Enabling Cross Origin Requests for a RESTful

摘要: This guide walks you through the process of creating a "hello world" RESTful web service with Spring that includes headers for Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) in the response.

Enabling Cross Origin Requests for a RESTful Web Service

This guide walks you through the process of creating a "hello world" RESTful web servicewith Spring that includes headers for Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) in the response.

What you’ll build

You’ll build a service that will accept HTTP GET requests at:

http://localhost:8080/greeting

and respond with a JSON representation of a greeting:

{"id":1,"content":"Hello, World!"}

You can customize the greeting with an optional name parameter in the query string:

http://localhost:8080/greeting?name=User

The name parameter value overrides the default value of "World" and is reflected in the response:

{"id":1,"content":"Hello, User!"}

This service differs slightly from the one described in Building a RESTful Web Service in that it will use Spring Framework CORS support to add the relevant CORS response headers.

What you’ll need

About 15 minutes

A favorite text editor or IDE

JDK 1.8 or later

Gradle 2.3+ or Maven 3.0+

You can also import the code from this guide as well as view the web page directly into Spring Tool Suite (STS) and work your way through it from there.

How to complete this guide

Like most Spring Getting Started guides, you can start from scratch and complete each step, or you can bypass basic setup steps that are already familiar to you. Either way, you end up with working code.

To start from scratch, move on to Build with Gradle.

To skip the basics, do the following:

Download and unzip the source repository for this guide, or clone it using Git:git clone https://github.com/spring-guides/gs-rest-service-cors.git

cd into gs-rest-service-cors/initial

Jump ahead to Create a resource representation class.

When you’re finished, you can check your results against the code ings-rest-service-cors/complete.

Build with Gradle

Build with Maven

Build with your IDE

Create a resource representation class

Now that you’ve set up the project and build system, you can create your web service.

Begin the process by thinking about service interactions.

The service will handle GET requests for /greeting, optionally with a name parameter in the query string. The GET request should return a 200 OK response with JSON in the body that represents a greeting. It should look something like this:

{ "id": 1, "content": "Hello, World!" }

The id field is a unique identifier for the greeting, and content is the textual representation of the greeting.

To model the greeting representation, you create a resource representation class. Provide a plain old java object with fields, constructors, and accessors for the id and contentdata:

src/main/java/hello/Greeting.java

package hello;

public class Greeting {

private final long id;
private final String content;

public Greeting(long id, String content) {
this.id = id;
this.content = content;
}

public long getId() {
return id;
}

public String getContent() {
return content;
}
}

As you see in steps below, Spring uses the Jackson JSON library to automatically marshal instances of type Greeting into JSON.

Next you create the resource controller that will serve these greetings.

Create a resource controller

In Spring’s approach to building RESTful web services, HTTP requests are handled by a controller. These components are easily identified by the @Controller annotation, and the GreetingController below handles GET requests for /greeting by returning a new instance of the Greeting class:

src/main/java/hello/GreetingController.java

package hello; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.CrossOrigin; @Controller public class GreetingController {     private static final String template = "Hello, %s!";     private final AtomicLong counter = new AtomicLong();     @RequestMapping("/greeting")     public @ResponseBody Greeting greeting(@RequestParam(required=false, defaultValue="World") String name) {         System.out.println("==== in greeting ====");         return new Greeting(counter.incrementAndGet(), String.format(template, name));     } }

This controller is concise and simple, but there’s plenty going on under the hood. Let’s break it down step by step.

The @RequestMapping annotation ensures that HTTP requests to /greeting are mapped to the greeting() method.

The above example does not specify GET vs. PUT, POST, and so forth, because@RequestMapping maps all HTTP operations by default. Use@RequestMapping(method=GET) to narrow this mapping.

@RequestParam binds the value of the query string parameter name into the nameparameter of the greeting() method. This query string parameter is not required; if it is absent in the request, the defaultValue of "World" is used.

The implementation of the method body creates and returns a new Greeting object with idand content attributes based on the next value from the counter, and formats the given name by using the greeting template.

A key difference between a traditional MVC controller and the RESTful web service controller above is the way that the HTTP response body is created. Rather than relying on a view technology to perform server-side rendering of the greeting data to HTML, this RESTful web service controller simply populates and returns a Greeting object. The object data will be written directly to the HTTP response as JSON.

To accomplish this, the @ResponseBody annotation on the greeting() method tells Spring MVC that it does not need to render the greeting object through a server-side view layer, but that instead that the greeting object returned is the response body, and should be written out directly.

The Greeting object must be converted to JSON. Thanks to Spring’s HTTP message converter support, you don’t need to do this conversion manually. Because Jackson is on the classpath, Spring’s MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter is automatically chosen to convert the Greeting instance to JSON.

Enabling CORS

Controller method CORS configuration

So that the RESTful web service will include CORS access control headers in its response, you just have to add a @CrossOrigin annotation to the handler method:

src/main/java/hello/GreetingController.java

package hello;

public class Greeting {

private final long id;
private final String content;

public Greeting(long id, String content) {
this.id = id;
this.content = content;
}

public long getId() {
return id;
}

public String getContent() {
return content;
}
}

This @CrossOrigin annotation enables cross-origin requests only for this specific method. By default, its allows all origins, all headers, the HTTP methods specified in the@RequestMapping annotation and a maxAge of 30 minutes is used. You can customize this behavior by specifying the value of one of the annotation attributes: origins, methods, allowedHeaders, exposedHeaders, allowCredentials or maxAge. In this example, we only allow http://localhost:8080 to send cross-origin requests.

it is also possible to add this annotation at controller class level as well, in order to enable CORS on all handler methods of this class.

Global CORS configuration

As an alternative to fine-grained annotation-based configuration, you can also define some global CORS configuration as well. This is similar to using a Filter based solution, but can be declared within Spring MVC and combined with fine-grained @CrossOriginconfiguration. By default all origins and GET, HEAD and POST methods are allowed.

src/main/java/hello/GreetingController.java

package hello;

import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.CrossOrigin;

@Controller
public class GreetingController {

private static final String template = "Hello, %s!";
private final AtomicLong counter = new AtomicLong();

@RequestMapping("/greeting")
public @ResponseBody Greeting greeting(@RequestParam(required=false, defaultValue="World") String name) {
System.out.println("==== in greeting ====");
return new Greeting(counter.incrementAndGet(), String.format(template, name));
}

}

src/main/java/hello/Application.java

@Bean public WebMvcConfigurer corsConfigurer() { return new WebMvcConfigurerAdapter() { @Override public void addCorsMappings(CorsRegistry registry) { registry.addMapping("/greeting-javaconfig").allowedOrigins("http://localhost:9000"); } }; }

You can easily change any properties (like the allowedOrigins one in the example), as well as only apply this CORS configuration to a specific path pattern. Global and controller level CORS configurations can also be combined.

Make the application executable

Although it is possible to package this service as a traditional WAR file for deployment to an external application server, the simpler approach demonstrated below creates a standalone application. You package everything in a single, executable JAR file, driven by a good old Java main() method. Along the way, you use Spring’s support for embedding the Tomcat servlet container as the HTTP runtime, instead of deploying to an external instance.

src/main/java/hello/Application.java

package hello; import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.CorsRegistry; import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurer; import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurerAdapter; @SpringBootApplication public class Application { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args); } }

@SpringBootApplication is a convenience annotation that adds all of the following:

@Configuration tags the class as a source of bean definitions for the application context.

@EnableAutoConfiguration tells Spring Boot to start adding beans based on classpath settings, other beans, and various property settings.

Normally you would add @EnableWebMvc for a Spring MVC app, but Spring Boot adds it automatically when it sees spring-webmvc on the classpath. This flags the application as a web application and activates key behaviors such as setting up aDispatcherServlet.

@ComponentScan tells Spring to look for other components, configurations, and services in the the hello package, allowing it to find the HelloController.

The main() method uses Spring Boot’s SpringApplication.run() method to launch an application. Did you notice that there wasn’t a single line of XML? No web.xml file either. This web application is 100% pure Java and you didn’t have to deal with configuring any plumbing or infrastructure.

Build an executable JAR

If you are using Gradle, you can run the application using ./gradlew bootRun.

You can build a single executable JAR file that contains all the necessary dependencies, classes, and resources. This makes it easy to ship, version, and deploy the service as an application throughout the development lifecycle, across different environments, and so forth.

./gradlew build

Then you can run the JAR file:

java -jar build/libs/gs-rest-service-cors-0.1.0.jar

If you are using Maven, you can run the application using mvn spring-boot:run. Or you can build the JAR file with mvn clean package and run the JAR by typing:

java -jar target/gs-rest-service-cors-0.1.0.jar

The procedure above will create a runnable JAR. You can also opt to build a classic WAR file instead.

Logging output is displayed. The service should be up and running within a few seconds.

Test the service

Now that the service is up, visit http://localhost:8080/greeting, where you see:

{"id":1,"content":"Hello, World!"}

Provide a name query string parameter with http://localhost:8080/greeting?name=User. Notice how the value of the content attribute changes from "Hello, World!" to "Hello User!":

{"id":2,"content":"Hello, User!"}

This change demonstrates that the @RequestParam arrangement in GreetingController is working as expected. The name parameter has been given a default value of "World", but can always be explicitly overridden through the query string.

Notice also how the id attribute has changed from 1 to 2. This proves that you are working against the same GreetingController instance across multiple requests, and that its counter field is being incremented on each call as expected.

Now to test that the CORS headers are in place and allowing a Javascript client from another origin to access the service, you’ll need to create a Javascript client to consume the service.

First, create a simple Javascript file named hello.js with the following content:

public/hello.js

$(document).ready(function() { $.ajax({ url: "http://localhost:8080/greeting" }).then(function(data, status, jqxhr) { $('.greeting-id').append(data.id); $('.greeting-content').append(data.content); console.log(jqxhr); }); });

This script uses jQuery to consume the REST service at http://localhost:8080/greeting. It is loaded by index.html as shown here:

public/index.html

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Hello CORS</title> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="hello.js"></script> </head> <body> <div> <p class="greeting-id">The ID is </p> <p class="greeting-content">The content is </p> </div> </body> </html>

This is essentially the REST client created in Consuming a RESTful Web Service with jQuery, modified slightly to consume the service running on localhost, port 8080. See that guide for more details on how this client was developed.

Because the REST service is already running on localhost, port 8080, you’ll need to be sure to start the client from another server and/or port. This will not only avoid a collision between the two applications, but will also ensure that the client code is served from a different origin than the service. To start the client running on localhost, port 9000:

mvn spring-boot:run -Dserver.port=9000

Once the client starts, open http://localhost:9000 in your browser, where you should see:



If the service response includes the CORS headers, then the ID and content will be rendered into the page. But if the CORS headers are missing (or insufficiently defined for the client), then the browser will fail the request and the values will not be rendered into the DOM:

Summary

Congratulations! You’ve just developed a RESTful web service including Cross-Origin Resource Sharing with Spring.

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