您的位置:首页 > 其它

归还文物(有时间就翻译。。)

2016-02-24 18:50 351 查看
Well-travelled artefacts

Where it is safe to do so, cultural artefacts should be repatriated

(Feb 23rd 2016, 15:44 BY D.B)

这种将艺术品遣返回国的做法,安全在哪里



【有水平的翻译是:。。。

上月,柬埔寨国家博物馆前人潮涌动,人们期待着见证一次历史性的会合:一座公元七世纪印度雕像的头部与身体终于对接。游客们在雕像的臂膀上挂上白色的花环,身着金色服装的表演者向雕塑丢失的足部抛撒花瓣。

  诃里诃罗(Harihara)是毗湿奴与湿婆合体而成的神,法国研究人员从曾经的东南亚殖民地带回了诃里诃罗的头部塑像,自1889年来,它就一直陈列在巴黎的吉美国立亚洲艺术博物馆。如今,这座诃里诃罗雕像作为两国礼节被护送回国,与其他诃里诃罗像比肩而站,唯有颈部的粘合彰显出了其独特的经历。雕塑的回归仪式上,柬埔寨副总理索安(Sok An)表示,“这次团圆,象征着国运昌盛。”

  光线充足的国家博物馆中,堆砌着大量古代的文物,有些甚至还盖着一层岁月悠久的蓝绿锈斑。一眼看去,这座博物馆与世界上任何一座博物馆并无二致。而你若凝神细看,便会发现丛丛雕塑中,不论是观音、难近母还是佛陀,这些7世纪前吴哥窟时期的雕塑大多有所残缺。没什么值得大惊小怪的,毕竟这个国家的历史就是一部殖民与战争的血泪史。

  不论是观音、难近母还是佛陀,这些7世纪前吴哥窟时期的雕塑大多有所残缺。(图片来源:网络)

  近年来,顶级的博物馆开始陆续将柬埔寨这些珍贵的文物送返故土。比如,2013年纽约大都会艺术博物馆送回的两座跪侍像,2014年诺顿西蒙博物馆送回的毗摩像和2015年克利夫兰博物馆送回的哈奴曼像。过去20年来,美国大使馆公开送还各国的艺术品有97件。

  “文化财产的回归,在世界舞台而言,开始有了长期动乱后宣誓主权的意味,”考古与艺术犯罪研究员唐纳•耶茨(Donna Yates)介绍。全球层面来看,近年来艺术文物送还故土屡见不鲜,这一现象鼓舞耶茨展开了一场为期3周的免费网课——《文物走私与艺术犯罪》,吸引了10000多名学生注册听课,其中包括前FBI探员、考古学家、警察或博士研究生。

  耶茨的这门网课,将文化遗产作为了一个整体,不再局限于学术和政府。有一项作业,要求学生讨论他们对于希腊埃尔金石雕回归的看法——1816年来,这一直都是大英博物馆的藏品,石雕回归时曾引起了轩然大波。希腊当时的文化部部长阿里斯蒂德斯•巴尔塔去年12月做初出了一项惊人的公告:希腊将不再追回这项文物。但对希腊和其他国家而言,这个决定并非争论的终结。

  事实上,文物的采集与所有权混乱依然是历史学家、博物馆长、考古学家和政治家讨论的一个热门话题。这个问题不仅存在于法律制度明确的当代文物挖掘中,也普遍存在于明确的法律颁布前,那些背井离乡的文物背后的道德规范中。耶茨的课程中,有一部分讲的是市场、需求与中立的状态。而希腊的法庭考古学家克里斯·托罗吉安尼斯(Christos Tsirogiannis )博士的观点更加简单:“文物市场不存在什么黑市还是白市,文物市场只有一个。”

  然而,文物被带离故土并不仅仅是因为市场需求,还有一些更高尚的原因。以展览“发现与再现:保护伊拉克犹太遗产”(Discovery and Recovery)为例:2003年,美国士兵从萨达姆·侯赛因几近摧毁的秘密警局中抢救出了一批文物,是为了保护犹太遗产免受战争的摧残。这些文物在全美进行展览,将来的某一天这批文物将被送往位于巴格达的伊拉克国家图书馆与档案馆保存。

  但由于伊斯兰国掠夺、出售、破坏文物的报道频出,这些文物至今没有机会回归故里。英国地图经销商与历史学家飞利浦·博尔登(Philip Burden)表示,文物的背井离乡往往是他们得以保存的重要原因:“不管这到底对不对,如果没有被带离故土,许多……文物其实无法完整地保存下来”。这或许可以揭示一部分反对文物回归的论调。

  耶茨认为,“全球都有这样一种笃定的信念,认为发展中国家的国民们对本土文物享有主权,我们应当与残留的殖民主义进行抗争。”将大批的文物送归故里或许会让机构与个人倍感痛惜,但对于曾经的殖民地而言,这其中重获独立、重建文化资本的意义举足轻重——当一件文物被安全地送回故土,那代表的不仅仅是某种道德的姿态,更多的,是全球团结的象征。

  翻译:周依帆

  来源:好艺网

  】

LAST month, a crowd gathered at the National Museum of Cambodia to witness a historic reunion: the head and body of a seventh-century Hindu statue. Visitors adorned its arms with white flower garlands; performers clad in gold Khmer ensembles sprinkled petals toward its missing feet. Since 1889, the head of Harihara—a deity combining elements of Shiva and Vishnu—sat on display inside The Guimet Museum in Paris, after French researchers took it from their former Southeast Asian colony. Now, days after the ceremonial repatriation, this particular Harihara stands among others, only identifiable by the super-glue on its neck. At the ceremony Sok An, the deputy prime minister, said that “the reunion is symbolic of prosperity”.

上个月,在柬埔寨的国家博物馆,一群人见证了一场历史性的‘团圆’:(主角是)一个七世纪的印度教的雕像,头和身体的团圆。参观者给雕像的手臂戴上白色的花环;表演者身着金色的高棉服装,向它那已经遗失的脚下撒花瓣。1889年,在法国的研究人员把它从之前的东南亚殖民地带回之后,雕像哈里哈尔(一个具有毗瑟挐和湿婆神血统的神)的头就一直在巴黎的吉美国立亚洲博物馆展览。现在,那场归还仪式已经过去好几天了,这座特别的哈里哈尔雕像和其他展品在一起,唯一显出它的与众不同的,是它那用粘土粘住的颈部。归还典礼上,作为代表的柬埔寨副首相索安表示,“这次团圆是国家繁荣的象征”

The maze of ancient artefacts, some covered in ageing blue-green rust, fill the sun-soaked galleries of the National Museum. At first glance, the space is not unlike its counterparts elsewhere in the world. A closer look reveals statues of Lokeshvara, Durga, and Buddha, among others, dating as early as the seventh century pre-Angkorian period, missing heads and extremities. This is the norm, a consequence of a fraught colonial, war-torn past.

这些曾遗失的文物——有一些已经布满铜锈,在国家博物馆,光线充足的美术展厅里,摆放着。乍一看,这里和其他国家博物馆并没有什么不同。在仔细观察一下,就会发现那些男性雕像、杜尔迦及佛陀雕像,尤其制作时间是在公元七世纪吴哥王朝时代的那些雕像,都有不同程度的头部、四肢的遗失。这是一个曾经遭受过战争,以及饱受殖民统治蹂躏的过去的规律。

In recent years, top museums have parted with such prized relics and repatriated Cambodian artefacts to their homeland. Three tenth-century examples—two Kneeling Attendants from New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2013, a Bhima statue from California’s Norton Simon Museum in 2014, and a Hanuman statue from the Cleveland Museum of Art the following year—are among 97 pieces that the American embassy reported as returned in the past two decades. These are milestones, but only a fraction of those still abroad.

最近几年,国际上那些顶级的博物馆已经将那些珍贵的文物归还给柬埔寨,让它们回到家乡。过去的二十年里,在美国大使馆宣布归还的97件艺术品中,最具有里程碑意义的,是三件十世纪的文物,分别是:2013年由纽约大都会艺术博物馆归还的两个跪姿的侍从雕像,2014年由加利福尼亚Norton Simon博物馆归还的毗摩雕像以及第二年由克利夫兰艺术博物馆归还的长尾猴雕像。但是,除此之外,还是有少部分艺术品依旧在国外。

“The return of cultural property starts to signify sovereignty on a world stage after long periods of crippling instability,” says Dr Donna Yates, an archaeologist and art-crime researcher. The frequency and relevance of these happenings on a global scale inspired Ms Yates to develop a free three-week online course, offered through the University of Glasgow, titled Antiquities Trafficking and Art Crime. More than 10,000 students—former FBI agents, archaeologists, police officers, and doctoral candidates among them—signed up to take it.

“这种艺术品文物的归还行为,意味着这个国家在经历长时间的动荡时期后开始以独立国的身份登上世界舞台“考古学家、艺术品犯罪研究员Donna Yates博士说。这种事情在全球范围内的发生及其联系,促使Yates女士通过格拉斯哥大学在网上开办了一个为期三周的,名为”Antiquities Trafficking and Art Crime”的课程。超过1万的学生(其中包括FBI特工、考古学家、警察和博士研究生)签约选择了这门课。

The course, which has now ended, treats cultural heritage as collective, not limited to academics and governments. One assignment required students to debate their positions on the return of the classical Greek Elgin Marbles, which have been at the British Museum since 1816, and the source of much controversy. Aristides Baltas, Greece’s culture minister, made a surprising announcement last December that his country would not further pursue reclaiming the artefacts. But for Greeks, and many others, this will not close the debate.

这门现在已经结束的课,以一个整体来看待文化遗产,并不局限于学术或者政府方面。其中一个作业是要求学生以古希腊的埃尔金石雕(1816年以来一直在英国的大英博物馆)的归还问题进行辩论,以及关于其他这种类似事例的辩论。希腊的文化部部长阿里司提戴斯去年12月表示希腊将不会进一步追求那些已经遗失国外的文物。但是对于许多希腊民众和其他国家这种文物追还与否的讨论不会停息。

Indeed the murkiness of artefact acquisition and ownership remains a hot topic among historians, curators, archaeologists, and politicians. This applies to both objects taken today, which are in clear violation of the law, but also the ethics of objects removed from their homes before such definite laws existed. In his lecture on the market, demand, and neutralisation, part of Ms Yates’s course, Greek forensic archaeologist Dr Christos Tsirogiannis put it simply: “There is no black market for antiquities and no white market for antiquities. There is simply one market for antiquities.”

的确,关于那些历史学家、管理者、考古学家和政客是怎样通过阴暗的途径获取文物,一直是热门话题。今天,这种文物交易,法律上已经规定双方都是违法的,并且,对于交易双方来说,他们自己对于自己道德上的谴责早在法律出现之前就消失了。在Yates女士的课堂上,法院的考古学家Christos博士对于”市场、需求及两者之间的平衡”的看法,简单的说是”对于文物来说,不存在黑市交易与合法交易,只存在一个简单的文物交易市场”。

Yet artefacts may be removed for reasons more noble than market demand. Take the exhibition Discovery and Recovery: Preserving Iraqi Jewish Heritage, the contents of which were salvaged by American soldiers from near-ruin in Saddam Hussein’s secret police headquarters in 2003. The artefacts have been displayed throughout America, slated to appear at the Iraq National Library and Archive in Baghdad at an undetermined date. That they haven’t yet returned is no surprise given the reports of the looting, sale and destruction of ancient artefacts at the hands of Islamic State. Philip Burden, a British map dealer and historian, states that transporting items from their home country is often integral to their survival; “right or wrong, many…artefacts would not have survived had they not been removed”.

This can only inform, not close, the argument against repatriation. Ms Yates feels that there is a “firm global belief that indigenous people in developing countries have a right to their own cultures, we should fight the remains of racist colonialism”. Institutions and individuals may lament the return of blockbuster artefacts to their countries of origin. Yet as former colonies regain their independence and rebuild their cultural capital, it is vital that safely repatriating artefacts is considered as more than an ethical gesture, but a sign of global solidarity.
内容来自用户分享和网络整理,不保证内容的准确性,如有侵权内容,可联系管理员处理 点击这里给我发消息
标签: