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设备驱动/dev/驱动文件的创建(写驱动时再详细看可能会比较清楚)

2016-08-13 21:05 246 查看
转自讨论帖:http://bbs.chinaunix.net/thread-3575768-1-1.html

   我们在刚开始写Linux设备驱动程序的时候,很多时候都是利用mknod命令手动创建设备节点,实际上Linux内核为我们提供了一组函数,可以用来在模块加载的时候自动在/dev目录下创建相应设备节点,并在卸载模块时删除该节点,当然前提条件是用户空间移植了udev。 

    内核中定义了struct class结构体,顾名思义,一个struct class结构体类型变量对应一个类,内核同时提供了class_create(…)函数,可以用它来创建一个类,这个类存放于sysfs下面,一旦创建好了这个类,再调用device_create(…)函数来在/dev目录下创建相应的设备节点。这样,加载模块的时候,用户空间中的udev会自动响应device_create(…)函数,去/sysfs下寻找对应的类从而创建设备节点。
   
注意
,在2.6较早的内核版本中,device_create(…)函数名称不同,是class_device_create(…),所以在新的内核中编译以前的模块程序有时会报错,就是因为函数名称不同,而且里面的参数设置也有一些变化。 
struct class和device_create(…) 以及device_create(…)都定义在/include/linux/device.h中,使用的时候一定要包含这个头文件,否则编译器会报错。 
在2.6.26.6内核版本中,struct class定义在头文件include/linux/device.h中: 

/*
       * device classes
       */
     struct class {
       const char        *name;
       struct module     *owner;

  nbsp;struct kset         subsys;
       struct list_head         devices;
       struct list_head         interfaces;
       struct kset              class_dirs;
       struct semaphore sem;    /* locks children, devices, interfaces */
       struct class_attribute   *class_attrs;
       struct device_attribute      *dev_attrs;

   int (*dev_uevent)(struct device *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env);

   void (*class_release)(struct class *class);
       void (*dev_release)(struct device *dev);

  int (*suspend)(struct device *dev, pm_message_t state);
       int (*resume)(struct device *dev);

};

class_create(…)在/drivers/base/class.c中实现: 
      /**
     * class_create - create a struct class structure
     * @owner: pointer to the module that is to "own" this struct class
     * @name: pointer to a string for the name of this class.
     *
     * This is used to create a struct class pointer that can then be used
     * in calls to device_create().
     *
     * Note, the pointer created here is to be destroyed when finished by
     * making a call to class_destroy().
     */
    struct class *class_create(struct module *owner, const char *name)
    {
       struct class *cls;
       int retval;
       cls = kzalloc(sizeof(*cls), GFP_KERNEL);
       if (!cls) {
            retval = -ENOMEM;
            goto error;
       }

  cls->name = name;
       cls->owner = owner;
       cls->class_release = class_create_release;

  retval = class_register(cls);
       if (retval)
            goto error;

  return cls;

error:
       kfree(cls);
       return ERR_PTR(retval);
     }
     第一个参数指定类的所有者是哪个模块,第二个参数指定类名。 
     在class.c中,还定义了class_destroy(…)函数,用于在模块卸载时删除类。 

device_create(…)函数在/drivers/base/core.c中实现: 
     /**
      * device_create - creates a device and registers it with sysfs
      * @class: pointer to the struct class that this device should be registered to
      * @parent: pointer to the parent struct device of this new device, if any
      * @devt: the dev_t for the char device to be added
      * @fmt: string for the device's name
      *
      * This function can be used by char device classes. A struct device
      * will be created in sysfs, registered to the specified class.
      *
      * A "dev" file will be created, showing the dev_t for the device, if
      * the dev_t is not 0,0.
      * If a pointer to a parent struct device is passed in, the newly created
      * struct device will be a child of that device in sysfs.
      * The pointer to the struct device will be returned from the call.
      * Any further sysfs files that might be required can be created using this
      * pointer.
      *
      * Note: the struct class passed to this function must have previously
      * been created with a call to class_create().
      */
     struct device *device_create(struct class *class, struct device *parent,
                         dev_t devt, const char *fmt, ...)
     {
          va_list vargs;
          struct device *dev;

     va_start(vargs, fmt);
          dev = device_create_vargs(class, parent, devt, NULL, fmt, vargs);
          va_end(vargs);
          return dev;
     }

第一个参数指定所要创建的设备所从属的类,第二个参数是这个设备的父设备,如果没有就指定为NULL,第三个参数是设备号,第四个参数是设备名称,第五个参数是从设备号。 

下面以一个简单字符设备驱动来展示如何使用这几个函数 
     #include <linux/module.h>
     #include <linux/kernel.h>
     #include <linux/init.h>
     #include <linux/fs.h>
     #include <linux/cdev.h>
     #include <linux/device.h>

MODULE_LICENSE ("GPL");

int hello_major = 555;
     int hello_minor = 0;
     int number_of_devices = 1;

struct cdev cdev;
     dev_t dev = 0;

struct file_operations hello_fops = {
       .owner = THIS_MODULE
     };

static void char_reg_setup_cdev (void)
     {
        int error, devno = MKDEV (hello_major, hello_minor);
        cdev_init (&cdev, &hello_fops);
        cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
        cdev.ops = &hello_fops;
        error = cdev_add (&cdev, devno , 1);
        if (error)
            printk (KERN_NOTICE "Error %d adding char_reg_setup_cdev", error);

}

struct class *my_class;

static int __init hello_2_init (void)
     {
        int result;
        dev = MKDEV (hello_major, hello_minor);
        result = register_chrdev_region (dev, number_of_devices, "hello");
        if (result<0) {
            printk (KERN_WARNING "hello: can't get major number %d\n", hello_major);
            return result;
      }

char_reg_setup_cdev ();

  /* create your own class under /sysfs */
      my_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "my_class");
      if(IS_ERR(my_class)) 
      {
           printk("Err: failed in creating class.\n");
           return -1; 
       } 

  /* register your own device in sysfs, and this will cause udev to create corresponding device node */
       device_create( my_class, NULL, MKDEV(hello_major, 0), "hello" "%d", 0 );

  printk (KERN_INFO "Registered character driver\n");
       return 0;
     }

static void __exit hello_2_exit (void)
     {
        dev_t devno = MKDEV (hello_major, hello_minor);

        cdev_del (&cdev);

   device_destroy(my_class, MKDEV(adc_major, 0));         //delete device node under /dev
        class_destroy(my_class);                               //delete class created by us

   unregister_chrdev_region (devno, number_of_devices);

   printk (KERN_INFO "char driver cleaned up\n");
     }

module_init (hello_2_init);
     module_exit (hello_2_exit);

这样,模块加载后,就能在/dev目录下找到hello0这个设备节点了。
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