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Spring总结_04_容器和bean

2017-03-16 12:29 288 查看
一.概念理解

1.容器


IoC容器负责容纳并管理bean,在Spring中,
BeanFactory
是IoC容器的核心接口。 它的职责包括:实例化、定位、配置应用程序中的对象及建立这些对象间的依赖。

Spring提供两种IoC容器的实现:

(1)BeanFactory :org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanFactory 是Spring IoC容器的基本实现,是Spring IoC容器实际代表者

BeanFactory是Spring框架的基础设施,面向Spring本身

(2)ApplicationContext:提供了更多的高级特性,是BeanFactory的子类。

ApplicationContext面向开发者。几乎所有的场合都直接使用ApplicationContext而非底层的BeanFactory。



ApplicationContext 的主要实现类:

ClassPathXmlApplicationContext:从 类路径下加载配置文件

FileSystemXmlApplicationContext: 从文件系统中加载配置文件

ConfigurableApplicationContext 扩展于 ApplicationContext,新增加两个主要方法:refresh() 和 close(), 让 ApplicationContext 具有启动、刷新和关闭上下文的能力

2.bean

在Spring中,那些组成你应用程序的主体(backbone)及由Spring IoC容器所管理的对象,被称之为bean。 简单地讲,bean就是由Spring容器初始化、装配及管理的对象

bean的定义由
BeanDefinition
对象来表示,该定义将包含以下信息:

全限定类名: 这通常就是已定义bean的实际实现类。
bean行为的定义: 这些定义将决定bean在容器中的行为(作用域、生命周期回调等等)
对其他bean的引用: 这些引用bean也可以称之为协作bean(collaborators) 或依赖bean(dependencies).
创建bean实例时的其他配置设置。比如使用bean来定义连接池,可以通过属性或者构 造参数指定连接数,以及连接池大小限制等。

上述内容直接被翻译为每个bean定义包含的一组properties。

二.bean的配置

1. 简单实例

java bean: HelloWorld.java





package com.ray.spring;

public class HelloWorld {
private String name;

public void setName(String name){
this.name=name;
}

public void hello(){
System.out.println("hello:"+name);
}
}


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配置文件:applicationContext.xml





<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd"> 
<!-- 配置一个 bean
class:bean的全类名,通过反射的方式在IoC容器中创建Bean.所以要求Bean中必须有无参构造器
id:标识容器中的bean,id唯一。若有多个id,则第一个是标识符,其他为别名。
-->
<bean id="helloWorld" class="com.ray.spring.HelloWorld">
<!-- 为属性赋值
通过属性注入: 通过 setter 方法注入属性值
-->
<property name="name" value="Tom"></property>
</bean>

</beans>


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bean的实例化:Main.java





package com.ray.spring;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

//1. 创建 Spring 的 IOC 容器,ApplicationContext代表IoC容器
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");

/*2. 从 IOC 容器中获取 bean 的实例
2.1利用id定位到IoC容器中的bean
*/
HelloWorld helloWorld = (HelloWorld) ctx.getBean("helloWorld");

//2.2利用类型返回IoC容器中的bean,但要求IoC容器中必须只有一个该类型的bean
//HelloWorld helloWorld = (HelloWorld) ctx.getBean("helloWorld");

//3. 使用 bean
helloWorld.hello();
}

}


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2. bean的依赖注入

Spring 支持 3 种依赖注入的方式:属性注入、构造器注入、工厂方法注入(很少使用,不推荐)

2.1 属性注入

属性注入即通过 setter 方法注入Bean 的属性值或依赖的对象

属性注入是实际应用中最常用的注入方式。





<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd"> 
<bean id="helloWorld" class="com.ray.spring.HelloWorld">
<!-- 通过属性注入: 通过 setter 方法注入属性值
<property>节点:设置属性
name :指定 Bean 的属性名称
value 或 <value> 子节点:指定属性值
-->
<property name="name" value="Tom"></property>
</bean>

</beans>


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2.2 构造器注入

构造器注入即 通过配置构造器参数,来注入Bean 的属性值或依赖的对象,它保证了 Bean 实例在实例化后就可以使用。

Java bean: Car.java





package com.ray.spring;

public class Car {
private String brand;
private String  corp;
private double price;
private int maxSpeed;

public Car(String brand, String corp, double price) {
super();
this.brand = brand;
this.corp = corp;
this.price = price;
}

public Car(String brand, String corp, int maxSpeed) {
super();
this.brand = brand;
this.corp = corp;
this.maxSpeed = maxSpeed;
}

@Override
public String toString() {
return "Car [brand=" + brand + ", corp=" + corp + ", price=" + price
+ ", maxSpeed=" + maxSpeed + "]";
}

}


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配置文件: applicationContext.xml





<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd"> 
<!-- 通过构造器注入属性值
1.按参数顺序注入-->
<bean id="car1" class="com.ray.spring.Car">
<!-- 都要求: 在 Bean 中必须有对应的构造器.  -->
<constructor-arg value="Audi"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="ShangHai"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="300000"></constructor-arg>
</bean>

<!--2.通过参数索引注入-->
<bean id="car2" class="com.ray.spring.Car">
<constructor-arg value="Audi"   index="0"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="ShangHai" index="1"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="300000"   type="double"></constructor-arg>
</bean>

<!--3.通过参数类型注入-->
<bean id="car3" class="com.ray.spring.Car">
<constructor-arg value="Audi"   type="java.lang.String"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="ShangHai" type="java.lang.String"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="300000"   type="int"></constructor-arg>
</bean>
</beans>


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bean的实例化:





package com.ray.spring;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

//1. 创建 Spring 的 IOC 容器,ApplicationContext代表IoC容器
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");

//2. 从 IOC 容器中获取 bean 的实例
Car car=(Car)ctx.getBean("car1");
System.out.println(car);

car=(Car)ctx.getBean("car2");
System.out.println(car);

car=(Car)ctx.getBean("car3");
System.out.println(car);

}

}


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3.注入参数详解

3.1 字面值

(1) 字面值:可用字符串表示的值,可以通过 <value> 元素标签或 value 属性进行注入。

(2)基本数据类型及其封装类、String 等类型都可以采取字面值注入的方式

(3) 若字面值中包含特殊字符,可以使用 <![CDATA[]]> 把字面值包裹起来。





<bean id="car3" class="com.ray.spring.Car">
<constructor-arg value="Baoma"   type="java.lang.String"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg  type="java.lang.String">
<value><![CDATA[<ShangHai^>]]></value>
</constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="250"   type="int"></constructor-arg>
</bean>


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3.2 引用其他bean

组成应用程序的 Bean 经常需要相互协作以完成应用程序的功能. 要使 Bean 能够相互访问, 就必须在 Bean 配置文件中指定对 Bean 的引用

实体类:Car.java





package com.ray.spring;

public class Car {
private String brand;
private String  corp;
private double price;
private int maxSpeed;

public Car(String brand, String corp, double price) {
super();
this.brand = brand;
this.corp = corp;
this.price = price;
}

public Car(String brand, String corp, int maxSpeed) {
super();
this.brand = brand;
this.corp = corp;
this.maxSpeed = maxSpeed;
}

@Override
public String toString() {
return "Car [brand=" + brand + ", corp=" + corp + ", price=" + price
+ ", maxSpeed=" + maxSpeed + "]";
}

}


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Person.java





package com.ray.spring;

public class Person {
private String name;
private int age;

private Car car;

public String getName() {
return name;
}

public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}

public int getAge() {
return age;
}

public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}

public Car getCar() {
return car;
}

public void setCar(Car car) {
this.car = car;
}

public Person() {

}

public Person(String name, int age, Car car) {
super();
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.car = car;
}

@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + ", car=" + car + "]";
}

}


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两种方式:

(1)使用property的 ref 属性 : 在 Bean 的配置文件中, 可以通过 <ref> 元素或 ref 属性为 Bean 的属性或构造器参数指定对 Bean 的引用.

配置文件: applicationContext.xml





<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd"> 
<bean  class="com.ray.spring.Car">
<constructor-arg value="Audi"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="ShangHai"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="300000"></constructor-arg>
</bean>

<!--1.通过ref属性引用-->
<bean  class="com.ray.spring.Person">
<property name="name" value="Tom"></property>
<property name="age" value="24"></property>
<property name="car" ref="car1" ></property>
</bean>

<!--2.通过<ref>标签引用-->
<bean  class="com.ray.spring.Person">
<property name="name" value="Jack"></property>
<property name="age" value="22"></property>
<property name="car" >
<ref bean="car1"  />
</property>
</bean>

<!--3.通过ref属性引用(构造器注入方式)-->
<bean  class="com.ray.spring.Person">
<constructor-arg value="jerry"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="25"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg ref="car1"></constructor-arg>
</bean>

</beans>


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(2)内部bean :在属性或构造器里包含 Bean 的声明, 这样的 Bean 称为内部 Bean





<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd"> 
<bean id="person1" class="com.ray.spring.Person">
<property name="name" value="Tom"></property>
<property name="age" value="24"></property>
<property name="car">
<!--内部bean  -->
<bean class="com.ray.spring.Car">
<constructor-arg value="Ford"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="ChangAn"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="200000"></constructor-arg>
</bean>
</property>
</beans>


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3.3 null值和级联属性

null





<bean id="person3" class="com.ray.spring.Person">
<constructor-arg value="jerry"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="25"></constructor-arg>
<!--  赋值null-->
<constructor-arg ><null/></constructor-arg>
</bean>


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级联属性





<bean id="person3" class="com.ray.spring.Person">
<constructor-arg value="jerry"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="25"></constructor-arg>
<!--为级联属性赋值,注意:属性要先初始化后才能为级联属性赋值,否则会抛异常,与struts2不同-->
<constructor-arg  ref="car1"></constructor-arg>
<property name="car1.maxSpeed" value="250"></property>
</bean>


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3.4 集合属性

在 Spring中可以通过一组内置的 xml 标签(例如: <list>, <set> 或 <map>) 来配置集合属性.

(1)List属性配置: 配置 java.util.List 类型的属性, 需要指定 <list> 标签, 在标签里包含一些元素. 这些标签可以通过 <value> 指定简单的常量值,

通过 <ref> 指定对其他 Bean 的引用. 通过<bean> 指定内置 Bean 定义. 通过 <null/> 指定空元素. 甚至可以内嵌其他集合.

实体类:Car.java





package com.ray.spring.collections;

public class Car {
private String brand;
private String  corp;
private double price;
private int maxSpeed;

public Car(String brand, String corp, double price) {
super();
this.brand = brand;
this.corp = corp;
this.price = price;
}

public Car(String brand, String corp, int maxSpeed) {
super();
this.brand = brand;
this.corp = corp;
this.maxSpeed = maxSpeed;
}

@Override
public String toString() {
return "Car [brand=" + brand + ", corp=" + corp + ", price=" + price
+ ", maxSpeed=" + maxSpeed + "]";
}

}


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Person.java





package com.ray.spring.collections;

import java.util.List;

public class Person {
private String name;
private int age;

private List<Car> cars;

public String getName() {
return name;
}

public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}

public int getAge() {
return age;
}

public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}

public List<Car> getCars() {
return cars;
}

public void setCars(List<Car> cars) {
this.cars = cars;
}

public Person() {

}

public Person(String name, int age, List<Car> cars) {
super();
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.cars = cars;
}

@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + ", cars=" + cars + "]";
}

}


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配置文件: applicationContext.xml





<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd"> 
<bean id="car1" class="com.ray.spring.Car">
<constructor-arg value="Audi"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="ShangHai"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="300000"></constructor-arg>
</bean>

<bean id="car2" class="com.ray.spring.Car">
<constructor-arg value="Audi" index="0"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="ShangHai" index="1"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="500000" type="double"></constructor-arg>
</bean>

<bean id="car3" class="com.ray.spring.Car">
<constructor-arg value="Baoma" type="java.lang.String"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="ShangHai" type="java.lang.String"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="250" type="int"></constructor-arg>
</bean>

<bean id="person1" class="com.ray.spring.collections.Person">
<property name="name" value="Tom"></property>
<property name="age" value="24"></property>
<!--配置集合属性-->
<property name="cars" >
<list>
<ref  bean="car1" />
<ref  bean="car2" />
<ref  bean="car3" />
</list>

</property>
</bean>

</beans>


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bean的实例化:Main.java





package com.ray.spring.collections;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");

Person person=(Person)ctx.getBean("person1");
System.out.println(person);

}

}


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(2)数组的定义和 List 一样, 都使用 <list>

(3)配置 java.util.Set 需要使用 <set> 标签, 定义元素的方法与 List 一样.

(4)Map属性配置: Java.util.Map 通过 <map> 标签定义, <map> 标签里可以使用多个 <entry> 作为子标签. 每个条目包含一个键和一个值. 必须在 <key> 标签里定义键因为键和值的类型没有限制, 所以可以自由地为它们指定 <value>, <ref>, <bean> 或 <null> 元素.

可以将 Map 的键和值作为 <entry> 的属性定义: 简单常量使用 key 和 value 来定义; Bean 引用通过 key-ref 和 value-ref 属性定义;

使用 <props> 定义: Map的子类 java.util.Properties, 该标签使用多个 <prop> 作为子标签. 每个 <prop> 标签必须定义 key 属性.

实体类:Car.java





package com.ray.spring.collections;

public class Car {
private String brand;
private String  corp;
private double price;
private int maxSpeed;

public Car(String brand, String corp, double price) {
super();
this.brand = brand;
this.corp = corp;
this.price = price;
}

public Car(String brand, String corp, int maxSpeed) {
super();
this.brand = brand;
this.corp = corp;
this.maxSpeed = maxSpeed;
}

@Override
public String toString() {
return "Car [brand=" + brand + ", corp=" + corp + ", price=" + price
+ ", maxSpeed=" + maxSpeed + "]";
}

}


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Person.java





package com.ray.spring.collections;

import java.util.Map;

public class Person {
private String name;
private int age;

private Map<String,Car> cars;

public String getName() {
return name;
}

public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}

public int getAge() {
return age;
}

public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}

public Map<String, Car> getCars() {
return cars;
}

public void setCars(Map<String, Car> cars) {
this.cars = cars;
}

public Person() {

}

public Person(String name, int age, Map<String, Car> cars) {
super();
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.cars = cars;
}

@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + ", cars=" + cars + "]";
}

}


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DataSource.java





package com.ray.spring.collections;

import java.util.Properties;

public class DataSource {
private Properties properties;

public Properties getProperties() {
return properties;
}

public void setProperties(Properties properties) {
this.properties = properties;
}

@Override
public String toString() {
return "DataSource [properties=" + properties + "]";
}

}


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配置文件: applicationContext.xml





<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd"> 
<bean id="car1" class="com.ray.spring.Car">
<constructor-arg value="Audi" index="0"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="ShangHai" index="1"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="300000" type="double"></constructor-arg>
</bean>

<bean id="car2" class="com.ray.spring.Car">
<constructor-arg value="Baoma" type="java.lang.String"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="ShangHai" type="java.lang.String"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="250" type="int"></constructor-arg>
</bean>

<bean id="car3" class="com.ray.spring.Car">
<constructor-arg value="Baoma" type="java.lang.String"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg type="java.lang.String">
<value><![CDATA[<ShangHai^>]]></value>
</constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="250" type="int"></constructor-arg>
</bean>

<bean id="person1" class="com.ray.spring.collections.Person">
<property name="name" value="Rose"></property>
<property name="age" value="28"></property>
<!--1.使用map节点及map的entry子节点配置Map类型的成员变量-->
<property name="cars" >
<map>
<entry  key="A"  value-ref="car1"></entry>
<entry  key="B"  value-ref="car2"></entry>
<entry  key="C"  value-ref="car3"></entry>
</map>

</property>
</bean>

<!-- 2.配置Properties属性值-->
<bean id="dataSource" class="com.ray.spring.collections.DataSource">
<peoperty name="properties">
<!-- 使用props 和prop子节点来为Properties属性赋值-->
<props>
<prop key="user">root</prop>
<prop key="password">123</prop>
<prop key="jdbcUrl">jdbc:mysql:///test</prop>
<prop key="driverClass">com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</prop>
</props>
</property>
</bean>

<!--3.配置单例的集合bean,以供多个bean进行引用,需要导入util命名空间-->
<util:list id="cars">
<ref bean="car1"/>
<ref bean="car2"/>
</util:list>

<bean id="person2" class="com.ray.spring.collections.Person">
<property name="name" value="jack"></property>
<property name="age" value="29"></property>

<property name="cars"  ref="cars"></property>
</bean>

</beans>


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bean的实例化:Main.java





package com.ray.spring.collections;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");

Person person=(Person)ctx.getBean("person1");
System.out.println(person);

DataSource datasource=(DataSource)ctx.getBean("dataSource");
System.out.println(datasource);
}

}


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3.5 p命名空间

配置文件: applicationContext.xml





<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd"> 
<bean id="car1" class="com.ray.spring.Car">
<constructor-arg value="Audi" index="0"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="ShangHai" index="1"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="300000" type="double"></constructor-arg>
</bean>

<bean id="car2" class="com.ray.spring.Car">
<constructor-arg value="Baoma" type="java.lang.String"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="ShangHai" type="java.lang.String"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="250" type="int"></constructor-arg>
</bean>

<!--3.配置单例的集合bean,以供多个bean进行引用,需要导入util命名空间-->
<util:list id="cars">
<ref bean="car1"/>
<ref bean="car2"/>
</util:list>

<!--4.通过 p 命名空间为bean的属性赋值,需要先导入 p 命名空间-->
<bean id="person5" class="com.ray.spring.collections.Person"  p:age="30"   p:name="Queen"  p:cars-ref="cars"></bean>

</beans>


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