhost Desktop]# fdisk /dev/vdb              ##创建新分区命令
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x92763b95.

Command (m for help): n                               ##创建新分区
Partition type:
p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)         ##主分区
e   extended                                        ##扩展分区
Select (default p): p                                  ##显示分区结果
Partition number (1-4, default 1):                     ##默认分区编号为1
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048):            ##默认起始为2048
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +100M            ##大小为100M
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x92763b95

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System               ##创建成功显示
/dev/vdb1            2048      206847      102400   83  Linux
Command (m for help): m                             ##帮助命令
Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit bsd disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d   delete a partition                          ##删除分区
   g   create a new empty GPT partition table
   G   create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
   l   list known partition types                  ##列出系统可用的分区类型
   m   print this menu                             ##帮助
   n   add a new partition                         ##新建分区
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   p   print the partition table                   ##显示分区
   q   quit without saving changes                 ##退出不保存
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
   t   change a partition's system id              ##修改分区功能id
   u   change display/entry units
   v   verify the partition table
   w   write table to disk and exit                 ##保存更改到分区表中
   x   extra functionality (experts only)

[root@localhost Desktop]# partprobe                 ##重新加载分区表
[root@localhost Desktop]# cat /proc/partitions      ##查看分区表信息
major minor  #blocks  name

 253        0   10485760 vda
 253        1   10484142 vda1
 253       16   10485760 vdb
 253       17     102400 vdb1
 253       18     102400 vdb2
 253       19     102400 vdb3
 253       20          1 vdb4
 253       21     102400 vdb5
[root@localhost Desktop]#

用脚本实现分区

编写如下脚本文件

文件系统比较

• ext4 是 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 的标准文件系统。它非

常强大可靠 , 具有多项可以提高现代工作量处理性能的功能

• ext2 是常用于 Linux 中的较旧的文件系统。它简单可靠 , 非

常适合小型存储设备 , 但是效率低于 ext4

• vfat 支持包括一系列相关文件系统 ( VFAT/FAT16 和

FAT32 ), 这些文件系统针对较旧版本的 Microsoft Windows

开发 , 在大量的系统和设备上受支持

• xfs 在 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 的标准文件系统

其具备数据完全性、性能稳定、扩展性强( 18eb )、传输速

率高( 7G/s )

3.文件系统的创建

[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb5  	     ##格式化分区
meta-data=/dev/vdb5              isize=256    agcount=4, agsize=6400 blks
=                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
=                       crc=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=25600, imaxpct=25
=                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=853, version=2
=                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
You have mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@localhost ~]# blkid		             ##查看可用分区
/dev/vda1: UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/vdb5: UUID="52e56675-4da6-4012-8841-3af34d568a30" TYPE="xfs"
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/vdb5 /mnt/          ##一次性挂载
[root@localhost ~]# df
Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1       10473900 3298672   7175228  32% /
devtmpfs          927072       0    927072   0% /dev
tmpfs             942660     140    942520   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs             942660     664    941996   1% /run
tmpfs             942660       0    942660   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb5          98988    5280     93708   6% /mnt
[root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt/
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab            ##编辑文件，开机自动挂载
[root@localhost ~]# mount -a                  ##重新加载上面的文件，使新增内容生效
[root@localhost ~]# df                        ##查看挂载情况
Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1       10473900 3298468   7175432  32% /
devtmpfs          927072       0    927072   0% /dev
tmpfs             942660     140    942520   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs             942660     664    941996   1% /run
tmpfs             942660       0    942660   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb5          98988    5280     93708   6% /mnt
[root@localhost ~]#

4.删除硬盘分区

[root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt/                ##文件卸载
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab              ##删除刚才编辑的内容
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb              ##操作磁盘
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p                         ##显示已有分区
Disk /dev/v
4000
db: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x92763b95

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended
/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux

Command (m for help): d                      ##删除分区，默认为编号5
Partition number (1-5, default 5):
Partition 5 is deleted

Command (m for help): d                      ##删除分区，默认编号为4
Partition number (1-4, default 4):
Partition 4 is deleted

Command (m for help): d                      ##删除分区，默认编号为3
Partition number (1-3, default 3):
Partition 3 is deleted

Command (m for help): d                      ##删除分区，默认编号为2
Partition number (1,2, default 2):
Partition 2 is deleted

Command (m for help): d                      ##删除分区，默认编号为1
Selected partition 1
Partition 1 is deleted

Command (m for help):
Command (m for help): d
No partition is defined yet!

Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# partprobe
[root@localhost ~]#

5.新建swap分区

• 换空间或交换区是磁盘驱动器上的空间 , 用

作当前未使用部分内存的溢出。这样 , 系统

就能在主内存中留出空间用于储存当前正在

处理的数据 , 并在系统面临主内存空间不足

的风险时提供应急溢出

管理交换分区

• 使用 fdisk 创建新分区。此外 , 在用 fdisk 保存

更改之前 , 将分区类型更改为 “ 0x82 Linux

Swap”

• mkswap /dev/vdaN 会准备好将分区用作交换区

• blkid /dev/vdaN 将确定 UUID

• 将新交换空间添加到 /etc/fstab :

UUID=uuid swap swap defaults 0 0

• swapon -a 将激活新交换区

• swapon -s 将显示当前交换区的状态

• swapoff /dev/vdaN 将停用该特定交换区

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e   extended
Select (default p):
Using default response p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +4G
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 4 GiB is set

Command (m for help): t                   ##编辑分区类型
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): l    ##显示分区类型的列表

0  Empty           24  NEC DOS         81  Minix / old Lin bf  Solaris
1  FAT12           27  Hidden NTFS Win 82  Linux swap / So c1  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2  XENIX root      39  Plan 9          83  Linux           c4  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3  XENIX usr       3c  PartitionMagic  84  OS/2 hidden C:  c6  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4  FAT16 <32M      40  Venix 80286     85  Linux extended  c7  Syrinx
5  Extended        41  PPC PReP Boot   86  NTFS volume set da  Non-FS data
6  FAT16           42  SFS             87  NTFS volume set db  CP/M / CTOS / .
7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d  QNX4.x          88  Linux plaintext de  Dell Utility
8  AIX             4e  QNX4.x 2nd part 8e  Linux LVM       df  BootIt
9  AIX bootable    4f  QNX4.x 3rd part 93  Amoeba          e1  DOS access
a  OS/2 Boot Manag 50  OnTrack DM      94  Amoeba BBT      e3  DOS R/O
b  W95 FAT32       51  OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f  BSD/OS          e4  SpeedStor
c  W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52  CP/M            a0  IBM Thinkpad hi eb  BeOS fs
e  W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53  OnTrack DM6 Aux a5  FreeBSD         ee  GPT
f  W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54  OnTrackDM6      a6  OpenBSD         ef  EFI (FAT-12/16/
10  OPUS            55  EZ-Drive        a7  NeXTSTEP        f0  Linux/PA-RISC b
11  Hidden FAT12    56  Golden Bow      a8  Darwin UFS      f1  SpeedStor
12  Compaq diagnost 5c  Priam Edisk     a9  NetBSD          f4  SpeedStor
14  Hidden FAT16 <3 61  SpeedStor       ab  Darwin boot     f2  DOS secondary
16  Hidden FAT16    63  GNU HURD or Sys af  HFS / HFS+      fb  VMware VMFS
17  Hidden HPFS/NTF 64  Novell Netware  b7  BSDI fs         fc  VMware VMKCORE
18  AST SmartSleep  65  Novell Netware  b8  BSDI swap       fd  Linux raid auto
1b  Hidden W95 FAT3 70  DiskSecure Mult bb  Boot Wizard hid fe  LANstep
1c  Hidden W95 FAT3 75  PC/IX           be  Solaris boot    ff  BBT
1e  Hidden W95 FAT1 80  Old Minix
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82           ##选择类型为swap分区
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'

Command (m for help): p                           ##显示分区结果

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x92763b95

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/vdb1            2048     8390655     4194304   82  Linux swap / Solaris

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e   extended
Select (default p):
Using default response p
Partition number (2-4, default 2):
First sector (8390656-20971519, default 8390656):
Using default value 8390656
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (8390656-20971519, default 20971519): +1G
Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 1 GiB is set

Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1,2, default 2):
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'

Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# partprobe                    ##更新分区信息表
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions         ##查看分区信息表
major minor  #blocks  name

253        0   10485760 vda
253        1   10484142 vda1
253       16   10485760 vdb
253       17    4194304 vdb1
253       18    1048576 vdb2
[root@localhost ~]# blkid
/dev/vda1: UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1" TYPE="xfs"
[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/vdb1                     ##格式化swap分区
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 4194300 KiB
no label, UUID=a627428d-0bdf-4f32-86a8-0c2770dc63c4
[root@localhost ~]# blkid
/dev/vda1: UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/vdb1: UUID="a627428d-0bdf-4f32-86a8-0c2770dc63c4" TYPE="swap"
[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/vdb2
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1048572 KiB
no label, UUID=55b9d429-7a48-4fa2-8ec0-d0954dd62edf
[root@localhost ~]# blkid
/dev/vda1: UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/vdb1: UUID="a627428d-0bdf-4f32-86a8-0c2770dc63c4" TYPE="swap"
/dev/vdb2: UUID="55b9d429-7a48-4fa2-8ec0-d0954dd62edf" TYPE="swap"
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -a /dev/vdb1              ##将激活新交换区
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s                        ##将显示当前交换区的状态
Filename				Type		Size	Used	Priority
/dev/vdb1                              	partition	4194300	0	-1
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -a /dev/vdb2
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s
Filename				Type		Size	Used	Priority
/dev/vdb1                              	partition	4194300	0	-1
/dev/vdb2                              	partition	1048572	0	-2
[root@localhost ~]# swapoff /dev/vdb2                 ##将停用该特定交换区
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -a /dev/vdb2 -p 1          ##将激活新交换区，并编写优先级为1
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s
Filename				Type		Size	Used	Priority
/dev/vdb1                              	partition	4194300	0	-1
/dev/vdb2                              	partition	1048572	0	1
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~]# swapoff /dev/vdb{1,2}
[root@localhost ~]# swapon /dev/vdb{1,2}
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s
Filename				Type		Size	Used	Priority
/dev/vdb1                              	partition	4194300	0	-1
/dev/vdb2                              	partition	1048572	0	-2
[root@localhost ~]# swapoff /dev/vdb{1,2}
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -a
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s
Filename				Type		Size	Used	Priority
/dev/vdb1                              	partition	4194300	0	-1
/dev/vdb2                              	partition	1048572	0	2
[root@localhost ~]#

开机自动挂载编写如下内容：

6.磁盘的使用大小限制

[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1 -f
meta-data=/dev/vdb1              isize=256    agcount=4, agsize=65536 blks
=                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
=                       crc=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=262144, imaxpct=25
=                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
=                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@localhost ~]# mount -o usrquota,grpquota /dev/vdb1 /pub/   //挂载时加上用户配额和组配额
[root@localhost ~]# df
Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1       10473900 3297908   7175992  32% /
devtmpfs          927072       0    927072   0% /dev
tmpfs             942660     140    942520   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs             942660     652    942008   1% /run
tmpfs             942660       0    942660   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb1        1038336   32936   1005400   4% /pub
[root@localhost ~]# quotaon -ugv /dev/vdb1          ##生成配置文件
quotaon: Enforcing group quota already on /dev/vdb1
quotaon: Enforcing user quota already on /dev/vdb1
[root@localhost ~]# edquota -u student             ##编辑用户student的配额
[root@localhost ~]# chmod 777 /pub/                ##编辑目录权限
[root@localhost ~]# su - student                   ##切换用户进行测试
Last login: Sat Apr 22 05:51:10 CST 2017 on pts/1
[student@localhost ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/pub/file bs=1M count=201
dd: error writing ‘/pub/file’: Disk quota exceeded           ##测试成功
21+0 records in
20+0 records out
20971520 bytes (21 MB) copied, 0.0121605 s, 1.7 GB/s
[student@localhost ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/pub/file bs=1M count=19
19+0 records in
19+0 records out
19922944 bytes (20 MB) copied, 0.0133879 s, 1.5 GB/s
[student@localhost ~]$ exit
logout
[root@localhost ~]# df
Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1       10473900 3298108   7175792  32% /
devtmpfs          927072       0    927072   0% /dev
tmpfs             942660     140    942520   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs             942660     652    942008   1% /run
tmpfs             942660       0    942660   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb1        1038336   52400    985936   6% /pub
[root@localhost ~]#

7.增加磁盘读写速度

8.创建新加密的卷

• 使用 fdisk 创建新分区

• cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/vdaN 可对新分区进行加密 ,

并设置解密密码

• 您输入正确的解密密码之后 , cryptsetup luksOpen

/dev/vdaN name 会将加密的卷 /dev/vdaN 解锁为

/dev/mapper/name

• 解密的卷上创建 xfs 文件系统 : mkfs -t xfs

/dev/mapper/name

• 创建目录挂载点 , 并挂载文件系统 : mkdir /secret

– mount /dev/mapper/name /secret

• 完成之后 , umount /dev/mapper/name 并运行

cryptsetup luksClose name 以锁定加密的卷

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