概述
只要是配置了正确的文件类型和压缩类型(比如Textfile+Gzip、SequenceFile+Snappy等)，Hive都可以按预期读取并解析数据，提供SQL功能。
SequenceFile本身的结构已经设计了内容进行压缩。所以对于SequenceFile文件的压缩，并不是先生成SequenceFile文件，再对文件进行压缩。而是生成SequenceFile文件时，对其中的内容字段进行压缩。最终压缩后，对外仍体现为一个SequenceFile。
RCFile、ORCFile、Parquet、Avro对于压缩的处理方式与SequenceFile相同。
文件格式
TextfileSequenceFileRCFileORCFileParquetAvro压缩算法的编解码器
| | 序号 | 压缩格式 | 算法 | 多文件 | 可分割性 | 工具 | 工具压缩后扩展名 |
|---|
| 1 | DEFLATE | DEFLATE | 不 | 不 | 无 | .deflate |
| 2 | Gzip | DEFLATE | 不 | 不 | gzip | .gz |
| 3 | bzip2 | bzip2 | 不 | 是 | bzip2 | .bz2 |
| 4 | LZO | LZO | 不 | 不 | lzop | .lzo |
| 5 | LZ4 | ??? | ?? | ?? | ??? | ??? |
| 6 | Snappy | ??? | ?? | ?? | ??? | ??? |
| 7 | ZLIB | ??? | ?? | ?? | ??? | ??? |
| 8 | ZIP | DEFLATE | 是 | 是，在文件范围内 | zip | .zip |
TEXTFILE
文本文件,非压缩
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| --创建一个表，格式为文本文件：
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE student_text (id STRING, name STRING)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'
STORED AS TEXTFILE;
--导入数据到此表中,将启动MR任务
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_text SELECT * FROM student;
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可查看到生成的数据文件的格式为非压缩的文本文件：
hdfs dfs -cat /user/hive/warehouse/student_text/000000_0
1001810081,cheyo
1001810082,pku
1001810083,rocky
1001810084,stephen
2002820081,sql
2002820082,hello
2002820083,hijj
3001810081,hhhhhhh
3001810082,abbbbbb
文本文件,DEFLATE压缩
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| --创建一个表，格式为文件文件：
CREATE TABLE student_text_def (id STRING, name STRING)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'
STORED AS TEXTFILE;
--设置压缩类型为Gzip压缩
SET hive.exec.compress.output=true;
SET mapred.output.compress=true;
SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.DefaultCodec;
--导入数据：
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_text_def SELECT * FROM student;
--查看数据
SELECT * FROM student_text_def;
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查看数据文件,可看到数据文件为多个.deflate文件。
hdfs dfs -ls /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_def/
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-16 12:48 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_def/000000_0.deflate
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-16 12:48 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_def/000001_0.deflate
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-16 12:48 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_def/000002_0.deflate
文本文件,Gzip压缩
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| --创建一个表，格式为文件文件：
CREATE TABLE student_text_gzip (id STRING, name STRING)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'
STORED AS TEXTFILE;
--设置压缩类型为Gzip压缩
SET hive.exec.compress.output=true;
SET mapred.output.compress=true;
SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.GzipCodec;
--导入数据：
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_text_gzip SELECT * FROM student;
--查看数据
SELECT * FROM student_text_gzip;
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查看数据文件,可看到数据文件为多个.gz文件。解开.gz文件，可以看到明文文本：
hdfs dfs -ls /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_gzip/
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-15 10:03 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_gzip/000000_0.gz
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-15 10:03 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_gzip/000001_0.gz
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-15 10:03 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_gzip/000002_0.gz
文本文件,Bzip2压缩
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| --创建一个表，格式为文件文件：
CREATE TABLE student_text_bzip2 (id STRING, name STRING)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'
STORED AS TEXTFILE;
--设置压缩类型为Bzip2压缩：
SET hive.exec.compress.output=true;
SET mapred.output.compress=true;
SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.BZip2Codec;
--导入数据
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_text_bzip2 SELECT * FROM student;
--查看数据：
SELECT * FROM student_text_bzip2;
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查看数据文件,可看到数据文件为多个.bz2文件。解开.bz2文件，可以看到明文文本：
hdfs dfs -ls /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_bzip2
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-15 10:09 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_bzip2/000000_0.bz2
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-15 10:09 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_bzip2/000001_0.bz2
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-15 10:09 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_bzip2/000002_0.bz2
文本文件,lzo压缩
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| --创建表
CREATE TABLE student_text_lzo (id STRING, name STRING)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'
STORED AS TEXTFILE;
--设置为LZO压缩
SET hive.exec.compress.output=true;
SET mapred.output.compress=true;
SET mapred.output.compression.codec=com.hadoop.compression.lzo.LzopCodec;
--导入数据
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_text_lzo SELECT * FROM student;
--查询数据
SELECT * FROM student_text_lzo;
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查看数据文件,可看到数据文件为多个.lzo压缩。解开.lzo文件，可以看到明文文本。
未实测,需要安装lzop库文本文件,lz4压缩
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| --创建表
CREATE TABLE student_text_lz4 (id STRING, name STRING)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'
STORED AS TEXTFILE;
--设置为LZ4压缩
SET hive.exec.compress.output=true;
SET mapred.output.compress=true;
SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.Lz4Codec;
--导入数据
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_text_lz4 SELECT * FROM student;
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查看数据文件,可看到数据文件为多个.lz4压缩。使用cat查看.lz4文件，可以看到是压缩后的文本。
hdfs dfs -ls /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_lz4
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-16 12:06 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_lz4/000000_0.lz4
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-16 12:06 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_lz4/000001_0.lz4
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-16 12:06 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_lz4/000002_0.lz4
文本文件,Snappy压缩
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| --创建表
CREATE TABLE student_text_snappy (id STRING, name STRING)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'
STORED AS TEXTFILE;
--设置压缩
SET hive.exec.compress.output=true;
SET mapred.compress.map.output=true;
SET mapred.output.compress=true;
SET mapred.output.compression=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec;
SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec;
SET io.compression.codecs=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec;
--导入数据
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_text_snappy SELECT * FROM student;
--查询数据
SELECT * FROM student_text_snappy;
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查看数据文件,可看到数据文件为多个.snappy压缩文件。使用cat查看.snappy文件，可以看到是压缩后的文本:
hdfs dfs -ls /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_snappy
Found 3 items
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-15 16:42 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_snappy/000000_0.snappy
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-15 16:42 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_snappy/000001_0.snappy
-rw-r--r-- 2015-09-15 16:42 /user/hive/warehouse/student_text_snappy/000002_0.snappy
SEQUENCEFILE
Sequence文件,DEFLATE压缩
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| --创建一个表，格式为文件文件：
CREATE TABLE student_seq_def (id STRING, name STRING)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'
STORED AS SEQUENCEFILE;
--设置压缩类型为Gzip压缩
SET hive.exec.compress.output=true;
SET mapred.output.compress=true;
SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.DefaultCodec;
--导入数据：
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_seq_def SELECT * FROM student;
--查看数据
SELECT * FROM student_seq_def;
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查看数据文件,是一个密文的文件.
hdfs dfs -ls /user/hive/warehouse/student_seq_def/
-rw-r--r-- /user/hive/warehouse/student_seq_def/000000_0
Sequence文件,Gzip压缩
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| --创建一个表，格式为文件文件：
CREATE TABLE student_seq_gzip (id STRING, name STRING)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'
STORED AS SEQUENCEFILE;
--设置压缩类型为Gzip压缩
SET hive.exec.compress.output=true;
SET mapred.output.compress=true;
SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.GzipCodec;
--导入数据：
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_seq_gzip SELECT * FROM student;
--查看数据
SELECT * FROM student_seq_gzip;
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查看数据文件,是一个密文的文件，无法通过gzip解压：
hdfs dfs -ls /user/hive/warehouse/student_seq_gzip/
-rw-r--r-- /user/hive/warehouse/student_seq_gzip/000000_0
RCFILE
RCFILE,Gzip压缩
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| CREATE TABLE student_rcfile_gzip (id STRING, name STRING)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'
STORED AS RCFILE;
--设置压缩类型为Gzip压缩
SET hive.exec.compress.output=true;
SET mapred.output.compress=true;
SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.GzipCodec;
--导入数据：
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_rcfile_gzip SELECT id,name FROM student;
--查看数据
SELECT * FROM student_rcfile_gzip;
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ORCFile
ORCFile有自己的参数设置压缩格式，一般不使用上述Hive参数设置压缩参数。
参考文档:
LanguageManual ORCORCFile,ZLIB压缩
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| --创建表
CREATE TABLE student_orcfile_zlib (id STRING, name STRING)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'
STORED AS ORCFILE TBLPROPERTIES ("orc.compress"="ZLIB");
--导入数据
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_orcfile_zlib SELECT id,name FROM student;
--查询数据
SELECT * FROM student_orcfile_zlib;
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ORCFILE,Snappy压缩
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| --创建表
CREATE TABLE student_orcfile_snappy2 (id STRING, name STRING)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'
STORED AS ORCFILE TBLPROPERTIES ("orc.compress"="SNAPPY");
--导入数据
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_orcfile_snappy2 SELECT id,name FROM student;
--查询数据
SELECT * FROM student_orcfile_snappy2;
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一般不使用下述方式。下述方式压缩后，结果与上述同类型压缩(SNAPPY)不同。具体原因待进一步研究。 1
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| --创建表
CREATE TABLE student_orcfile_snappy (id STRING, name STRING)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'
STORED AS ORCFILE;
--设置压缩
SET hive.exec.compress.output=true;
SET mapred.compress.map.output=true;
SET mapred.output.compress=true;
SET mapred.output.compression=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec;
SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec;
SET io.compression.codecs=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec;
--导入数据
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_orcfile_snappy SELECT id,name FROM student;
--查询数据
SELECT * FROM student_orcfile_snappy;
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Parquet
Parquet,Snappy压缩
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| --创建表
CREATE TABLE student_parquet_snappy (id STRING, name STRING)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'
STORED AS PARQUET;
--设置压缩
SET hive.exec.compress.output=true;
SET mapred.compress.map.output=true;
SET mapred.output.compress=true;
SET mapred.output.compression=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec;
SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec;
SET io.compression.codecs=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec;
--导入数据
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_parquet_snappy SELECT id,name FROM student;
--查询数据
SELECT * FROM student_parquet_snappy;
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Avro
Avro,Snappy压缩
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| --创建表
CREATE TABLE student_avro_snappy (id STRING, name STRING)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'
STORED AS AVRO;
--设置压缩
SET hive.exec.compress.output=true;
SET mapred.compress.map.output=true;
SET mapred.output.compress=true;
SET mapred.output.compression=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec;
SET mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec;
SET io.compression.codecs=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec;
--导入数据
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE student_avro_snappy SELECT id,name FROM student;
--查询数据
SELECT * FROM student_avro_snappy;
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参考文档
hive压缩hadoop mapreduce和hive中使用SequeceFile+lzo格式数据Hive文件存储格式的测试比较
