Linux磁盘管理----分区格式化挂载fdisk、mkfs、mount

1，磁盘分区命令fdisk
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l #查看磁盘分区情况

Disk /dev/sda: 10.8 GB, 10837518250 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes
（这个硬盘的大小是10.8GB，有255个磁面，63个扇区，1305磁柱(cylinders)
每个cylinder（磁柱）的容量是8225280 bytes=8225.280K（约为）=8.225280M（约））
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 14 1305 10377990 8e Linux LVM
(ID和System表示的是分区类型，id看起来不太直观，我们要在fdisk创建一个分区时，可以指定id来确认分区类型；比如7表示的就NTFS分区；这个在fdisk中要通过参数“t”来指定。）

硬盘分区的表示：在Linux是通过hd*x或sd*x表示的：
其中*表示的是a、b、c ... ...
另外x表示的数字1、2、3 ... ...
hd大多是IDE硬盘；sd大多是SCSI或移动存储；引导（Boot）：表示引导分区，在上面的例子中sda1是引导分区；
Start（开始）：表示的一个分区从Xcylinder（磁柱）开始；
End（结束）：表示一个分区到 Ycylinder（磁柱）结束；
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.4 GB,21474836480 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes
Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a validpartition table

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda #对磁盘sda进行分区
Thenumber of cylinders for this disk is set to 1305.
There isnothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,
and couldin certain setups cause problems with:
1) softwarethat runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)
2)booting and partitioning software from other OSs
(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
（输入m可以得到帮助信息）
Command(m for help): m ---输出帮助信息
Commandaction
a toggle a bootable flag ---设置启动分区
b edit bsd disklabel ---编辑分区标签
c toggle the dos compatibility flag ---切换dos兼容模式
d delete a partition --删除一个分区
l list known partition types --列出分区类型
m print this menu --帮助
n add a new partition --建立一个新的分区
o create a new empty DOS partition table --创建一个新的空白DOS分区表
p print the partition table ---打印分区表
q quit without saving changes ---退出不保存设置
s createa new empty Sun disklabel ---创建新的sun磁盘标签
t changea partition's system id ---改变分区的ID
u changedisplay/entry units ---改变显示的单位
v verifythe partition table ---检查验证分区表
w write table to disk and exit ---保存分区表
x extra functionality (experts only) ---扩展功能

Command (m for help): n （创建一个新分区）
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4) ---指定分区类型 e为扩展分区 p为主分区
p （输入p选择创建主分区）
Partition number (1-4): 1 （创建第一个主分区，也即是后来的sda1） ---主分区最多只能有四个
First cylinder (1-2610, default 1): 1 ---设定起始分区的位置
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK(1-2610, default 2610):2610
Using default value 2610 ---设定结束分区的位置
Command (m for help): w ---保存刚才的配置信息。
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

删除分区
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
The number of cylinders for this disk isset to 2610.
There is nothing wrong with that, but thisis larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problemswith:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g.,old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software fromother OSs
(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
Command (m for help): d （---d 是代表删除，并且会列出当前磁盘的分区数）

Selected partition 1 （1 是要删除的分区编号）
Command (m for help): p （---p 是代表删除后，显示磁盘还有几个剩余的分区）

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 已经没有分区了

Command (m for help): w （---w 保存刚才的操作并且生效）

The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

通过fdisk 命令来创建一指定大小的分区并增加一个分区

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

The number of cylinders for this disk isset to 2610.

There is nothing wrong with that, but thisis larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problemswith:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g.,old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software fromother OSs
(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
Command (m for help): n ---创建分区

Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p 输入p --指定分区类型为主分区
Partition number (1-4): 1 --指定其实分区号
First cylinder (1-2610, default 1): 1 --指定起始柱面号
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK(1-2610, default 2610): 1024 ---指定终止柱面号
Command (m for help): w ---保存分区配置信息

The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition tablefailed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table.
The new table will be used at the nextreboot.
Syncing disks.

增加分区
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb -----增加分区

The number of cylinders for this disk isset to 2610.
There is nothing wrong with that, but thisis larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problemswith:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g.,old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software fromother OSs
(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help): n ---分区类型
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4) ---还是指定主分区
p
Partition number (1-4): 1 ---分区号，我指定1。
Partition 1is already defined. Delete it beforere-adding it.
–提示分区号1已经存在，删除后操作
Command (m for help): n --我们重新创建分区
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4) --指定分区类型
p
Partition number (1-4): 2 ---因为分区1已经存在，所以我们指定分区2，可通过。
First cylinder (1025-2610, default 1025): ---指定起始礠柱号，默认是上一分区后一号。
Using default value 1025
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK(1025-2610, default 2610): 2000 指定终止柱号。
Command (m for help): w ---保存分区配置

The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition tablefailed with error 16: Device or resource busy.

The kernel still uses the old table.
The new table will be used at the nextreboot.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]#
通过fdisk命令来修改现有分区类型
fdisk 通过t参数来指定
查看分区类型
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb 查看分区信息，类型是Linux，id是83
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 1 1024 8225248+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 1025 2000 7839720 83 Linux
修改分区类型

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
The number of cylinders for this disk isset to 2610.

There is nothing wrong with that, but thisis larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problemswith:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g.,old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software fromother OSs
(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
Command (m for help): t ---进入修改分区类型

Partition number (1-4): 1 ---指定需要修改的分区号
Hex code (type L tolist codes): 6 ---指定分区号为6，也就是FAT16
注意：查看分区类型的代码，在这里可以输入L查看就可以了
Changed system type of partition 1 to 6(FAT16)
Command (m for help): w ---保存

The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition tablefailed with error 16: Device or resource busy.

The kernel still uses the old table.
The new table will be used at the nextreboot.
WARNING: If you have created or modifiedany DOS 6.x

partitions, please see the fdisk manualpage for additional
information.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb ---我们看到已经FAT16，并且ID也改成6了。

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 1024 8225248+ 6 FAT16
/dev/sdb2 1025 2000 7839720 83 Linux
[root@localhost ~]#

mkfs对分区进行格式化：
对分区进行格式化的命令如下，mkfs后面所接的代表的是将要格式化成的文件系统类型：
mkfs.bfs
mkfs.ext3
mkfs.ext4
mkfs.jfs
mkfs.msdos
mkfs.vfat
mkfs.cramfs
mkfs.minix
mkfs.reiserfs
mkfs.xfs

格式化分区：
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 ---格式化分区类型为ext4
mke4fs 1.41.5(23-Apr-2009)
Filesystem label= ---我们没有指定卷标，就没有
OS type: Linux ---操作系统类型
Block size=4096 (log=2) --单个块的大小
Fragment size=4096 (log=2) --片大小
1310720 inodes, 5241198blocks
262059 blocks (5.00%)reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=0
160 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912,819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000
Writing inode tables:done

Creating journal (32768blocks): done
Writing superblocks andfilesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will beautomatically checked every 27 mounts or

180 days, whichever comesfirst. Use tune4fs -c or -i to override.

mount挂载磁盘：（临时挂载）
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir/data --创建挂载目录点
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /data --将/dev/sdb1挂载到/data
验证是否成功挂载

[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00
7.7G 3.1G 4.2G 43% /
/dev/sda1 99M 12M 82M 13% /boot
tmpfs 506M 0 506M 0% dev/shm
/dev/sdb1 20G 16K 20G 1% /data --已经成功挂载了。
[root@localhost ~]#

修改fstab表挂载磁盘（永久挂载）
通过vim编辑器编辑/etc/fstab文件，内容如下，（红色部分是刚添加上去的）：
挂载路径 挂载的分区 文件系统 挂载参数 是否要备份 自检顺序

/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00/ ext3 defaults 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boo ext3 defaults 1 2
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01swap swap defaults 0 0
/data /dev/sdb1 ext4 defaults 0 0
保存后执行命令 mount -a 加载最新配置
第四列挂载参数：通过mount来查看
第五列是否要备份：（0为不备份，1为要备份，一般情况下不用做备份）
第六列自检程序 （0为不自检，1或2为要自检，如果是根分区要设置1，其它分区只能是2）