接口测试总结

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阅读目录

序章

说起接口测试，网上有很多例子，但是当初做为新手的我来说，看了不不知道他们说的什么，觉得接口测试，好高大上。认为学会了接口测试就能屌丝逆袭，走上人生巅峰，迎娶白富美。

因此学了点开发知识后，发现接口测试其实都是人们玩的名词罢了。接口测试，真心很简单。它只不过是数据传递是一种表现而已。

1. 请求模型

看下图中“A”线，可以理解为接口就是一个电灯的开关，它在接口里面给你提供了一个参数，参数的值一个是“开”，一个是“关”。





说起来，怎么才能让灯亮？一个灯头接两根线，一根线接火线，一根线接零线这时灯就亮了。反之，不接零线、火线灯就灭了。

其实接口呢，就把这些复杂的操作简化了，让你看到的就只有一个开关，而你来操作这个开关就好了。我们做接口测试也只需要测试这个开关就完成任务了，接口测试就是这么简单。

当你访问“http://127.0.0.1:8080/light?opt=open”，让零线、火线连通，此时灯亮。
当你访问“http://127.0.0.1:8080/light?opt=close”，让零线、火线断开，此时灯灭。

2. 请求结构

看到这里我们大致就明白了接口测试是怎么一回事了。接下来需要理解一下HTTP的URL是怎么组成为一个接口的。如图：





一个URL就是一个接口：接口大致会分为一下几个部分：

请求协议：

http --- 普通的http请求
https --- 加密的http请求，传输数据更加安全
ftp --- 文件传输协议，主要用来传输文件

请求IP：就是指提供接口的系统所部署的服务器地址

请求端口：如果不填端口，默认是80，否则需要填写端口号

接口路径：指系统提供的接口在什么位置

接口参数：参数在接口路径后，用“?”来表示路径地址完了，剩下的都是参数了，用“&”来区分参数个数，

如下示例：

假设要操作这个灯，需要用户密码，则可以增加新的参数"use"、"pwd"，用"&"来隔开。可以看到这个示例有3个参数：

"opt":"open"

"use":"yy"

"pwd":"123456"

接口HTTP参数【url看不见等隐藏参数】

http请求方式

GET --- 通过请求URI得到资源  POST --- 用于添加新的内容  PUT --- 用于修改某个内容  DELETE --- 删除某个内容  CONNECT --- 用于代理进行传输，如使用SSL  OPTIONS --- 询问可以执行哪些方法  PATCH --- 部分文档更改  PROPFIND (wedav) --- 查看属性  PROPPATCH (wedav) --- 设置属性  MKCOL (wedav) --- 创建集合（文件夹）  COPY (wedav) --- 拷贝  MOVE (wedav) --- 移动  LOCK (wedav) --- 加锁  UNLOCK (wedav) --- 解锁  TRACE --- 用于远程诊断服务器  HEAD --- 类似于GET, 但是不返回body信息，用于检查对象是否存在，以及得到对象的元数据

http请求头

请求头包含许多有关的客户端环境和请求正文的有用信息。例如，请求头可以声明浏览器所用的语言，请求正文的长度。示例：

Accept:image/gif.image/jpeg.*/*  Accept-Language:zh-cn  Connection:Keep-Alive  Host:localhost  User-Agent:Mozila/4.0(compatible:MSIE5.01:Windows NT5.0)  Accept-Encoding:gzip,deflate.

http请求体

请求体就是请求等正文了，可以有很多种请求体。

json格式

xml格式

html格式

二进制格式( 多数用于图片 )

字符串格式

看到上面的请求结构，就能接口测试了，只需要修改接口的参数，就可以像功能测试一样测了。可以用功能测试设计用例的方法来设计接口测试的用例。可以使用各种测试用具辅助测试，下图为“postman”测试工具。

3. 接口的请求会发向哪里？

我们可以看看这样一个接口，用Java的Servlet怎么来实现

package com.yy.test; import net.sf.json.JSONObject; import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.io.IOException;import java.io.PrintWriter; // 接口的名称与路径，urlPatterns中的/light，就是说在输入地址与ip后，定义的接口名字http://127.0.0.1:8080/light @WebServlet(name = "light", urlPatterns = "/light")public class light extends HttpServlet {    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {        // 获取opt的值         String opt = request.getParameter("opt");         // 新建返回json的对象         JSONObject json = new JSONObject();         // 判断opt有没有值         if (null != opt) {             // 定义返回的请求头，类型是json，编码是utf-8             response.setContentType("application/json; charset=UTF-8");             // 定义返回的对象，用它来将json输出             PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();             // 判断opt的值是不是open             if ("open".equals(opt)) {                json.put("msg", "开灯啦！");                out.println(json);            }             // 判断opt的值是不是close             else if ("close".equals(opt)) {                json.put("msg", "关灯啦！");                out.println(json);            }        }    }}

上面的代码大致做了如下几个操作：

获取opt的值

判断获取的opt的值

如果是"open"就返回"开灯啦！"

如果是"close"就返回"关灯啦！"

看到上面的代码，就能发现，我们将opt的值，传进"http://127.0.0.1:8080/light"这个接口中，当你拿到你想要的值，想做什么都可以了，对吧。我这边的代码就是简单的进行了返回，当你访问了我“开灯”的接口，我就直接告诉你“开灯了” ( 其实我什么都没做，这已经算是一个BUG了。所以测试接口要看看它到底生效了没有，也就是说，灯真的开了吗？)，我们做接口测试，需要开发提供接口文档。最重要的有一下几点：

被测接口的地址

接口参数，以及各个参数的说明

必要的http头与http体 ( http头是可以自定义的，可以用来校验是否是自己人访问 )

接口返回什么值，以及各个返回值的说明

接口是干什么的

确定了这些，才能做好接口测试。好的接口文档如下：

4. 复杂一点的接口，RESTful

当年听到RESTful时，觉得这又是什么新技术，肯定很高大上，其实RESTful它只是一种设计风格。一个接口用不同的请求方式，来做不同的事情。最典型的就是下面这张图了。

我们测试的RESTful接口，就是复杂一点的开关。比如下图B线的用户接口：





一个用户接口可以通过以下4种不同方式的请求，来做不同的事情：

获取用户信息

创建用户

修改用户

删除用户

你完全可以像“灯”的那个例子，用GET请求来传递不同的参数来实现，但是这样如果接口多了，就会很混乱，很难管理。

这时，我们需要一种规则：

当用“GET”方式时，只用来获取数据，成功了返回http状态码200

当用“POST”方式时，只用来创建数据，成功了返回http状态码201

当用“PUT”方式时，只用来修改数据，成功了返回http状态码203

当用“DELETE”方式时，只用来删除数据，成功了返回http状态码204

当请求发送失败，返回http状态码400

这样子的规则，我们称它为“RESTful”标准。

下图是RESTful的状态码返回

5. 接口测试

前面的搞清楚了，接口测试就简单了，其实就是几个步骤。

拿到接口的url地址

查看接口是用什么方式发送

添加请求头，请求体

发送查看返回结果，校验返回结果是否正确

这个是正常的一套流程，异常的情况，就不用我多说来吧。比如参数不传值呀，传的值不正确呀，明明要求用"GET"请求发送，偏要用"POST"请求发送呀。等等有很多异常情况，一般懂功能测试都能想到很多的异常情况，这里不再举例来。

下面我以百度翻译的接口为例子：

请求地址：http://fanyi.baidu.com/v2transapi请求方式：POST请求参数：        from --- 哪国语言        to --- 翻译成哪国语言        query --- 翻译都内容

我使用Python语言来进行接口测试，使用"requests"库来编写代码比较简答易懂，如果没有安装"requests"库，可以打开cmd，输入"pip install requests"来安装

import requests # 接口的url url = "http://fanyi.baidu.com/v2transapi" # 接口的参数 params = {     "from":"en",     "to":"zh",     "query": "test"} # 发送接口 r = requests.request("post", url, params=params) # 打印返回结果 print(r.text) # 其实到上面就已经完了，因为百度不是我自己写的接口，为了让结果看的更加清楚一点，我取来翻译的字段 import jsond = json.loads(r.text)print(d['liju_result']['tag'])

返回结果

['试验', '测验', '考验', '化验', '考查', '受试验', '受测验', '受考验', '测得结果']

可以试着将"query"的参数改成"student"，返回结果也随之改变

import requests url = "http://fanyi.baidu.com/v2transapi"params = {     "from":"en",     "to":"zh",     "query": "student" # 我改了这里 } r = requests.request("post", url, params=params) import jsond = json.loads(r.text)print(d['liju_result']['tag'])

返回结果

['中学生', '学生', '大学生', '研究者', '学者']

当然，要是不懂代码，也可以使用工具进行测试，只要记住填写的几个点，就可以做好接口测试，下图是使用"postman"进行测试：

输入发送方式"POST"

输入测试地址"http://fanyi.baidu.com/v2transapi"

输入下图红框参数

点击"send"，查看返回结果





接口测试就是这么简单

6. 接口测试用例

接口测试用例的设计就没什么好讲的了，与功能测试一样设计就好了。我是用Excel来编写的，主要是为了方便管理，只要写的干净，让人看的很舒服就好了。我自己设计的用例是这样的：

一个模块对应一个Excel表

一条接口对应一张sheet表

表中一行对应一条测试用例

在开始要注明测试时需要的sql，如下图开始我会创建用户，用完了我会删除

这样的用例比较好管理，如图：





整个接口测试就这么多了。接口测试其实很简单，在功能测试眼里，接口测试那么高大上，其实不也过如此了。

http://www.cnblogs.com/yyhh/p/6083159.html