RESTful 的 Django

最近为了升级曾经用Django做的网站，决定升级修改下架构，而且在当今Rest风格API的架构正在一步步的渗透到各个公司的API设计中，那Django这个框架呢？当然也会例外。
现在现在以相对比较好用的rest framework做个demo:
环境：ubuntu, mysql, python, django, django-rest-framework

在开始创建项目之前，我们用virtualenv先搭建一个新的虚拟环境，这样会确保我们的包配置很好的从正在工作的其他项目中隔离,在这里里面你可以做任何你想做的，而且可以共享系统中已安装的组件，只需要安装本项目特有的组件，是一个很好用的"沙盒"：

virtualenv env
source env/bin/activate #激活当前虚拟环境

在任何时候想要退出虚拟环境，只需要输入：

deactivate

安装django

(env)bing@ubuntu:/usr/local$pip install django
Downloading/unpackingdjango
Downloading Django-1.9.8-py2.py3-none-any.whl(6.6MB): 6.6MB downloaded
Installing collectedpackages: django
Successfullyinstalled django
Cleaning up...

安装djangorestframework

(env)bing@ubuntu:/usr/local$pip install djangorestframework
Downloading/unpackingdjangorestframework

Downloadingdjangorestframework-3.4.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (705kB):
0% 4.1k  Downloading
djangorestframework-3.4.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl(705kB):   1%
8.2k Downloading djangorestframework-3.4.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl
(705kB):   1% 12kB
………..
loaded
Installing collectedpackages: djangorestframework
Successfullyinstalled djangorestframework
Cleaning up...
(env)bing@ubuntu:/usr/local$

安装markdown - 让API可浏览

(env)bing@ubuntu:/usr/local$pip install django

安装django-filter - 过滤器

(env)bing@ubuntu:/usr/local$pip install django-filter

安装MySqL:

(env)bing@ubuntu:/usr/local$sudo apt-get install mysql-server
Reading packagelists... Done
Building dependencytree
Reading stateinformation... Done
The following extrapackages will be installed:
libdbd-mysql-perl libdbi-perllibhtml-template-perl libmysqlclient18
libterm-readkey-perl mysql-client-5.5mysql-client-core-5.5 mysql-common
mysql-server-5.5 mysql-server-core-5.5
Suggested packages:
libmldbm-perl libnet-daemon-perllibplrpc-perl libsql-statement-perl
libipc-sharedcache-perl tinyca mailx
The following NEWpackages will be installed:
libdbd-mysql-perl libdbi-perllibhtml-template-perl libmysqlclient18
libterm-readkey-perl mysql-client-5.5mysql-client-core-5.5 mysql-common
mysql-server mysql-server-5.5mysql-server-core-5.5
0 upgraded, 11 newlyinstalled, 0 to remove and 24 not upgraded.
Need to get 99.3kB/9,594 kB of archives.
After thisoperation, 97.1 MB of additional disk space will be used.

安装成功后验证：

(env)bing@ubuntu:/usr/local$mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQLmonitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQLconnection id is 44
Server version:5.5.50-0ubuntu0.14.04.1 (Ubuntu)

Copyright (c) 2000,2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is aregistered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Othernames may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h'for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>

现在开始创建项目

django-admin.py startproject resttest

创建Web API.

cd resttest
python manage.py startapp testapi
cd ..

第一次同步数据库

(env)bing@ubuntu:/usr/local/resttest$python manage.py migrate
Operations toperform:
Apply all migrations: admin, contenttypes,auth, sessions
Running migrations:
Rendering model states... DONE
Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
Applyingadmin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK
Applyingcontenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK
Applyingauth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK
Applyingauth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK
Applyingauth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK
Applyingauth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK
Applyingauth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK
Applyingauth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK
Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK
(env)bing@ubuntu:/usr/local/resttest$

为我们的项目初始化一个管理员：

(env)bing@ubuntu:/usr/local/resttest$python manage.py createsuperuser
Username (leaveblank to use 'lybing'):
Email address:bing.dev@outlook.com
Password:
Password (again):
Superuser createdsuccessfully.
(env)bing@ubuntu:/usr/local/resttest$

Serializers - 数据的展示模块: resttest/testapi/serializers.py

from django.contrib.auth.models import User, Group
from rest_framework import serializers

class UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = User
fields = ('url', 'username', 'email', 'groups')

class GroupSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = Group
fields = ('url', 'name')

备注：这里我们使用hyperlinked关联，同样你可以用主键或其他各种其他关系，但是hyperlinking是一个很好的RESTful设计

Views : resttest/testapi/views.py

from django.contrib.auth.models import User, Group
from rest_framework import viewsets
from  testapi.serializers import UserSerializer, GroupSerializer

class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
queryset = User.objects.all().order_by('-date_joined')
serializer_class = UserSerializer

class GroupViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
queryset = Group.objects.all()
serializer_class = GroupSerializer

与其写多个view倒不如将一些有相同行为的view分组叫ViewSets，如果有需有需要，我们可以很容易的拆成单独的view，但是使用viewsets保持view逻辑便于组织也非常简明.

[b]配置API Url：resttest/urls.py[/b]

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from rest_framework import routers
from testapi import views

router = routers.DefaultRouter()
router.register(r'users', views.UserViewSet)
router.register(r'groups', views.GroupViewSet)

# 用自动url路由来连接我们的API
# 另外，包含我们登录用的可浏览的API的url
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^', include(router.urls)),
url(r'^api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls', namespace='rest_framework'))
]

设置：resttest/settings.py

INSTALLED_APPS = (
...
'rest_framework',
)
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES':('rest_framework.permissions.IsAdminUser',),
'PAGE_SIZE': 10
}

启动服务端测试

python manage.py runserver

未登录的页面



点击右上角的Log in登录，用户名和密码在是上面初始化的管理员



如要添加新的用户则可以在下面输入数据，直接点击Post即可





本文出自 “lybing” 博客，请务必保留此出处http://lybing.blog.51cto.com/3286625/1832148