冷备手工完全恢复（recover database，recover tablespace，recover datafile）

冷备手工完全恢复

1. 手工完全恢复三种级别：

recover database： 所有或大部分datafile丢失，一般是在mount状态完成。

recover tablespace： 非关键表空间损坏，表空间下某些数据文件不能访问，一般是在open下完成。

recover datafile： 单一或少数数据文件损坏，可以在mount或open 状态完成。

四个关键文件：1）system01.dbf, 2) undo tablespace，3）control file 4）current log file

2. 手工完全恢复前提: 1）有一套datafile全备, 2）使用当前控制文件, 3）自上次备份以来的归档日志和当前联机日志是完整的

3. 实验1：（recover database ）

3.1 查看数据库当前状态，准备好冷备。

SQL> select * from andy;

ID

----------

1

--生成冷备脚本

SQL> select 'ho cp ' || name || ' /home/oracle/coldbak' from v$controlfile;

'HOCP'||NAME||'/HOME/ORACLE/COLDBAK'

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl /home/oracle/coldbak

ho cp /home/oracle/app/flash_recovery_area/orcl/control02.ctl /home/oracle/coldbak

SQL> select 'ho cp ' || name || ' /home/oracle/coldbak' from v$datafile;

'HOCP'||NAME||'/HOME/ORACLE/COLDBAK'

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak

ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak

ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak

ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak

ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/tbtb01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak

ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/ogg01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak

6 rows selected.

SQL> shutdown immediate;

Database closed.

Database dismounted.

ORACLE instance shut down.

--冷备

SQL> ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl /home/oracle/coldbak

SQL> ho cp /home/oracle/app/flash_recovery_area/orcl/control02.ctl /home/oracle/coldbak

SQL> ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak

ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak

ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak

ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak

ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/tbtb01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak

ho cp /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/ogg01.dbf /home/oracle/coldbak

--检查冷备

[oracle@11g coldbak]$ ll

total 1997776

-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 9748480 Dec 10 06:22 control01.ctl

-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 9748480 Dec 10 06:25 control02.ctl

-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 408748032 Dec 10 06:32 ogg01.dbf

-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 639639552 Dec 10 06:31 sysaux01.dbf

-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 734011392 Dec 10 06:31 system01.dbf

-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 104865792 Dec 10 06:32 tbtb01.dbf

-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 99622912 Dec 10 06:32 undotbs01.dbf

-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 39329792 Dec 10 06:32 users01.dbf

SQL> startup;

ORACLE instance started.

SQL> insert into andy values(2);

1 row created.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> select * from andy;

ID

----------

1

2

3.2 模拟介质失败，所有数据文件丢失

[oracle@11g orcl]$ rm -rf *.dbf //数据库在打开的情况下就删掉

SQL> shutdown immediate;

Database closed.

Database dismounted.

ORACLE instance shut down.

SQL> startup;

ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 1068937216 bytes

Fixed Size 2220200 bytes

Variable Size 729812824 bytes

Database Buffers 331350016 bytes

Redo Buffers 5554176 bytes

Database mounted.

ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 1 - see DBWR trace file

ORA-01110: data file 1: '/home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf'

3.3 完全恢复流程

--查看需要恢复的文件

SQL> select file#,error from v$recover_file;

FILE# ERROR

---------- -----------------------------------------------------------------

1 FILE NOT FOUND

2 FILE NOT FOUND

3 FILE NOT FOUND

4 FILE NOT FOUND

5 FILE NOT FOUND

6 FILE NOT FOUND

6 rows selected.

SQL> select file#,checkpoint_change# from v$datafile;

FILE# CHECKPOINT_CHANGE#

---------- ------------------

1 1969481

2 1969481

3 1969481

4 1969481

5 1969481

6 1969481

6 rows selected.

SQL> select file#,checkpoint_change# from v$datafile_header;

FILE# CHECKPOINT_CHANGE#

---------- ------------------

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

6 rows selected.

a 首先还原所有数据文件

[oracle@11g orcl]$ cp /home/oracle/coldbak/*.dbf /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/

b 恢复database

SQL> recover database;

Media recovery complete.

c 打开数据库

SQL> alter database open;

Database altered.

d 验证

SQL> select * from andy;

ID

----------

1

2

实验2： recover tablespace （状态：database open)

说明：针对的是非关键表空间的损坏，基于表空间的完全恢复实际上还是对其下的datafile的恢复

模拟这种情形非常实用，通常是某个非关键表空间下的数据文件受损，但并没有造成Oracle崩溃, 我们只需针对个别有问题的tablespace去做单独的在线恢复操作，也就是说恢复时数据库整体是online的,而局部表空间是offline的，数据库不需要shutdown。

1)了解一下当前状态，有个 LZY 表空间

SQL> col file_name for a60

SQL> select file_id,file_name,tablespace_name from dba_data_files;

FILE_ID FILE_NAME TABLESPACE_NAME

---------- ------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------

4 /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf USERS

3 /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf UNDOTBS1

2 /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf SYSAUX

1 /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf SYSTEM

5 /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/tbtb01.dbf LZY

6 /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/ogg01.dbf GOLDGATE

6 rows selected.

2）准备实验数据

SQL> create table andy.andydemo(id int) tablespace lzy;

Table created.

SQL> inset into andy.andydemo values(1);

SP2-0734: unknown command beginning "inset into..." - rest of line ignored.

SQL> insert into andy.andydemo values(1);

1 row created.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> select * from andy.andydemo;

ID

----------

1

3）模拟表空间损坏，数据库open下，直接删除表空间下的数据文件

SQL> ho rm -rf /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/tbtb01.dbf

4）查证该表空间上的表不可访问了

SQL> alter system flush buffer_cache; --清除data buffer

System altered.

SQL> select * from andydemo;

select * from andydemo

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-01116: error in opening database file 5

ORA-01110: data file 5: '/home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/tbtb01.dbf'

ORA-27041: unable to open file

Linux-x86_64 Error: 2: No such file or directory

Additional information: 3

5）看看scn的情况

SQL> select file#,checkpoint_change# from v$datafile;

FILE# CHECKPOINT_CHANGE#

---------- ------------------

1 1969484

2 1969484

3 1969484

4 1969484

5 1969484

6 1969484

6 rows selected.

SQL> select file#,checkpoint_change# from v$datafile_header;

FILE# CHECKPOINT_CHANGE#

---------- ------------------

1 1969484

2 1969484

3 1969484

4 1969484

5 0

6 1969484

6 rows selected.

说明：

v$datafile是查看来自控制文件里记录的数据文件scn信息。

v$datafile_header是查看数据文件头中数据文件scn信息。

6）表空间offline --immediate使表空间能立即脱机，不等Oracle对任何数据文件做检查

SQL> alter tablespace lzy offline immediate;

Tablespace altered.

7）数据库open下，使用备份还原这个表空间下的所有数据文件。

SQL> ho cp /home/oracle/coldbak/tbtb01.dbf /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/

8）恢复tablespace

SQL> recover tablespace lzy;

Media recovery complete.

9）使表空间online

SQL> alter tablespace lzy online;

Tablespace altered. //注意：此时数据库状态一直是open的。

10) 检验

SQL> select * from andydemo;

ID

----------

1

实验3： （recover datafile，database mount或open状态）

恢复datafile, 同实验2不同的是模拟UNDO文件损坏: 因UNDO数据文件也是关键文件，所以只能在mount状态下恢复。

1） 模拟环境：

SQL> delete andy.andy; //注意：删掉了andy并提交，老值在UNDO里。

3 rows deleted.

SQL>commit；

2）在open 状态下删除datafile

SQL> ho rm -rf /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf

SQL> insert into andy.andy values(4); /undo文件已经不在了，dbwr未来得及刷新，此条记录在redo里

SQL>commit；

3）关闭数据库

SQL> shutdown abort;

ORACLE instance shut down. //abort埋下伏笔，等到完全恢复时会做UNDO回滚。

4) 启动数据库mount

SQL> startup;

ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 1068937216 bytes

Fixed Size 2220200 bytes

Variable Size 729812824 bytes

Database Buffers 331350016 bytes

Redo Buffers 5554176 bytes

Database mounted.

ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 3 - see DBWR trace file

ORA-01110: data file 3: '/home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf'

5）还原并恢复UNDO数据文件

SQL> ho cp /home/oracle/coldbak/undotbs01.dbf /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf

SQL> recover datafile 3

Media recovery complete.

6）打开数据库（会完成UNDO表空间数据的回滚）

SQL> alter database open;

Database altered.

7) 验证

SQL> select * from andy;

ID

----------

4

总结：有全冷备条件下三种级别恢复流程。 （相应文件名视自己的环境而定）

recover database:

SQL> select file#,error from v$recover_file;

SQL> select file#,checkpoint_change# from v$datafile;

SQL> select file#,checkpoint_change# from v$datafile_header;

SQL> ho cp /home/oracle/coldbak/*.dbf /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/

SQL> recover database;

SQL> alter database open;

recover tablespace:

SQL> select file#,error from v$recover_file;

SQL> select file_id,file_name,tablespace_name from dba_data_files;

SQL> select file#,checkpoint_change# from v$datafile;

SQL> select file#,checkpoint_change# from v$datafile_header;

SQL> alter tablespace lzy offline immediate;

SQL> ho cp /home/oracle/coldbak/tbtb01.dbf /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/

SQL> recover tablespace lzy;

SQL> alter tablespace lzy online;

recover datafile:

SQL> select file#,error from v$recover_file;

SQL> select file#,checkpoint_change# from v$datafile;

SQL> select file#,checkpoint_change# from v$datafile_header;

SQL> ho cp /home/oracle/coldbak/undotbs01.dbf /home/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf

SQL> recover datafile 3

SQL> alter database open;

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