文章标题
2017-02-08 09:22
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总结:此教程通过简单的例子介绍递归神经网络,很简短的的python实现。
先给出代码:
按顺序背字母表我们都可以,但是如果要求倒着被字母表呢?是不是很困难。有个非常明显的逻辑在里面,我们学习字母表或者歌词并不像储存硬盘那样。我们更擅长从一个字母接着另一个字母的记忆,我们是按照序列(sequence)学习它。就像某种条件记忆,当有前面的记忆时候才会有下一时刻的记忆。
像关联列表那样存储记忆会非常有效。如果建模成一个短的条件记忆,一些过程/问题/表达/搜索会非常有效。
如果你的数据是一个序列,那么记忆就非常重要。(意味着需要记忆某些东西!)
神经网络有隐藏层。通常,隐层只基于你的输入,常见的神经网络信息流像这样:
input -> hidden -> output
这个很直白。特定的输入产生特定的隐层,特定的隐层产生特定的输出层。就像一个封闭的系统。记忆能够改变这个。记忆意味着隐层是你当前时刻的输入与前一时刻隐层的结合:
(input + prev_hidden) -> hidden -> output
Why the hidden layer? Well, we could technically do this.
为什么是隐层呢?从技术上我们可以这样做:
(input + prev_input) -> hidden -> output
但是,这样我们就丢失了东西。我建议你坐下并且思考这两种信息之间的区别。给一些这是如何运作的小提示。这里我们有递归网络从前层隐层获取信息的4次迭代。
(input + empty_hidden) -> hidden -> output
(input + prev_hidden) -> hidden -> output
(input + prev_hidden) -> hidden -> output
(input + prev_hidden) -> hidden -> output
However, we’d be missing out. I encourage you to sit and consider the difference between these two information flows. For a lit1tle helpful hint, consider how this plays out. Here, we have 4 timesteps of a recurrent neural network pulling information from the previous hidden layer.
先给出代码:
import copy, numpy as np np.random.seed(0) # compute sigmoid nonlinearity def sigmoid(x): output = 1/(1+np.exp(-x)) return output # convert output of sigmoid function to its derivative def sigmoid_output_to_derivative(output): return output*(1-output) # training dataset generation int2binary = {} binary_dim = 8 largest_number = pow(2,binary_dim) binary = np.unpackbits( np.array([range(largest_number)],dtype=np.uint8).T,axis=1) for i in range(largest_number): int2binary[i] = binary[i] # input variables alpha = 0.1 input_dim = 2 hidden_dim = 16 output_dim = 1 # initialize neural network weights synapse_0 = 2*np.random.random((input_dim,hidden_dim)) - 1 synapse_1 = 2*np.random.random((hidden_dim,output_dim)) - 1 synapse_h = 2*np.random.random((hidden_dim,hidden_dim)) - 1 synapse_0_update = np.zeros_like(synapse_0) synapse_1_update = np.zeros_like(synapse_1) synapse_h_update = np.zeros_like(synapse_h) # training logic for j in range(10000): # generate a simple addition problem (a + b = c) a_int = np.random.randint(largest_number/2) # int version a = int2binary[a_int] # binary encoding b_int = np.random.randint(largest_number/2) # int version b = int2binary[b_int] # binary encoding # true answer c_int = a_int + b_int c = int2binary[c_int] # where we'll store our best guess (binary encoded) d = np.zeros_like(c) overallError = 0 layer_2_deltas = list() layer_1_values = list() layer_1_values.append(np.zeros(hidden_dim)) # moving along the positions in the binary encoding for position in range(binary_dim): # generate input and output X = np.array([[a[binary_dim - position - 1],b[binary_dim - position - 1]]]) y = np.array([[c[binary_dim - position - 1]]]).T # hidden layer (input ~+ prev_hidden) layer_1 = sigmoid(np.dot(X,synapse_0) + np.dot(layer_1_values[-1],synapse_h)) # output layer (new binary representation) layer_2 = sigmoid(np.dot(layer_1,synapse_1)) # did we miss?... if so, by how much? layer_2_error = y - layer_2 layer_2_deltas.append((layer_2_error)*sigmoid_output_to_derivative(layer_2)) overallError += np.abs(layer_2_error[0]) # decode estimate so we can print it out d[binary_dim - position - 1] = np.round(layer_2[0][0]) # store hidden layer so we can use it in the next timestep layer_1_values.append(copy.deepcopy(layer_1)) future_layer_1_delta = np.zeros(hidden_dim) for position in range(binary_dim): X = np.array([[a[position],b[position]]]) layer_1 = layer_1_values[-position-1] prev_layer_1 = layer_1_values[-position-2] # error at output layer layer_2_delta = layer_2_deltas[-position-1] # error at hidden layer layer_1_delta = (future_layer_1_delta.dot(synapse_h.T) + layer_2_delta.dot(synapse_1.T)) * sigmoid_output_to_derivative(layer_1) # let's update all our weights so we can try again synapse_1_update += np.atleast_2d(layer_1).T.dot(layer_2_delta) synapse_h_update += np.atleast_2d(prev_layer_1).T.dot(layer_1_delta) synapse_0_u 4000 pdate += X.T.dot(layer_1_delta) future_layer_1_delta = layer_1_delta synapse_0 += synapse_0_update * alpha synapse_1 += synapse_1_update * alpha synapse_h += synapse_h_update * alpha synapse_0_update *= 0 synapse_1_update *= 0 synapse_h_update *= 0 # print out progress if(j % 1000 == 0): print "Error:" + str(overallError) print "Pred:" + str(d) print "True:" + str(c) out = 0 for index,x in enumerate(reversed(d)): out += x*pow(2,index) print str(a_int) + " + " + str(b_int) + " = " + str(out) print "------------"
按顺序背字母表我们都可以,但是如果要求倒着被字母表呢?是不是很困难。有个非常明显的逻辑在里面,我们学习字母表或者歌词并不像储存硬盘那样。我们更擅长从一个字母接着另一个字母的记忆,我们是按照序列(sequence)学习它。就像某种条件记忆,当有前面的记忆时候才会有下一时刻的记忆。
像关联列表那样存储记忆会非常有效。如果建模成一个短的条件记忆,一些过程/问题/表达/搜索会非常有效。
如果你的数据是一个序列,那么记忆就非常重要。(意味着需要记忆某些东西!)
神经网络有隐藏层。通常,隐层只基于你的输入,常见的神经网络信息流像这样:
input -> hidden -> output
这个很直白。特定的输入产生特定的隐层,特定的隐层产生特定的输出层。就像一个封闭的系统。记忆能够改变这个。记忆意味着隐层是你当前时刻的输入与前一时刻隐层的结合:
(input + prev_hidden) -> hidden -> output
Why the hidden layer? Well, we could technically do this.
为什么是隐层呢?从技术上我们可以这样做:
(input + prev_input) -> hidden -> output
但是,这样我们就丢失了东西。我建议你坐下并且思考这两种信息之间的区别。给一些这是如何运作的小提示。这里我们有递归网络从前层隐层获取信息的4次迭代。
(input + empty_hidden) -> hidden -> output
(input + prev_hidden) -> hidden -> output
(input + prev_hidden) -> hidden -> output
(input + prev_hidden) -> hidden -> output
However, we’d be missing out. I encourage you to sit and consider the difference between these two information flows. For a lit1tle helpful hint, consider how this plays out. Here, we have 4 timesteps of a recurrent neural network pulling information from the previous hidden layer.