EffectiveJava-2.遇到多个构造器参数时要考虑用构建器

   静态工厂和构造器有个共同的局限性：它们都不能很好地扩展到大量的可选参数。考虑用一个类表示包装食品外面显示的营养成份标签。这些标签中有几个域是必需的：每份的含量、每罐的含量以及每份的卡路里，还有超过20个可选域：总脂肪量、饱和脂肪量、转化脂肪、胆固醇、钠等等。大多数产品都只有几个可选域中会有非零的值。

    对于这样的类，应该用哪种构造器或者静态方法来编写呢？程序员一向习惯采用telescoping constructor模式，在这种模式下，你提供一个只有必要参数的构造器，第二个构造器有一个可选参数，第三个有两个可选参数，依此类推，最后一个构造器包含所有可选参数。下面有个示例，为了简单起见，它只显示四个可选域：

// Telescoping constructor pattern - does not scale well!
public class NutritionFacts {
private final int servingSize; // (mL) required
private final int servings; // (per container) required
private final int calories; // optional
private final int fat; // (g) optional
private final int sodium; // (mg) optional
private final int carbohydrate; // (g) optional
public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings) {
this(servingSize, servings, 0);
}
public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories) {
this(servingSize, servings, calories, 0);
}
public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories, int fat) {
this(servingSize, servings, calories, fat, 0);
}
public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories, int fat,
int sodium) {
this(servingSize, servings, calories, fat, sodium, 0);
}
public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int s
4000
ervings, int calories, int fat,
int sodium, int carbohydrate) {
this.servingSize = servingSize;
this.servings = servings;
this.calories = calories;
this.fat = fat;
this.sodium = sodium;
this.carbohydrate = carbohydrate;
}
}

当你想要创建实例的时候，就利用参数列表最短的构造器，但该列表中包含了要设置的所有参数：

// JavaBeans Pattern - allows inconsistency, mandates mutability
public class NutritionFacts {
// Parameters initialized to default values (if any)
private int servingSize = -1; // Required; no default value
private int servings = -1; // " " " "
private int calories = 0;
private int fat = 0;
private int sodium = 0;
private int carbohydrate = 0;
public NutritionFacts() {
}
// Setters
public void setServingSize(int val) {
servingSize = val;
}
public void setServings(int val) {
servings = val;
}
public void setCalories(int val) {
calories = val;
}
public void setFat(int val) {
fat = val;
}
public void setSodium(int val) {
sodium = val;
}
public void setCarbohydrate(int val) {
carbohydrate = val;
}
}

    这种模式不具备telescoping constructor模式的任何缺点。说得明白一点，就是创建实例很容易，这样产生的代码读起来也很容易：

// Builder Pattern
public class NutritionFacts {
private final int servingSize;
private final int servings;
private final int calories;
private final int fat;
private final int sodium;
private final int carbohydrate;
private NutritionFacts(Builder builder) {
servingSize = builder.servingSize;
servings = builder.servings;
calories = builder.calories;
fat = builder.fat;
sodium = builder.sodium;
carbohydrate = builder.carbohydrate;
}
public static class Builder {
// Required parameters
private
dee6
final int servingSize;
private final int servings;
// Optional parameters - initialized to default values
private int calories = 0;
private int fat = 0;
private int carbohydrate = 0;
private int sodium = 0;
public Builder(int servingSize, int servings) {
this.servingSize = servingSize;
this.servings = servings;
}
public Builder calories(int val) {
calories = val;
return this;
}
public Builder fat(int val) {
fat = val;
return this;
}
public Builder carbohydrate(int val) {
carbohydrate = val;
return this;
}
public Builder sodium(int val) {
sodium = val;
return this;
}
public NutritionFacts build() {
return new NutritionFacts(this);
}
}
}

注意NutritionFacts是不可变的，所有的默认参数值都单独放在一个地方。builder的setter方法返回builder本身，以便可以把调用链接起来。下面就是客户端代码：

// A builder for objects of type T
public interface Builder {
public T build();
}

注意，可以声明NutritionFacts.Builder类来实现Builder