python自动化之路-day8.1
2016-12-08 09:47
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1.socket网络编程
2.socketserver多并发
socket本质上就是在2台网络互通的电脑之间,架设一个通道,两台电脑通过这个通道来实现数据的互相传递。 我们知道网络 通信 都 是基于 ip+port 方能定位到目标的具体机器上的具体服务,操作系统有0-65535个端口,每个端口都可以独立对外提供服务,如果 把一个公司比做一台电脑 ,那公司的总机号码就相当于ip地址, 每个员工的分机号就相当于端口, 你想找公司某个人,必须 先打电话到总机,然后再转分机 。
建立一个socket必须至少有2端, 一个服务端,一个客户端, 服务端被动等待并接收请求,客户端主动发起请求, 连接建立之后,双方可以互发数据。
A network socket is an endpoint of a connection across a computer
network. Today, most communication between computers is based on the Internet
Protocol; therefore most network sockets are Internet sockets. More precisely, a socket is a handle (abstract
reference) that a local program can pass to the networking application
programming interface (API) to use the connection, for example "send this data on this socket". Sockets are internally often simply integers,
which identify which connection to use.
For example, to send "Hello, world!" via TCP to
port 80 of the host with address 1.2.3.4, one might get a socket, connect it to the remote host, send the string, then close the socket:
A socket API is an application
programming interface (API), usually provided by the operating
system, that allows application programs to control and use network sockets. Internet socket APIs are usually based on the Berkeley
sockets standard. In the Berkeley sockets standard, sockets are a form of file
descriptor (a file handle), due to the Unix
philosophy that "everything is a file", and the analogies between sockets and files: you can read, write, open, and close both. In practice the differences mean the analogy is strained, and one instead use different interfaces (send and receive) on a socket.
In inter-process communication,
each end will generally have its own socket, but these may use different APIs: they are abstracted by the network protocol.
A socket address is the combination of an IP
address and a port number, much
like one end of a telephone connection is the combination of a phone
number and a particular extension.
Sockets need not have an address (for example for only sending data), but if a program binds a socket to an address, the socket can be used to receive data sent to that address. Based on this address, internet sockets
deliver incoming data packets to the appropriate application process or thread.
These constants represent the address (and protocol) families, used for the first argument to
If the
is not defined then this protocol is unsupported. More constants may be available depending on the system.
These constants represent the socket types, used for the second argument to
More constants may be available depending on the system. (Only
to be generally useful.)
Create a new socket using the given address family, socket type and protocol number. The address family should be
default),
The socket type should be
default),
perhaps one of the other
where the address family is
protocol should be one of
If fileno is specified, the other arguments are ignored, causing the socket with the specified file descriptor to return. Unlike
return the same socket and not a duplicate. This may help close a detached socket using
Build a pair of connected socket objects using the given address family, socket type, and protocol number. Address family, socket type, and protocol number are as for the
above. The default family is
defined on the platform; otherwise, the default is
Connect to a TCP service listening on the Internet address (a 2-tuple
and return the socket object. This is a higher-level function than
if host is a non-numeric hostname, it will try to resolve it for both
and then try to connect to all possible addresses in turn until a connection succeeds. This makes it easy to write clients that are compatible to both IPv4 and IPv6.
Passing the optional timeout parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance before attempting to connect. If no timeout is supplied,
the global default timeout setting returned by
used.
If supplied, source_address must be a 2-tuple
the socket to bind to as its source address before connecting. If host or port are ‘’ or 0 respectively the OS default behavior will be used.
#获取要连接的对端主机地址
sk.bind(address)
s.bind(address) 将套接字绑定到地址。address地址的格式取决于地址族。在AF_INET下,以元组(host,port)的形式表示地址。
sk.listen(backlog)
开始监听传入连接。backlog指定在拒绝连接之前,可以挂起的最大连接数量。
backlog等于5,表示内核已经接到了连接请求,但服务器还没有调用accept进行处理的连接个数最大为5
这个值不能无限大,因为要在内核中维护连接队列
sk.setblocking(bool)
是否阻塞(默认True),如果设置False,那么accept和recv时一旦无数据,则报错。
sk.accept()
接受连接并返回(conn,address),其中conn是新的套接字对象,可以用来接收和发送数据。address是连接客户端的地址。
接收TCP 客户的连接(阻塞式)等待连接的到来
sk.connect(address)
连接到address处的套接字。一般,address的格式为元组(hostname,port),如果连接出错,返回socket.error错误。
sk.connect_ex(address)
同上,只不过会有返回值,连接成功时返回 0 ,连接失败时候返回编码,例如:10061
sk.close()
关闭套接字
sk.recv(bufsize[,flag])
接受套接字的数据。数据以字符串形式返回,bufsize指定最多可以接收的数量。flag提供有关消息的其他信息,通常可以忽略。
sk.recvfrom(bufsize[.flag])
与recv()类似,但返回值是(data,address)。其中data是包含接收数据的字符串,address是发送数据的套接字地址。
sk.send(string[,flag])
将string中的数据发送到连接的套接字。返回值是要发送的字节数量,该数量可能小于string的字节大小。即:可能未将指定内容全部发送。
sk.sendall(string[,flag])
将string中的数据发送到连接的套接字,但在返回之前会尝试发送所有数据。成功返回None,失败则抛出异常。
内部通过递归调用send,将所有内容发送出去。
sk.sendto(string[,flag],address)
将数据发送到套接字,address是形式为(ipaddr,port)的元组,指定远程地址。返回值是发送的字节数。该函数主要用于UDP协议。
sk.settimeout(timeout)
设置套接字操作的超时期,timeout是一个浮点数,单位是秒。值为None表示没有超时期。一般,超时期应该在刚创建套接字时设置,因为它们可能用于连接的操作(如 client 连接最多等待5s )
sk.getpeername()
返回连接套接字的远程地址。返回值通常是元组(ipaddr,port)。
sk.getsockname()
返回套接字自己的地址。通常是一个元组(ipaddr,port)
sk.fileno()
套接字的文件描述符
发送文件 ,但目前多数情况下并无什么卵用。
The
simplifies the task of writing network servers.
There are four basic concrete server classes:
class
This uses the Internet TCP protocol, which provides for continuous streams of data between the client and server. If bind_and_activate is
true, the constructor automatically attempts to invoke
The other parameters are passed to the
class.
class
This uses datagrams, which are discrete packets of information that may arrive out of order or be lost while in transit. The parameters are the same as for
class
These more infrequently used classes are similar to the TCP and UDP classes, but use Unix domain sockets; they’re not available on non-Unix platforms. The parameters
are the same as for
These four classes process requests synchronously; each request must be completed before the next request can be started. This isn’t suitable if each request takes a long
time to complete, because it requires a lot of computation, or because it returns a lot of data which the client is slow to process. The solution is to create a separate process or thread to handle each request; the
classes can be used to support asynchronous behaviour.
There are five classes in an inheritance diagram, four of which represent synchronous servers of four types:
Note that
from
not from
the only difference between an IP and a Unix stream server is the address family, which is simply repeated in both Unix server classes.
class
Forking and threading versions of each type of server can be created using these mix-in classes. For instance,
created as follows:
The mix-in class comes first, since it overrides a method defined in
Setting the various attributes also changes the behavior of the underlying server mechanism.
class
These classes are pre-defined using the mix-in classes.
class
This is the superclass of all request handler objects. It defines the interface, given below. A concrete request handler subclass must define a new
and can override any of the other methods. A new instance of the subclass is created for each request.
Called before the
to perform any initialization actions required. The default implementation does nothing.
This function must do all the work required to service a request. The default implementation does nothing. Several instance attributes are available to it; the request
is available as
and the server instance as
The type of
different for datagram or stream services. For stream services,
for datagram services,
Called after the
to perform any clean-up actions required. The default implementation does nothing. If
an exception, this function will not be called.
server side:
client side:
把
改成
2.socketserver多并发
socket概念
socket本质上就是在2台网络互通的电脑之间,架设一个通道,两台电脑通过这个通道来实现数据的互相传递。 我们知道网络 通信 都 是基于 ip+port 方能定位到目标的具体机器上的具体服务,操作系统有0-65535个端口,每个端口都可以独立对外提供服务,如果 把一个公司比做一台电脑 ,那公司的总机号码就相当于ip地址, 每个员工的分机号就相当于端口, 你想找公司某个人,必须 先打电话到总机,然后再转分机 。建立一个socket必须至少有2端, 一个服务端,一个客户端, 服务端被动等待并接收请求,客户端主动发起请求, 连接建立之后,双方可以互发数据。
A network socket is an endpoint of a connection across a computer
network. Today, most communication between computers is based on the Internet
Protocol; therefore most network sockets are Internet sockets. More precisely, a socket is a handle (abstract
reference) that a local program can pass to the networking application
programming interface (API) to use the connection, for example "send this data on this socket". Sockets are internally often simply integers,
which identify which connection to use.
For example, to send "Hello, world!" via TCP to
port 80 of the host with address 1.2.3.4, one might get a socket, connect it to the remote host, send the string, then close the socket:
programming interface (API), usually provided by the operating
system, that allows application programs to control and use network sockets. Internet socket APIs are usually based on the Berkeley
sockets standard. In the Berkeley sockets standard, sockets are a form of file
descriptor (a file handle), due to the Unix
philosophy that "everything is a file", and the analogies between sockets and files: you can read, write, open, and close both. In practice the differences mean the analogy is strained, and one instead use different interfaces (send and receive) on a socket.
In inter-process communication,
each end will generally have its own socket, but these may use different APIs: they are abstracted by the network protocol.
A socket address is the combination of an IP
address and a port number, much
like one end of a telephone connection is the combination of a phone
number and a particular extension.
Sockets need not have an address (for example for only sending data), but if a program binds a socket to an address, the socket can be used to receive data sent to that address. Based on this address, internet sockets
deliver incoming data packets to the appropriate application process or thread.
Socket Families(地址簇)
socket.
AF_UNIX unix本机进程间通信
socket.
AF_INET IPV4
socket.
AF_INET6 IPV6
These constants represent the address (and protocol) families, used for the first argument to
socket().
If the
AF_UNIXconstant
is not defined then this protocol is unsupported. More constants may be available depending on the system.
Socket Types
socket.
SOCK_STREAM #for tcp
socket.
SOCK_DGRAM #for udp
socket.
SOCK_RAW #原始套接字,普通的套接字无法处理ICMP、IGMP等网络报文,而SOCK_RAW可以;其次,SOCK_RAW也可以处理特殊的IPv4报文;此外,利用原始套接字,可以通过IP_HDRINCL套接字选项由用户构造IP头。
socket.
SOCK_RDM #是一种可靠的UDP形式,即保证交付数据报但不保证顺序。SOCK_RAM用来提供对原始协议的低级访问,在需要执行某些特殊操作时使用,如发送ICMP报文。SOCK_RAM通常仅限于高级用户或管理员运行的程序使用。
socket.
SOCK_SEQPACKET #废弃了
These constants represent the socket types, used for the second argument to
socket().
More constants may be available depending on the system. (Only
SOCK_STREAMand
SOCK_DGRAMappear
to be generally useful.)
Socket 方法
socket.
socket
(family=AF_INET, type=SOCK_STREAM, proto=0, fileno=None)
Create a new socket using the given address family, socket type and protocol number. The address family should be AF_INET(the
default),
AF_INET6,
AF_UNIX,
AF_CANor
AF_RDS.
The socket type should be
SOCK_STREAM(the
default),
SOCK_DGRAM,
SOCK_RAWor
perhaps one of the other
SOCK_constants. The protocol number is usually zero and may be omitted or in the case
where the address family is
AF_CANthe
protocol should be one of
CAN_RAWor
CAN_BCM.
If fileno is specified, the other arguments are ignored, causing the socket with the specified file descriptor to return. Unlike
socket.fromfd(), fileno will
return the same socket and not a duplicate. This may help close a detached socket using
socket.close().
socket.
socketpair([family[, type[, proto]]])
Build a pair of connected socket objects using the given address family, socket type, and protocol number. Address family, socket type, and protocol number are as for the
socket()function
above. The default family is
AF_UNIXif
defined on the platform; otherwise, the default is
AF_INET.
socket.
create_connection(address[, timeout[, source_address]])
Connect to a TCP service listening on the Internet address (a 2-tuple
(host, port)),
and return the socket object. This is a higher-level function than
socket.connect():
if host is a non-numeric hostname, it will try to resolve it for both
AF_INETand
AF_INET6,
and then try to connect to all possible addresses in turn until a connection succeeds. This makes it easy to write clients that are compatible to both IPv4 and IPv6.
Passing the optional timeout parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance before attempting to connect. If no timeout is supplied,
the global default timeout setting returned by
getdefaulttimeout()is
used.
If supplied, source_address must be a 2-tuple
(host, port)for
the socket to bind to as its source address before connecting. If host or port are ‘’ or 0 respectively the OS default behavior will be used.
socket.
getaddrinfo(host, port, family=0, type=0, proto=0, flags=0)
#获取要连接的对端主机地址
sk.bind(address)
s.bind(address) 将套接字绑定到地址。address地址的格式取决于地址族。在AF_INET下,以元组(host,port)的形式表示地址。
sk.listen(backlog)
开始监听传入连接。backlog指定在拒绝连接之前,可以挂起的最大连接数量。
backlog等于5,表示内核已经接到了连接请求,但服务器还没有调用accept进行处理的连接个数最大为5
这个值不能无限大,因为要在内核中维护连接队列
sk.setblocking(bool)
是否阻塞(默认True),如果设置False,那么accept和recv时一旦无数据,则报错。
sk.accept()
接受连接并返回(conn,address),其中conn是新的套接字对象,可以用来接收和发送数据。address是连接客户端的地址。
接收TCP 客户的连接(阻塞式)等待连接的到来
sk.connect(address)
连接到address处的套接字。一般,address的格式为元组(hostname,port),如果连接出错,返回socket.error错误。
sk.connect_ex(address)
同上,只不过会有返回值,连接成功时返回 0 ,连接失败时候返回编码,例如:10061
sk.close()
关闭套接字
sk.recv(bufsize[,flag])
接受套接字的数据。数据以字符串形式返回,bufsize指定最多可以接收的数量。flag提供有关消息的其他信息,通常可以忽略。
sk.recvfrom(bufsize[.flag])
与recv()类似,但返回值是(data,address)。其中data是包含接收数据的字符串,address是发送数据的套接字地址。
sk.send(string[,flag])
将string中的数据发送到连接的套接字。返回值是要发送的字节数量,该数量可能小于string的字节大小。即:可能未将指定内容全部发送。
sk.sendall(string[,flag])
将string中的数据发送到连接的套接字,但在返回之前会尝试发送所有数据。成功返回None,失败则抛出异常。
内部通过递归调用send,将所有内容发送出去。
sk.sendto(string[,flag],address)
将数据发送到套接字,address是形式为(ipaddr,port)的元组,指定远程地址。返回值是发送的字节数。该函数主要用于UDP协议。
sk.settimeout(timeout)
设置套接字操作的超时期,timeout是一个浮点数,单位是秒。值为None表示没有超时期。一般,超时期应该在刚创建套接字时设置,因为它们可能用于连接的操作(如 client 连接最多等待5s )
sk.getpeername()
返回连接套接字的远程地址。返回值通常是元组(ipaddr,port)。
sk.getsockname()
返回套接字自己的地址。通常是一个元组(ipaddr,port)
sk.fileno()
套接字的文件描述符
socket.
sendfile(file, offset=0, count=None)
发送文件 ,但目前多数情况下并无什么卵用。
SocketServer
The socketservermodule
simplifies the task of writing network servers.
There are four basic concrete server classes:
class
socketserver.
TCPServer(server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True)
This uses the Internet TCP protocol, which provides for continuous streams of data between the client and server. If bind_and_activate is
true, the constructor automatically attempts to invoke
server_bind()and
server_activate().
The other parameters are passed to the
BaseServerbase
class.
class
socketserver.
UDPServer(server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True)
This uses datagrams, which are discrete packets of information that may arrive out of order or be lost while in transit. The parameters are the same as for
TCPServer.
class
socketserver.
UnixStreamServer(server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True)class
socketserver.
UnixDatagramServer(server_address, RequestHandlerClass,bind_and_activate=True)
These more infrequently used classes are similar to the TCP and UDP classes, but use Unix domain sockets; they’re not available on non-Unix platforms. The parameters
are the same as for
TCPServer.
These four classes process requests synchronously; each request must be completed before the next request can be started. This isn’t suitable if each request takes a long
time to complete, because it requires a lot of computation, or because it returns a lot of data which the client is slow to process. The solution is to create a separate process or thread to handle each request; the
ForkingMixInand
ThreadingMixInmix-in
classes can be used to support asynchronous behaviour.
There are five classes in an inheritance diagram, four of which represent synchronous servers of four types:
+------------+ | BaseServer | +------------+ | v +-----------+ +------------------+ | TCPServer |------->| UnixStreamServer | +-----------+ +------------------+ | v +-----------+ +--------------------+ | UDPServer |------->| UnixDatagramServer | +-----------+ +--------------------+
Note that
UnixDatagramServerderives
from
UDPServer,
not from
UnixStreamServer—
the only difference between an IP and a Unix stream server is the address family, which is simply repeated in both Unix server classes.
class
socketserver.
ForkingMixInclass
socketserver.
ThreadingMixIn
Forking and threading versions of each type of server can be created using these mix-in classes. For instance,
ThreadingUDPServeris
created as follows:
class ThreadingUDPServer(ThreadingMixIn, UDPServer): pass
The mix-in class comes first, since it overrides a method defined in
UDPServer.
Setting the various attributes also changes the behavior of the underlying server mechanism.
class
socketserver.
ForkingTCPServerclass
socketserver.
ForkingUDPServerclass
socketserver.
ThreadingTCPServerclass
socketserver.
ThreadingUDPServer
These classes are pre-defined using the mix-in classes.
Request Handler Objects
class socketserver.
BaseRequestHandler
This is the superclass of all request handler objects. It defines the interface, given below. A concrete request handler subclass must define a new handle()method,
and can override any of the other methods. A new instance of the subclass is created for each request.
setup()
Called before the
handle()method
to perform any initialization actions required. The default implementation does nothing.
handle()
This function must do all the work required to service a request. The default implementation does nothing. Several instance attributes are available to it; the request
is available as
self.request; the client address as
self.client_address;
and the server instance as
self.server, in case it needs access to per-server information.
The type of
self.requestis
different for datagram or stream services. For stream services,
self.requestis a socket object;
for datagram services,
self.requestis a pair of string and socket.
finish()
Called after the
handle()method
to perform any clean-up actions required. The default implementation does nothing. If
setup()raises
an exception, this function will not be called.
socketserver.TCPServer
Example
server side:client side:
上面这个例子,依然不能实现多并发,在server端做一下更改就可以了
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