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SQL SERVER 所有权链和上下文切换

2016-08-23 19:36 274 查看
本教程使用一个应用场景说明 SQL Server 安全性概念,其中包括所有权链和用户上下文切换。有关所有权链接的详细信息,请参阅所有权链。有关上下文切换的详细信息,请参阅上下文切换


注意:
若要在本教程中运行代码,必须已配置混合模式安全性并且已安装 AdventureWorks 数据库。有关混合模式安全性的详细信息,请参阅身份验证模式。有关安装 AdventureWorks 数据库的详细信息,请参阅安装
AdventureWorks 示例数据库和示例。


应用场景



在此应用场景中,两个用户需要帐户访问存储在 AdventureWorks 数据库中的采购订单数据。要求如下:
第一个帐户 (TestManagerUser) 必须能够查看每个采购订单中的所有详细信息。

第二个帐户 (TestEmployeeUser) 必须能够根据采购订单号,查看已收到部分货物的项的采购订单号、订单日期、发货日期、产品 ID 号以及每个采购订单中已定购和已收到的项。

所有其他帐户必须保留当前的权限。

若要满足本应用场景的要求,此示例分为四个部分来说明所有权链和上下文切换的概念:
配置环境。

创建存储过程以按采购订单访问数据。

通过存储过程访问数据。 

重置环境。

本示例中的每个代码块都将逐一加以说明。若要复制完整的示例,请参阅本教程结尾部分的完整示例


1.
配置环境



使用 SQL Server Management Studio 及以下代码打开 AdventureWorks 数据库,然后使用 CURRENT_USER Transact-SQL 语句检查 dbo 用户是否显示为上下文。

USE AdventureWorks;
GO
SELECT CURRENT_USER AS 'Current User Name';
GO


有关 CURRENT_USER 语句的详细信息,请参阅 CURRENT_USER (Transact-SQL)

使用此代码以使 dbo 用户在服务器及 AdventureWorks 数据库中创建两个用户。

CREATE LOGIN TestManagerUser
WITH PASSWORD = '340$Uuxwp7Mcxo7Khx';
GO
CREATE USER TestManagerUser
FOR LOGIN TestManagerUser
WITH DEFAULT_SCHEMA = Purchasing;
GO

CREATE LOGIN TestEmployeeUser
WITH PASSWORD = '340$Uuxwp7Mcxo7Khy';
GO
CREATE USER TestEmployeeUser
FOR LOGIN TestEmployeeUser;
GO


有关 CREATE USER 语句的详细信息,请参阅 CREATE USER (Transact-SQL)。有关 CREATE LOGIN 语句的详细信息,请参阅 CREATE
LOGIN (Transact-SQL)。

使用以下代码将 
Purchasing
 架构的所有权更改为 
TestManagerUser
 帐户。这样将允许该帐户对其包含的对象使用所有数据操作语言
(DML) 语句访问权限(如 
SELECT
 和 
INSERT
 权限)。由于其中不包括数据定义语言
(DDL) 权限,因此向 
TestManagerUser
 显式授予了对
PurchaseOrderHeader
 和 
PurchaseOrderDetail
 表的权限以及创建存储过程的能力。

/* Change owner of the Purchasing Schema to TestManagerUser */
ALTER AUTHORIZATION
ON SCHEMA::Purchasing
TO TestManagerUser;
GO

/* Grant permissions to TestManagerUser on these objects with GRANT option */
GRANT ALL
ON OBJECT::AdventureWorks.Purchasing.PurchaseOrderHeader
TO TestManagerUser
WITH GRANT OPTION;
GO
GRANT ALL
ON OBJECT::AdventureWorks.Purchasing.PurchaseOrderDetail
TO TestManagerUser WITH GRANT OPTION;
GO
/* Note: DML works fine with Schema owner, but not DDL. */
GRANT CREATE PROCEDURE
TO TestManagerUser
WITH GRANT OPTION;
GO


有关 GRANT 语句的详细信息,请参阅 GRANT (Transact-SQL)。有关数据库架构的详细信息,请参阅架构。有关存储过程的详细信息,请参阅存储过程(数据库引擎)


2.
创建存储过程以访问数据



有两种方法允许用户在数据库中切换上下文:SETUSER 或 EXECUTE AS。使用 SETUSER 语句需要调用方拥有 sysadmin 固定服务器角色成员身份或使用 dbo 帐户。EXECUTE AS 需要 IMPERSONATE 权限。有关这些概念的详细信息,请参阅 EXECUTE
AS 与 SETUSER。

使用以下代码中的 
EXECUTE AS
 语句将上下文更改为 
TestManagerUser
,并创建一个仅显示 
TestEmployeeUser
 需要的数据的存储过程。为了满足这些要求,存储过程接受一个代表采购订单号的变量并且不显示财务信息,WHERE
子句则将结果限制为部分货物。

EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'TestManagerUser'
GO
SELECT CURRENT_USER AS 'Current User Name';
GO

/* Note: The user that calls the EXECUTE AS statement must have IMPERSONATE permissions on the target principal */
CREATE PROCEDURE usp_ShowWaitingItems @ProductID int
AS
BEGIN
SELECT a.PurchaseOrderID, a.OrderDate, a.ShipDate
, b.ProductID, b.OrderQty, b.ReceivedQty
FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderHeader a
INNER JOIN Purchasing.PurchaseOrderDetail b
ON a.PurchaseOrderID = b.PurchaseOrderID
WHERE b.OrderQty > b.ReceivedQty
AND @ProductID = b.ProductID
ORDER BY b.ProductID ASC
END
GO


当前 
TestEmployeeUser
 对任何数据库对象都没有访问权限。以下代码(仍位于 
TestManagerUser
 上下文中)授予用户帐户通过存储过程查询基表信息的能力。

GRANT EXECUTE
ON OBJECT::Purchasing.usp_ShowWaitingItems
TO TestEmployeeUser;
GO


即使没有显式指定架构,存储过程也是 
Purchasing
 架构的一部分,因为默认情况下系统将把 
TestManagerUser
 分配给 
Purchasing
 架构。您可以使用系统目录信息查找对象,如以下代码所示。

SELECT a.name AS 'Schema'
, b.name AS 'Object Name'
, b.type AS 'Object Type'
FROM sys.schemas a
INNER JOIN sys.objects b
ON a.schema_id = b.schema_id
WHERE b.name = 'usp_ShowWaitingItems';
GO


有关系统目录的详细信息,请参阅查询 SQL Server 系统目录

完成本部分示例之后,代码使用 REVERT 语句将上下文切换回 dbo

REVERT;
GO


有关 REVERT 语句的详细信息,请参阅 REVERT (Transact-SQL)


3.
通过存储过程访问数据



除了拥有一个登录名以及分配给 public 数据库角色的权限之外,
TestEmployeeUser
 对 AdventureWorks 数据库对象没有其他权限。如果
TestEmployeeUser
 试图访问基表,以下代码在将返回一个错误。

EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'TestEmployeeUser'
GO
SELECT CURRENT_USER AS 'Current User Name';
GO
/* This won't work */
SELECT *
FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderHeader;
GO
SELECT *
FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderDetail;
GO


因为在最后一部分中创建的存储过程引用的对象由 
TestManagerUser
 凭借 
Purchasing
 架构所有权而拥有,因此 
TestEmployeeUser
 可以通过此存储过程访问基表。以下代码仍使用 
TestEmployeeUser
 上下文将采购订单
952 作为参数传递。

EXEC Purchasing.usp_ShowWaitingItems 952
GO



4.
重置环境



以下代码使用 
REVERT
 命令将当前帐户的上下文返回至 dbo,然后重置环境。

REVERT;
GOALTER AUTHORIZATION
ON SCHEMA::Purchasing TO dbo;
GO
DROP PROCEDURE Purchasing.usp_ShowWaitingItems
GO
DROP USER TestEmployeeUser;
GO
DROP USER TestManagerUser;
GO
DROP LOGIN TestEmployeeUser;
GO
DROP LOGIN TestManagerUser;
GO



完整代码



本部分显示完整的示例代码。


注意:
此代码不包括两个说明 
TestEmployeeUser
 无法从基表中进行选择的预期错误。

/*
Script: UserContextTutorial.sql
Author: Microsoft
Last Updated: Books Online
Conditions: Execute as DBO or sysadmin in the AdventureWorks database
Section 1: Configure the Environment
*/

USE AdventureWorks; GO SELECT CURRENT_USER AS 'Current User Name'; GO
/* Create server and database users */
CREATE LOGIN TestManagerUser WITH PASSWORD = '340$Uuxwp7Mcxo7Khx'; GO CREATE USER TestManagerUser FOR LOGIN TestManagerUser WITH DEFAULT_SCHEMA = Purchasing; GO CREATE LOGIN TestEmployeeUser WITH PASSWORD = '340$Uuxwp7Mcxo7Khy'; GO CREATE USER TestEmployeeUser FOR LOGIN TestEmployeeUser; GO
/* Change owner of the Purchasing Schema to TestManagerUser */
ALTER AUTHORIZATION
ON SCHEMA::Purchasing
TO TestManagerUser;
GO

/* Grant permissions to TestManagerUser on these objects with GRANT option */
GRANT ALL
ON OBJECT::AdventureWorks.Purchasing.PurchaseOrderHeader
TO TestManagerUser
WITH GRANT OPTION;
GO
GRANT ALL
ON OBJECT::AdventureWorks.Purchasing.PurchaseOrderDetail
TO TestManagerUser WITH GRANT OPTION;
GO
/* Note: DML works fine with Schema owner, but not DDL */
GRANT CREATE PROCEDURE
TO TestManagerUser
WITH GRANT OPTION;
GO

/*
Section 2: Switch Context and Create Objects
*/
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'TestManagerUser' GO SELECT CURRENT_USER AS 'Current User Name'; GO /* Note: The user that calls the EXECUTE AS statement must have IMPERSONATE permissions on the target principal */ CREATE PROCEDURE usp_ShowWaitingItems @ProductID int AS BEGIN SELECT a.PurchaseOrderID, a.OrderDate, a.ShipDate , b.ProductID, b.OrderQty, b.ReceivedQty FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderHeader a INNER JOIN Purchasing.PurchaseOrderDetail b ON a.PurchaseOrderID = b.PurchaseOrderID WHERE b.OrderQty > b.ReceivedQty AND @ProductID = b.ProductID ORDER BY b.ProductID ASC END GO
/* Give the employee the ability to run the procedure */
GRANT EXECUTE ON OBJECT::Purchasing.usp_ShowWaitingItems TO TestEmployeeUser; GO
/* Notice that the stored procedure is located in the Purchasing
schema. This also demonstrates system catalogs */
SELECT a.name AS 'Schema' , b.name AS 'Object Name' , b.type AS 'Object Type' FROM sys.schemas a INNER JOIN sys.objects b ON a.schema_id = b.schema_id WHERE b.name = 'usp_ShowWaitingItems'; GO
/* Go back to being the dbo user */
REVERT; GO
/*
Section 3: Switch Context and Observe Security
*/
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'TestEmployeeUser'
GO
SELECT CURRENT_USER AS 'Current User Name';
GO
EXEC Purchasing.usp_ShowWaitingItems 952 GO
/*
Section 4: Clean Up Example
*/
REVERT; GOALTER AUTHORIZATION
ON SCHEMA::Purchasing TO dbo;
GO
DROP PROCEDURE Purchasing.usp_ShowWaitingItems
GO
DROP USER TestEmployeeUser;
GO
DROP USER TestManagerUser;
GO
DROP LOGIN TestEmployeeUser;
GO
DROP LOGIN TestManagerUser;
GO



请参阅




其他资源

SQL Server 安全注意事项
数据库和数据库应用程序的安全注意事项
原文地址:https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/bb153640(SQL.90).aspx
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