快速学习者的高效学习策略

　　英文原文：5 Ways to Learn and Remember Absolutely Anything

　　过早地关注细节，你很可能让自己陷入一叶障目不见森林的境地。

高效学习者都有哪些学习策略值得效仿？这个问题最早出现在
Quora，本文源自对该问题的一个答复。

该答复作者是阿莱西奥·布瑞沙尼，他在数字技术领域具有十五年的专业策略咨询经验。以下就是这个答复的具体内容。

　　你提出的这个问题真的很棒。一直以来，我对商业、个人成长以及武术搏击均保持着浓厚的兴趣。这个问题促使我反思了过去的一些经历。

　　我想告诉你，我见过不少貌似学习缓慢的人，他们对一些领域的深入理解程度远远超过了那些所谓的『快速学习者』。事实上，慢学习者在认真和仔细方面，恰好是快速学习者所缺乏的。所以我想对你说，那些看似低效的学习策略很可能正是你的优势，而不是缺点。

　　在我表达了我的个人观点之后，我自己还有一些学习与记忆的基本策略想和你分享一下，这些策略来自我过去的工作与生活经历，我认为它们均具有一定的普遍价值。

　　1) 重复

　　我坚信重复是通向精通的必由之路。当我们学习一种新的技能，必须经常性地对这种技能加以练习。当我们学习一种新的知识或理论，也必须对尽可能多地对其加以应用。

　　李小龙曾经讲过一句非常经典的名言，『我从不畏惧一个知道一万种踢法的人，但是我害怕一个把一种踢法练习过一万次的对手。』

　　任何一种技能，只要经过连续不断地磨练和改进，最终效果都将变得异常惊人。

　　2) 专注

　　现代生活中的干扰因素太多 - 社交媒体、多任务、开放式学习与办公环境 - 我们总是能不断地收到来自外部的各种刺激信号。

　　我们已经丧失了专注的能力。然而专注是学习和掌握很多科目和专业必备的前提条件。

　　为了学习一种新的技能，我尽量让自己处于一个没有打扰的环境之中。当我阅读一些东西时，我会听一些没有歌词的纯音乐，这样的话，我的注意力就不会被分散了。

　　史蒂夫·乔布斯说过，『人们通常认为专注意味着，对你正在做的事情说 Yes，实际上根本不是这样。专注的真正含义在于，当你同时面对几百个好想法时，你必须精挑细选。』

　　3) 背景与细节

　　为了理解一门学科，我觉得首先你应该对这个学科的概貌有一个大致的了解。我自己就非常喜欢探求一些事物的背景以及来龙去脉。

　　所以，我在阅读一本书之前，总是先浏览一下这本书的目录。这样我就对这本书的内容有了一个基本印象。当我阅读内容细节时，我将对内容中一个主题与另一个主题之间的关系就更加清晰了。细节非常重要，但是要在合适的时机。

　　过早地开始关注细节，你很可能错失上下文或整体信息。当然，错失了细节，也会让你的理解仅仅停留在一些事物的表面。

　　所以，我会不停地在细节和上下文之间来回切换。这样我就能够在获取知识或技能的整体性概念的同时，又能学到具体内容及细节。

　　4) 关系

　　这种在上下文与细节之间来回切换的学习方式，向我充分展现了信息之间的关系。这一点对于学习与记忆的长期效果来说，非常非常重要。

　　这就是为什么当我们谈论某一局牌时，有人能够绘声绘色地回忆起每一个细节。其实诀窍就在于牌与牌之间的关系。

　　在不同主题之间构建一种有意义的关系或联系，就是加速学习和强化长期记忆的最有效手段。

　　5) 节奏

　　节奏是学习过程中最有趣的一个可变因素。

　　例如，如果你正在听一场在线视频讲座，你可以加速这个讲座的播放速度（如以两倍速率播放）。

　　节奏还有一个重要功能。它能够让我们置身于完全不同的环境和压力之下。为了适应这种变换，我们自身会自发地调节相应的学习方法。

　　刻意让自己体验这种不断变化的学习节奏，能够更好地强化我们的学习效果和学习能力。长跑运动员训练冲刺式的速跑，就是为了磨练自己对不同状况路面的适应性。

　　就我个人而言，如果我正在准备一场演讲或者技术演示，我会在最后一次练习中以两倍语速讲话。这样做就是为了确保，在我面临外部压力之下（公开场合演示），可以记起所有的演讲内容和信息。

　　如果在语速加倍的情况下，我都能回忆起这些信息，我自然能在正常语速下，轻松地想起这些内容。

　　变换节奏不只是与回忆或记忆相关，其实这样做在很大程度上，能够激发和改变学习的潜能和活力 - 为你的学习工具箱添加一个灵活的新工具。

　　我希望以上信息对你有所帮助。祝你在个人成长的过程中好运！

5 Ways to Learn and Remember Absolutely Anything

Start too early on the details and you'll miss the context of the whole.

What learning strategies do "quick learners" follow? originally appeared on
Quora:
The best answer to any question.

Answer by

Alessio Bresciani, strategist with 15 years of experience in digital and mobile, on
Quora:

Your question is a great one. And it forced me to reflect about the things I have learned across my interests in business,

personal development, and martial arts.

Let me tell you, I've seen many slow learners understand subjects in far greater detail than people who can learn at a fast pace. If fact, slow learners can bring a deliberateness that sometimes is lacking in fast learners. So this can certainly be an advantage
for you also.

Having said that, these are principles I've applied in my own learning that I feel are universal.

1) Repetition.

I firmly believe repetition leads to mastery. When learning a new skill, practice that skill often. When learning a new theory, apply it wherever you can.

As Bruce Lee said, "I fear not the man who has practiced 10,000 kicks once, but I fear the man who has practiced one kick 10,000 times."

Any skill refined through continuous practice over time will become formidable.

2) Focus.

With so many distractions today--social media, multitasking, open-plan offices--we're receiving constant stimuli.

We've lost the ability to focus. Yet focus is what is required to truly understand and absorb any subject.

To learn a new skill, I find time to focus on it in an environment free from distraction. When I'm reading about it, I'll listen to music without lyrics, so the music does not distract me from the content of what I'm reading.

Steve Jobs said, "People think focus means saying yes to the thing you've got to focus on. But that's not what it means at all. It means saying no to the hundred other good ideas that there are. You have to pick carefully."

3) Context and detail.

To understand a specific subject, I find it useful to look at the big picture first. I like to understand the context of things.

So in a book I'll read the table of contents before I look at the pages. This way I get a sense for where the overall context is headed. And when I read the details, I'll understand how one theme relates to another. Detail is important, but at the right
time.

Start too early on the details and you'll miss the context of the whole. Miss details altogether, and understanding only
ad81
stays superficial.

So I switch between context and detail so I learn the surface and the
depth.

4) Relationship.

Learning by understanding context and detail (the prior point) gives me a sense of the relationships among information. And this is very important for retained learning.

This is one of the reasons why, to recall the order of a full deck of cards, many people tell themselves a story involving all the characters in the cards. The story details the relationships of the cards to one another.

Building a meaningful relationship across the themes you're studying is one of the best ways to accelerate and retain learning.

5) Pace.

Pace is an excellent variable to play with.

For example, if you're listening to a lecture, you could speed up the pace of the lecture x2 (as has been suggested in other responses to this question).

Pace also serves another important function. It puts us under different types of pressure, and because of this, we adjust our learning method.

Putting ourselves through this variability builds our capacity, much in the same way that a long-distance runner may do hill sprints to work on his or her overall fitness.

In my own case, if I'm working on a presentation, I'll try to say it at twice the speed on the final practices, to ensure that I can recall all the information I need under pressure.

If I can recall it at double the speed, I know it will be available to me at normal speed without stress.

This isn't just about recall; it is about changing the dynamics of how we learn, to build flexibility into our learning methods.

I hope these are helpful to you. Best of luck with your own personal development.

Alessio Bresciani is a strategist with 15 years of experience in digital and mobile. He has worked for Coles, ANZ, and GSK and is passionate about innovation and personal development. Follow Alessio on

Twitter or visit his
blog.

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