“Connection refused” vs “No route to host”

曾经在http://blog.csdn.net/bisal/article/details/42496583这篇博文中提到一个端口连接的验证：

“ora10g@localhost.localdomain$telnet 172.101.19.57 1521

Trying 172.101.19.57...

telnet: connect to address 172.101.19.57: No route to host

如果端口未开，实际报错：

ora10g@localhost.localdomain$telnet 172.27.19.56 1521

Trying 172.27.19.56...

telnet: connect to address 172.27.19.56: Connection refused

是不是防火墙的问题？？？

从数据库服务器关闭防火墙：

[root@dcsopen2Node ~]# service iptables stop

iptables: Flushing firewall rules: [ OK ]

iptables: Setting chains to policy ACCEPT: nat mangle filter [ OK ]

iptables: Unloading modules: [ OK ]

再从远程机器执行：

ora10g@localhost.localdomain$telnet 172.101.19.571521

Trying 172.101.19.57...

Connected to 172.101.19.57.

Escape character is '^]'.

说明端口已开，更重要的是，明确了，就是防火墙问题。”

通过实验再次说明下“Connection refused”和“No route to host”的区别和问题诊断思路。

首先，网上有篇帖子说明“Connection refused” vs “No route to host”(http://superuser.com/questions/720851/connection-refused-vs-no-route-to-host)：

"Connection refused" means that the target machine actively rejected the connection. With port 80 as the context, one of the following things is likely the reason:

Nothing is listening on 127.0.0.1:80 and 132.70.6.157:80

Nothing is listening on *:80

The firewall is blocking the connection with REJECT

So check your Apache and iptables config.

"No route to host" refers to a network problem. It is not a reply from the target machine.

说的是“Connection refused”是目标主机明确拒绝了这次连接，有可能是该端口没有启动监听，或者因为防火墙。“No route to host”则可能是一个网络问题，不是目标主机的回复。

一个实验模拟：

客户端机器ip：172.1.1.1

目标机ip：172.1.2.1

1. 从客户端telnet目标机的一个已启动端口1521，但防火墙中未添加例外。

从172.1.1.1 telnet 172.1.2.1 1521，提示no route to host。

Trying 172.1.2.1...

telnet: connect to address 172.1.2.1: No route to host

在防火墙配置中iptables添加1521端口，telnet正常。

2. 从客户端telnet目标机的一个未启动监听的端口

172.1.2.1的10001端口没有启用，netstat -an | grep 10001不存在。

从172.1.1.1 telnet 172.1.2.1 10001，提示connection refused。

Trying 172.1.2.1...

telnet: connect to address 172.1.2.1: Connection refused

结论：说明No route to host是防火墙的返回，先经过防火墙，不管端口有没有。然后如果通过了防火墙，但监听未启动，则提示Connection refused的错误。