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Node.js——npm管理工具介绍

2016-12-09 20:25 786 查看


概述

Npm是NodeJS包管理工具,在最新版本中Nodejs集成了npm,可以通过输入 "npm -v" 来测试是否成功安装。如果你安装的是旧版本的
npm,可以通过 npm 命令来升级,命令如下:

sudo npm install npm -g


在以下几种情况中我们常用到npm:

允许用户从NPM服务器下载别人编写的第三方包到本地使用。
允许用户从NPM服务器下载并安装别人编写的命令行程序到本地使用。
允许用户将自己编写的包或命令行程序上传到NPM服务器供别人使用。


npm 命令安装模块

npm 安装 Node.js 模块语法格式如下:

npm install <Module Name>
如:我们使用 npm 命令安装常用的 Node.js web框架模块 express。

npm install express
安装好之后,express 包就放在了工程目录下的 node_modules 目录中,因此在代码中只需要通过 require('express') 的方式就好,无需指定第三方包路径。

var express = require('express');
如果我们安装到自定义的目录:

npm install hexo-demo --save

本地安装

1. 将安装包放在 ./node_modules 下(运行 npm 命令时所在的目录),如果没有 node_modules 目录,会在当前执行 npm 命令的目录下生成 node_modules 目录。

2. 可以通过 require() 来引入本地安装的包。

安装过程如下:



可以使用以下命令来查看所有全局安装的模块:

npm ls -g

package.json文件解析

一般我们会在项目的node_modules/express/package.json看到package.json文件。文件内容如下:

{
"name": "express",
"description": "Fast, unopinionated, minimalist web framework",
"version": "4.13.3",
"author": {
"name": "TJ Holowaychuk",
"email": "tj@vision-media.ca"
},
"contributors": [
{
"name": "Aaron Heckmann",
"email": "aaron.heckmann+github@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Ciaran Jessup",
"email": "ciaranj@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Douglas Christopher Wilson",
"email": "doug@somethingdoug.com"
},
{
"name": "Guillermo Rauch",
"email": "rauchg@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Jonathan Ong",
"email": "me@jongleberry.com"
},
{
"name": "Roman Shtylman",
"email": "shtylman+expressjs@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Young Jae Sim",
"email": "hanul@hanul.me"
}
],
"license": "MIT",
"repository": {
"type": "git",
"url": "git+https://github.com/strongloop/express.git"
},
"homepage": "http://expressjs.com/",
"keywords": [
"express",
"framework",
"sinatra",
"web",
"rest",
"restful",
"router",
"app",
"api"
],
"dependencies": {
"accepts": "~1.2.12",
"array-flatten": "1.1.1",
"content-disposition": "0.5.0",
"content-type": "~1.0.1",
"cookie": "0.1.3",
"cookie-signature": "1.0.6",
"debug": "~2.2.0",
"depd": "~1.0.1",
"escape-html": "1.0.2",
"etag": "~1.7.0",
"finalhandler": "0.4.0",
"fresh": "0.3.0",
"merge-descriptors": "1.0.0",
"methods": "~1.1.1",
"on-finished": "~2.3.0",
"parseurl": "~1.3.0",
"path-to-regexp": "0.1.7",
"proxy-addr": "~1.0.8",
"qs": "4.0.0",
"range-parser": "~1.0.2",
"send": "0.13.0",
"serve-static": "~1.10.0",
"type-is": "~1.6.6",
"utils-merge": "1.0.0",
"vary": "~1.0.1"
},
"devDependencies": {
"after": "0.8.1",
"ejs": "2.3.3",
"istanbul": "0.3.17",
"marked": "0.3.5",
"mocha": "2.2.5",
"should": "7.0.2",
"supertest": "1.0.1",
"body-parser": "~1.13.3",
"connect-redis": "~2.4.1",
"cookie-parser": "~1.3.5",
"cookie-session": "~1.2.0",
"express-session": "~1.11.3",
"jade": "~1.11.0",
"method-override": "~2.3.5",
"morgan": "~1.6.1",
"multiparty": "~4.1.2",
"vhost": "~3.0.1"
},
"engines": {
"node": ">= 0.10.0"
},
"files": [
"LICENSE",
"History.md",
"Readme.md",
"index.js",
"lib/"
],
"scripts": {
"test": "mocha --require test/support/env --reporter spec --bail --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/",
"test-ci": "istanbul cover node_modules/mocha/bin/_mocha --report lcovonly -- --require test/support/env --reporter spec --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/",
"test-cov": "istanbul cover node_modules/mocha/bin/_mocha -- --require test/support/env --reporter dot --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/",
"test-tap": "mocha --require test/support/env --reporter tap --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/"
},
"gitHead": "ef7ad681b245fba023843ce94f6bcb8e275bbb8e",
"bugs": {
"url": "https://github.com/strongloop/express/issues"
},
"_id": "express@4.13.3",
"_shasum": "ddb2f1fb4502bf33598d2b032b037960ca6c80a3",
"_from": "express@*",
"_npmVersion": "1.4.28",
"_npmUser": {
"name": "dougwilson",
"email": "doug@somethingdoug.com"
},
"maintainers": [
{
"name": "tjholowaychuk",
"email": "tj@vision-media.ca"
},
{
"name": "jongleberry",
"email": "jonathanrichardong@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "dougwilson",
"email": "doug@somethingdoug.com"
},
{
"name": "rfeng",
"email": "enjoyjava@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "aredridel",
"email": "aredridel@dinhe.net"
},
{
"name": "strongloop",
"email": "callback@strongloop.com"
},
{
"name": "defunctzombie",
"email": "shtylman@gmail.com"
}
],
"dist": {
"shasum": "ddb2f1fb4502bf33598d2b032b037960ca6c80a3",
"tarball": "http://registry.npmjs.org/express/-/express-4.13.3.tgz"
},
"directories": {},
"_resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/express/-/express-4.13.3.tgz",
"readme": "ERROR: No README data found!"
}

再看我们之前搭建自己博客的时候的packege.json文件

{
  "name": "hexo-site",
  "version": "0.0.0",
  "private": true,
  "hexo": {
    "version": "3.2.2"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "hexo": "^3.2.2",
    "hexo-clean-css": "0.0.2",
    "hexo-deployer-git": "^0.2.0",
    "hexo-generator-archive": "^0.1.4",
    "hexo-generator-baidu-sitemap": "^0.1.2",
    "hexo-generator-category": "^0.1.3",
    "hexo-generator-feed": "^1.2.0",
    "hexo-generator-index": "^0.2.0",
    "hexo-generator-sitemap": "^1.1.2",
    "hexo-generator-tag": "^0.2.0",
    "hexo-html-minifier": "0.0.1",
    "hexo-renderer-ejs": "^0.2.0",
    "hexo-renderer-marked": "^0.2.10",
    "hexo-renderer-stylus": "^0.3.1",
    "hexo-server": "^0.2.0",
    "hexo-uglify": "0.0.3"
  }
}
Package.json 属性说明:

name - 包名。
version - 包的版本号。
description - 包的描述。
homepage - 包的官网 url 。
author - 包的作者姓名。
contributors - 包的其他贡献者姓名。
dependencies - 依赖包列表。如果依赖包没有安装,npm 会自动将依赖包安装在 node_module 目录下。
repository - 包代码存放的地方的类型,可以是 git 或 svn,git 可在 Github 上。
main - main 字段是一个模块ID,它是一个指向你程序的主要项目。就是说,如果你包的名字叫 express,然后用户安装它,然后require("express")。
keywords - 关键字

卸载包

npm uninstall express
可以到 /node_modules/ 目录下查看包是否还存在,或者使用以下命令查看

npm ls

更新包

Package.json 属性说明:
npm update 包名(expree)

创建模块

创建模块,package.json 文件是必不可少的。我们可以使用 NPM 生成 package.json 文件,生成的文件包含了基本的结果。

npm init
This utility will walk you through creating a package.json file.
It only covers the most common items, and tries to guess sensible defaults.

See `npm help json` for definitive documentation on these fields
and exactly what they do.

Use `npm install <pkg> --save` afterwards to install a package and
save it as a dependency in the package.json file.

Press ^C at any time to quit.
name: (node_modules) runoob                   # 模块名
version: (1.0.0)
description: Node.js 测试模块(www.runoob.com)  # 描述
entry point: (index.js)
test command: make test
git repository: https://github.com/runoob/runoob.git  # Github 地址
keywords:
author:
license: (ISC)
About to write to ……/node_modules/package.json:      # 生成地址

{
"name": "runoob",
"version": "1.0.0",
"description": "Node.js 测试模块(www.runoob.com)",
……
}

Is this ok? (yes) yes

发布模块(取消发布)

npm publish/unpublish

npm其他常用的命令

常用的其他命令有:

Package.json 属性说明:
NPM提供了很多命令,例如install和publish,使用npm help可查看所有命令。
使用npm help <command>可查看某条命令的详细帮助,例如npm help install。
在package.json所在目录下使用npm install . -g可先在本地安装当前命令行程序,可用于发布前的本地测试。
使用npm update <package>可以把当前目录下node_modules子目录里边的对应模块更新至最新版本。
使用npm update <package> -g可以把全局安装的对应命令行程序更新至最新版。
使用npm cache clear可以清空NPM本地缓存,用于对付使用相同版本号发布新版本代码的人。

参考:http://www.runoob.com/nodejs/nodejs-npm.html
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