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Hive Operators and User-Defined Functions (UDFs)

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Hive Operators and User-Defined Functions (UDFs)

Hive
Operators and User-Defined Functions (UDFs)

Built-in Operators

Relational Operators
Arithmetic Operators
Logical Operators
Complex Type Constructors
Operators on Complex
Types

Built-in Functions

Mathematical Functions

Mathematical
Functions and Operators for Decimal Datatypes

Collection Functions
Type Conversion Functions
Date Functions
Conditional Functions
String Functions
Misc. Functions

xpath
get_json_object

Built-in Aggregate
Functions (UDAF)
Built-in
Table-Generating Functions (UDTF)

explode
posexplode
json_tuple
parse_url_tuple

GROUPing and SORTing
on f(column)
UDF internals
Creating Custom UDFs

Case-insensitive

All Hive keywords are case-insensitive, including the names of Hive operators and functions.

In Beeline or the CLI,
use the commands below to show the latest documentation:

SHOW FUNCTIONS;
DESCRIBE FUNCTION <function_name>;
DESCRIBE FUNCTION EXTENDED <function_name>;


Bug for expression caching when UDF nested in UDF or function

When hive.cache.expr.evaluation is set to true (which
is the default) a UDF can give incorrect results if it is nested in another UDF or a Hive function. This bug affects releases 0.12.0, 0.13.0, and 0.13.1. Release 0.14.0 will fix the bug (HIVE-7314).

The problem relates to the UDF's implementation of the getDisplayString method, as discussed in
the Hive user mailing list.


Built-in Operators


Relational Operators

The following operators compare the passed operands and generate a TRUE or FALSE value depending on whether the comparison between the operands holds.

Operator

Operand types

Description

A = B
All primitive types
TRUE if expression A is equal to expression B otherwise FALSE.
A == BAll primitive typesSynonym for the = operator.
A <=> B
All primitive types
Returns same result with EQUAL(=) operator for non-null operands, but returns TRUE if both are NULL, FALSE if one of the them is NULL. (As of version 0.9.0.)
A <> B
All primitive types
NULL if A or B is NULL, TRUE if expression A is NOT equal to expression B, otherwise FALSE.
A != B
All primitive types
Synonym for the <> operator.
A < B
All primitive types
NULL if A or B is NULL, TRUE if expression A is less than expression B, otherwise FALSE.
A <= B
All primitive types
NULL if A or B is NULL, TRUE if expression A is less than or equal to expression B, otherwise FALSE.
A > B
All primitive types
NULL if A or B is NULL, TRUE if expression A is greater than expression B, otherwise FALSE.
A >= B
All primitive types
NULL if A or B is NULL, TRUE if expression A is greater than or equal to expression B, otherwise FALSE.
A [NOT] BETWEEN B AND C
All primitive types
NULL if A, B or C is NULL, TRUE if A is greater than or equal to B AND A less than or equal to C, otherwise FALSE. This can be inverted by using the NOT keyword. (As of version 0.9.0.)
A IS NULL
All types
TRUE if expression A evaluates to NULL, otherwise FALSE.
A IS NOT NULL
All types
FALSE if expression A evaluates to NULL, otherwise TRUE.
A [NOT] LIKE B
strings
NULL if A or B is NULL, TRUE if string A matches the SQL simple regular expression B, otherwise FALSE. The comparison is done character by character. The _ character in B matches any character in A (similar to . in posix regular expressions) while the % character
in B matches an arbitrary number of characters in A (similar to .* in posix regular expressions). For example, 'foobar' like 'foo' evaluates to FALSE whereas 'foobar' like 'foo_ _ _' evaluates to TRUE and so does 'foobar' like 'foo%'.
A RLIKE B
strings
NULL if A or B is NULL, TRUE if any (possibly empty) substring of A matches the Java regular expression B, otherwise FALSE. For example, 'foobar' RLIKE 'foo' evaluates to TRUE and so does 'foobar' RLIKE '^f.*r$'.
A REGEXP B
strings
Same as RLIKE.


Arithmetic Operators

The following operators support various common arithmetic operations on the operands. All return number types; if any of the operands are NULL, then the result is also NULL.

Operator

Operand types

Description

A + B
All number types
Gives the result of adding A and B. The type of the result is the same as the common parent(in the type hierarchy) of the types of the operands. For example since every integer is a float, therefore float is a containing type of integer so the + operator on
a float and an int will result in a float.
A - B
All number types
Gives the result of subtracting B from A. The type of the result is the same as the common parent(in the type hierarchy) of the types of the operands.
A * B
All number types
Gives the result of multiplying A and B. The type of the result is the same as the common parent(in the type hierarchy) of the types of the operands. Note that if the multiplication causing overflow, you will have to cast one of the operators to a type higher
in the type hierarchy.
A / B
All number types
Gives the result of dividing A by B. The result is a double type in most cases. When A and B are both integers, the result is a double type except when the hive.compat configuration
parameter is set to "0.13" or "latest" in which case the result is a decimal type.
A % B
All number types
Gives the reminder resulting from dividing A by B. The type of the result is the same as the common parent(in the type hierarchy) of the types of the operands.
A & B
All number types
Gives the result of bitwise AND of A and B. The type of the result is the same as the common parent(in the type hierarchy) of the types of the operands.
A | B
All number types
Gives the result of bitwise OR of A and B. The type of the result is the same as the common parent(in the type hierarchy) of the types of the operands.
A ^ B
All number types
Gives the result of bitwise XOR of A and B. The type of the result is the same as the common parent(in the type hierarchy) of the types of the operands.
~A
All number types
Gives the result of bitwise NOT of A. The type of the result is the same as the type of A.


Logical Operators

The following operators provide support for creating logical expressions. All of them return boolean TRUE, FALSE, or NULL depending upon the boolean values of the operands. NULL behaves as an "unknown" flag, so if the result depends on the state of an unknown,
the result itself is unknown.

Operator

Operand types

Description

A AND B
boolean
TRUE if both A and B are TRUE, otherwise FALSE. NULL if A or B is NULL.
A && B
boolean
Same as A AND B.
A OR B
boolean
TRUE if either A or B or both are TRUE, FALSE OR NULL is NULL, otherwise FALSE.
A || B
boolean
Same as A OR B.
NOT A
boolean
TRUE if A is FALSE or NULL if A is NULL. Otherwise FALSE.
! A
boolean
Same as NOT A.
A IN (val1, val2, ...)
boolean
TRUE if A is equal to any of the values. As of Hive 0.13 subqueries are supported in IN statements.
A NOT IN (val1, val2, ...)
boolean
TRUE if A is not equal to any of the values. As of Hive 0.13 subqueries are supported in NOT IN statements.
[NOT] EXISTS (subquery)
TRUE if the the subquery returns at least one row. Supported as of Hive 0.13.


Complex Type Constructors

The following functions construct instances of complex types.

Constructor Function

Operands

Description

map
(key1, value1, key2, value2, ...)
Creates a map with the given key/value pairs.
struct
(val1, val2, val3, ...)
Creates a struct with the given field values. Struct field names will be col1, col2, ....
named_struct
(name1, val1, name2, val2, ...)
Creates a struct with the given field names and values. (As of Hive 0.8.0.)
array
(val1, val2, ...)
Creates an array with the given elements.
create_union
(tag, val1, val2, ...)
Creates a union type with the value that is being pointed to by the tag parameter.


Operators on Complex Types

The following operators provide mechanisms to access elements in Complex Types.

Operator

Operand types

Description

A

A is an Array and n is an int
Returns the nth element in the array A. The first element has index 0. For example, if A is an array comprising of ['foo', 'bar'] then A[0] returns 'foo' and A[1] returns 'bar'.
M[key]
M is a Map<K, V> and key has type K
Returns the value corresponding to the key in the map. For example, if M is a map comprising of {'f' -> 'foo', 'b' -> 'bar', 'all' -> 'foobar'} then M['all'] returns 'foobar'.
S.x
S is a struct
Returns the x field of S. For example for the struct foobar {int foo, int bar}, foobar.foo returns the integer stored in the foo field of the struct.


Built-in Functions


Mathematical Functions

The following built-in mathematical functions are supported in Hive; most return NULL when the argument(s) are NULL:

Return Type

Name (Signature)

Description

DOUBLE
round(DOUBLE a)
Returns the rounded 
BIGINT
value of 
a
.
DOUBLE
round(DOUBLE a, INT d)
Returns 
a
rounded to 
d
decimal places.
DOUBLEbround(DOUBLE a)Returns the rounded BIGINT value of 
a
using HALF_EVEN rounding mode (as of Hive
1.3.0, 2.0.0). Also known as Gaussian rounding or bankers' rounding. Example: bround(2.5) = 2, bround(3.5) = 4.
DOUBLEbround(DOUBLE a, INT d)Returns 
a
rounded to 
d
decimal places using HALF_EVEN rounding mode (as of Hive
1.3.0, 2.0.0). Example: bround(8.25, 1) = 8.2, bround(8.35, 1) = 8.4.
BIGINT
floor(DOUBLE a)
Returns the maximum 
BIGINT
value that is equal to or less than 
a
.
BIGINT
ceil(DOUBLE a), ceiling(DOUBLE a)
Returns the minimum BIGINT value that is equal to or greater than 
a
.
DOUBLE
rand(), rand(INT seed)
Returns a random number (that changes from row to row) that is distributed uniformly from 0 to 1. Specifying the seed will make sure the generated random number sequence is deterministic.
DOUBLE
exp(DOUBLE a), exp(DECIMAL a)
Returns 
ea
where 
e
is the base of the natural logarithm. Decimal version added in Hive
0.13.0.
DOUBLE
ln(DOUBLE a), ln(DECIMAL a)
Returns the natural logarithm of the argument 
a
. Decimal version added in Hive 0.13.0.
DOUBLE
log10(DOUBLE a), log10(DECIMAL a)
Returns the base-10 logarithm of the argument 
a
. Decimal version added in Hive 0.13.0.
DOUBLE
log2(DOUBLE a), log2(DECIMAL a)
Returns the base-2 logarithm of the argument 
a
. Decimal version added in Hive 0.13.0.
DOUBLE
log(DOUBLE base, DOUBLE a)

log(DECIMAL base, DECIMAL a)
Returns the base-
base
logarithm of the argument 
a
. Decimal versions added in Hive
0.13.0.
DOUBLE
pow(DOUBLE a, DOUBLE p), power(DOUBLE a, DOUBLE p)
Returns 
ap
.
DOUBLE
sqrt(DOUBLE a), sqrt(DECIMAL a)
Returns the square root of 
a
. Decimal version added in Hive 0.13.0.
STRING
bin(BIGINT a)
Returns the number in binary format (see http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/string-functions.html#function_bin).
STRING
hex(BIGINT a) hex(STRING a) hex(BINARY a)
If the argument is an 
INT
or 
binary
, 
hex
returns the number as a 
STRING
in hexadecimal format. Otherwise if the number is a 
STRING
, it converts each character into its hexadecimal representation
and returns the resulting 
STRING
. (See http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/string-functions.html#function_hex, 
BINARY
version
as of Hive0.12.0.)
BINARY
unhex(STRING a)
Inverse of hex. Interprets each pair of characters as a hexadecimal number and converts to the byte representation of the number. (
BINARY
version as of Hive 0.12.0,
used to return a string.)
STRING
conv(BIGINT num, INT from_base, INT to_base), conv(STRING num, INT from_base, INT to_base)
Converts a number from a given base to another (see http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/mathematical-functions.html#function_conv).
DOUBLE
abs(DOUBLE a)
Returns the absolute value.
INT or DOUBLE
pmod(INT a, INT b), pmod(DOUBLE a, DOUBLE b)
Returns the positive value of 
a mod b
.
DOUBLE
sin(DOUBLE a), sin(DECIMAL a)
Returns the sine of 
a
(
a
is in radians). Decimal version added in Hive
0.13.0.
DOUBLE
asin(DOUBLE a), asin(DECIMAL a)
Returns the arc sin of 
a
if -1<=a<=1 or NULL otherwise. Decimal version added in Hive
0.13.0.
DOUBLE
cos(DOUBLE a), cos(DECIMAL a)
Returns the cosine of 
a
(
a
is in radians). Decimal version added in Hive
0.13.0.
DOUBLE
acos(DOUBLE a), acos(DECIMAL a)
Returns the arccosine of 
a
if -1<=a<=1 or NULL otherwise. Decimal version added in Hive
0.13.0.
DOUBLE
tan(DOUBLE a), tan(DECIMAL a)
Returns the tangent of 
a
(
a
is in radians). Decimal version added in Hive
0.13.0.
DOUBLE
atan(DOUBLE a), atan(DECIMAL a)
Returns the arctangent of 
a
. Decimal version added in Hive 0.13.0.
DOUBLE
degrees(DOUBLE a), degrees(DECIMAL a)
Converts value of 
a
from radians to degrees. Decimal version added in Hive 0.13.0.
DOUBLE
radians(DOUBLE a), radians(DOUBLE a)
Converts value of 
a
from degrees to radians. Decimal version added in Hive 0.13.0.
INT or DOUBLE
positive(INT a), positive(DOUBLE a)
Returns 
a
.
INT or DOUBLE
negative(INT a), negative(DOUBLE a)
Returns 
-a
.
DOUBLE or INT
sign(DOUBLE a), sign(DECIMAL a)
Returns the sign of 
a
as '1.0' (if 
a
is positive) or '-1.0' (if 
a
is negative), '0.0' otherwise. The decimal version returns INT instead of DOUBLE. Decimal version added in Hive
0.13.0.
DOUBLE
e()
Returns the value of 
e
.
DOUBLE
pi()
Returns the value of 
pi
.
BIGINTfactorial(INT a)Returns the factorial of 
a
(as of Hive 1.2.0). Valid 
a
is [0..20].
DOUBLEcbrt(DOUBLE a)Returns the cube root of 
a
double value (as of Hive 1.2.0).
INT or BIGINTshiftleft(INT a), shiftleft(BIGINT a)Bitwise left shift (as of Hive 1.2.0). Returns int for tinyint, smallint and int 
a
.
Returns bigint for bigint 
a
.
INT or BIGINTshiftright(INT a), shiftright(BIGINT a)Bitwise right shift (as of Hive 1.2.0). Returns int for tinyint, smallint and int 
a
.
Returns bigint for bigint 
a
.
INT or BIGINTshiftrightunsigned(INT a), shiftrightunsigned(BIGINT a)Bitwise unsigned right shift (as of Hive 1.2.0). Returns int for tinyint, smallint and int 
a
.
Returns bigint for bigint 
a
.
Tgreatest(T v1, T v2, ...)Returns the greatest value of the list of values (as of Hive 1.1.0). Fixed to return NULL
when one or more arguments are NULL, and strict type restriction relaxed, consistent with ">" operator (as of Hive 2.0.0).
Tleast(T v1, T v2, ...)Returns the least value of the list of values (as of Hive 1.1.0). Fixed to return NULL when
one or more arguments are NULL, and strict type restriction relaxed, consistent with "<" operator (as of Hive 2.0.0).


Mathematical Functions and Operators for Decimal Datatypes

Version

The decimal datatype was introduced in Hive 0.11.0 (HIVE-2693).

All regular arithmetic operators (such as +, -, *, /) and relevant mathematical UDFs (Floor, Ceil, Round, and many more) have been updated to handle decimal types. For a list of supported UDFs, see Mathematical
UDFs in Hive Data Types.


Collection Functions

The following built-in collection functions are supported in Hive:

Return Type

Name(Signature)

Description

int
size(Map<K.V>)
Returns the number of elements in the map type.
int
size(Array<T>)
Returns the number of elements in the array type.
array<K>
map_keys(Map<K.V>)
Returns an unordered array containing the keys of the input map.
array<V>
map_values(Map<K.V>)
Returns an unordered array containing the values of the input map.
boolean
array_contains(Array<T>, value)
Returns TRUE if the array contains value.
array<t>
sort_array(Array<T>)
Sorts the input array in ascending order according to the natural ordering of the array elements and returns it (as of version 0.9.0).


Type Conversion Functions

The following type conversion functions are supported in Hive:

Return Type

Name(Signature)

Description

binary
binary(string|binary)
Casts the parameter into a binary.
Expected "=" to follow "type"
cast(expr as <type>)
Converts the results of the expression expr to <type>. For example, cast('1' as BIGINT) will convert the string '1' to its integral representation. A null is returned if the conversion does not succeed. If cast(expr as boolean) Hive returns true for a non-empty
string.


Date Functions

The following built-in date functions are supported in Hive:

Return Type

Name(Signature)

Description

string
from_unixtime(bigint unixtime[, string format])
Converts the number of seconds from unix epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC) to a string representing the timestamp of that moment in the current system time zone in the format of "1970-01-01 00:00:00".
bigint
unix_timestamp()
Gets current Unix timestamp in seconds.
bigint
unix_timestamp(string date)
Converts time string in format 
yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss
to Unix timestamp (in seconds), using the default timezone and the default locale, return 0 if fail: unix_timestamp('2009-03-20 11:30:01') = 1237573801
bigint
unix_timestamp(string date, string pattern)
Convert time string with given pattern (see [http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/i18n/format/simpleDateFormat.html])
to Unix time stamp (in seconds), return 0 if fail: unix_timestamp('2009-03-20', 'yyyy-MM-dd') = 1237532400.
string
to_date(string timestamp)
Returns the date part of a timestamp string: to_date("1970-01-01 00:00:00") = "1970-01-01".
int
year(string date)
Returns the year part of a date or a timestamp string: year("1970-01-01 00:00:00") = 1970, year("1970-01-01") = 1970.
intquarter(date/timestamp/string)Returns the quarter of the year for a date, timestamp, or string in the range 1 to 4 (as of Hive 1.3.0).
Example: quarter('2015-04-08') = 2.
int
month(string date)
Returns the month part of a date or a timestamp string: month("1970-11-01 00:00:00") = 11, month("1970-11-01") = 11.
int
day(string date) dayofmonth(date)
Returns the day part of a date or a timestamp string: day("1970-11-01 00:00:00") = 1, day("1970-11-01") = 1.
int
hour(string date)
Returns the hour of the timestamp: hour('2009-07-30 12:58:59') = 12, hour('12:58:59') = 12.
int
minute(string date)
Returns the minute of the timestamp.
int
second(string date)
Returns the second of the timestamp.
int
weekofyear(string date)
Returns the week number of a timestamp string: weekofyear("1970-11-01 00:00:00") = 44, weekofyear("1970-11-01") = 44.
int
datediff(string enddate, string startdate)
Returns the number of days from startdate to enddate: datediff('2009-03-01', '2009-02-27') = 2.
string
date_add(string startdate, int days)
Adds a number of days to startdate: date_add('2008-12-31', 1) = '2009-01-01'.
string
date_sub(string startdate, int days)
Subtracts a number of days to startdate: date_sub('2008-12-31', 1) = '2008-12-30'.
timestamp
from_utc_timestamp(timestamp, string timezone)
Assumes given timestamp is UTC and converts to given timezone (as of Hive 0.8.0). For example,
from_utc_timestamp('1970-01-01 08:00:00','PST') returns 1970-01-01 00:00:00.
timestamp
to_utc_timestamp(timestamp, string timezone)
Assumes given timestamp is in given timezone and converts to UTC (as of Hive 0.8.0). For example,
to_utc_timestamp('1970-01-01 00:00:00','PST') returns 1970-01-01 08:00:00.
datecurrent_dateReturns the current date at the start of query evaluation (as of Hive 1.2.0). All calls of
current_date within the same query return the same value.
timestampcurrent_timestampReturns the current timestamp at the start of query evaluation (as of Hive 1.2.0). All calls
of current_timestamp within the same query return the same value.
stringadd_months(string start_date, int num_months)Returns the date that is num_months after start_date (as of Hive 1.1.0). start_date is a string,
date or timestamp. num_months is an integer. The time part of start_date is ignored. If start_date is the last day of the month or if the resulting month has fewer days than the day component of start_date, then the result is the last day of the resulting
month. Otherwise, the result has the same day component as start_date.

stringlast_day(string date)Returns the last day of the month which the date belongs to (as of Hive 1.1.0). date is a
string in the format 'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss' or 'yyyy-MM-dd'. The time part of date is ignored.
stringnext_day(string start_date, string day_of_week)Returns the first date which is later than start_date and named as day_of_week (as of Hive 1.2.0). start_date
is a string/date/timestamp. day_of_week is 2 letters, 3 letters or full name of the day of the week (e.g. Mo, tue, FRIDAY). The time part of start_date is ignored. Example: next_day('2015-01-14', 'TU') = 2015-01-20.
stringtrunc(string date, string format)Returns date truncated to the unit specified by the format (as of Hive 1.2.0). Supported formats:
MONTH/MON/MM, YEAR/YYYY/YY. Example: trunc('2015-03-17', 'MM') = 2015-03-01.
doublemonths_between(date1, date2)Returns number of months between dates date1 and date2 (as of Hive 1.2.0). If date1 is later
than date2, then the result is positive. If date1 is earlier than date2, then the result is negative. If date1 and date2 are either the same days of the month or both last days of months, then the result is always an integer. Otherwise the UDF calculates the
fractional portion of the result based on a 31-day month and considers the difference in time components date1 and date2. date1 and date2 type can be date, timestamp or string in the format 'yyyy-MM-dd' or 'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss'. The result is rounded to 8
decimal places. Example: months_between('1997-02-28 10:30:00', '1996-10-30') = 3.94959677
stringdate_format(date/timestamp/string ts, string fmt)Converts a date/timestamp/string to a value of string in the format specified by the date format fmt (as of Hive 1.2.0).
Supported formats are Java SimpleDateFormat formats –https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/text/SimpleDateFormat.html.
The second argument fmt should be constant. Example: date_format('2015-04-08', 'y') = '2015'.

date_format can be used to implement other UDFs, e.g.:

dayname(date) is date_format(date, 'EEEE')
dayofyear(date) is date_format(date, 'D')


Conditional Functions

Return Type

Name(Signature)

Description

T
if(boolean testCondition, T valueTrue, T valueFalseOrNull)
Returns valueTrue when testCondition is true, returns valueFalseOrNull otherwise.
booleanisnull( a )Returns true if a is NULL and false otherwise.
booleanisnotnull ( a )Returns true if a is not NULL and false otherwise.
Tnvl(T value, T default_value)Returns default value if value is null else returns value (as of HIve 0.11).
T
COALESCE(T v1, T v2, ...)
Returns the first v that is not NULL, or NULL if all v's are NULL.
T
CASE a WHEN b THEN c [WHEN d THEN e]* [ELSE f] END
When a = b, returns c; when a = d, returns e; else returns f.
T
CASE WHEN a THEN b [WHEN c THEN d]* [ELSE e] END
When a = true, returns b; when c = true, returns d; else returns e.


String Functions

The following built-in String functions are supported in Hive:

Return Type

Name(Signature)

Description

int
ascii(string str)
Returns the numeric value of the first character of str.
string
base64(binary bin)
Converts the argument from binary to a base 64 string (as of Hive 0.12.0).
string
concat(string|binary A, string|binary B...)
Returns the string or bytes resulting from concatenating the strings or bytes passed in as parameters in order. For example, concat('foo', 'bar') results in 'foobar'. Note that this function can take any number of input strings.
array<struct<string,double>>
context_ngrams(array<array<string>>, array<string>, int K, int pf)
Returns the top-k contextual N-grams from a set of tokenized sentences, given a string of "context". See StatisticsAndDataMining for
more information.
string
concat_ws(string SEP, string A, string B...)
Like concat() above, but with custom separator SEP.
string
concat_ws(string SEP, array<string>)
Like concat_ws() above, but taking an array of strings. (as of Hive 0.9.0)
string
decode(binary bin, string charset)
Decodes the first argument into a String using the provided character set (one of 'US-ASCII', 'ISO-8859-1', 'UTF-8', 'UTF-16BE', 'UTF-16LE', 'UTF-16'). If either argument is null, the result will also be null. (As of Hive 0.12.0.)
binary
encode(string src, string charset)
Encodes the first argument into a BINARY using the provided character set (one of 'US-ASCII', 'ISO-8859-1', 'UTF-8', 'UTF-16BE', 'UTF-16LE', 'UTF-16'). If either argument is null, the result will also be null. (As of Hive 0.12.0.)
int
find_in_set(string str, string strList)
Returns the first occurance of str in strList where strList is a comma-delimited string. Returns null if either argument is null. Returns 0 if the first argument contains any commas. For example, find_in_set('ab', 'abc,b,ab,c,def') returns 3.
string
format_number(number x, int d)
Formats the number X to a format like '#,###,###.##', rounded to D decimal places, and returns the result as a string. If D is 0, the result has no decimal point or fractional part. (As of Hive 0.10.0;
bug with float types fixed in Hive 0.14.0, decimal type support added in Hive
0.14.0)
string
get_json_object(string json_string, string path)
Extracts json object from a json string based on json path specified, and returns json string of the extracted json object. It will return null if the input json string is invalid. NOTE: The json path can only have the characters [0-9a-z_], i.e., no
upper-case or special characters. Also, the keys *cannot start with numbers.* This is due to restrictions on Hive column names.
boolean
in_file(string str, string filename)
Returns true if the string str appears as an entire line in filename.
int
instr(string str, string substr)
Returns the position of the first occurrence of 
substr
in 
str
. Returns 
null
if either of the arguments are 
null
and returns 
0
if 
substr
could not be found in 
str
. Be
aware that this is not zero based. The first character in 
str
has index 1.
int
length(string A)
Returns the length of the string.
int
locate(string substr, string str[, int pos])
Returns the position of the first occurrence of substr in str after position pos.
string
lower(string A) lcase(string A)
Returns the string resulting from converting all characters of B to lower case. For example, lower('fOoBaR') results in 'foobar'.
string
lpad(string str, int len, string pad)
Returns str, left-padded with pad to a length of len.
string
ltrim(string A)
Returns the string resulting from trimming spaces from the beginning(left hand side) of A. For example, ltrim(' foobar ') results in 'foobar '.
array<struct<string,double>>
ngrams(array<array<string>>, int N, int K, int pf)
Returns the top-k N-grams from a set of tokenized sentences, such as those returned by the sentences() UDAF. See StatisticsAndDataMining for
more information.
string
parse_url(string urlString, string partToExtract [, string keyToExtract])
Returns the specified part from the URL. Valid values for partToExtract include HOST, PATH, QUERY, REF, PROTOCOL, AUTHORITY, FILE, and USERINFO. For example, parse_url('http://facebook.com/path1/p.php?k1=v1&k2=v2#Ref1', 'HOST') returns 'facebook.com'. Also
a value of a particular key in QUERY can be extracted by providing the key as the third argument, for example, parse_url('http://facebook.com/path1/p.php?k1=v1&k2=v2#Ref1', 'QUERY', 'k1') returns 'v1'.
string
printf(String format, Obj... args)
Returns the input formatted according do printf-style format strings (as of Hive 0.9.0).
string
regexp_extract(string subject, string pattern, int index)
Returns the string extracted using the pattern. For example, regexp_extract('foothebar', 'foo(.*?)(bar)', 2) returns 'bar.' Note that some care is necessary in using predefined character classes: using '\s' as the second argument will match the letter s; '\\s'
is necessary to match whitespace, etc. The 'index' parameter is the Java regex Matcher group() method index. See docs/api/java/util/regex/Matcher.html for more information on the 'index' or Java regex group() method.
string
regexp_replace(string INITIAL_STRING, string PATTERN, string REPLACEMENT)
Returns the string resulting from replacing all substrings in INITIAL_STRING that match the java regular expression syntax defined in PATTERN with instances of REPLACEMENT. For example, regexp_replace("foobar", "oo|ar", "") returns 'fb.' Note that some care
is necessary in using predefined character classes: using '\s' as the second argument will match the letter s; '\\s' is necessary to match whitespace, etc.
string
repeat(string str, int n)
Repeats str n times.
string
reverse(string A)
Returns the reversed string.
string
rpad(string str, int len, string pad)
Returns str, right-padded with pad to a length of len.
string
rtrim(string A)
Returns the string resulting from trimming spaces from the end(right hand side) of A. For example, rtrim(' foobar ') results in ' foobar'.
array<array<string>>
sentences(string str, string lang, string locale)
Tokenizes a string of natural language text into words and sentences, where each sentence is broken at the appropriate sentence boundary and returned as an array of words. The 'lang' and 'locale' are optional arguments. For example, sentences('Hello there!
How are you?') returns ( ("Hello", "there"), ("How", "are", "you") ).
string
space(int n)
Returns a string of n spaces.
array
split(string str, string pat)
Splits str around pat (pat is a regular expression).
map<string,string>
str_to_map(text[, delimiter1, delimiter2])
Splits text into key-value pairs using two delimiters. Delimiter1 separates text into K-V pairs, and Delimiter2 splits each K-V pair. Default delimiters are ',' for delimiter1 and '=' for delimiter2.
string
substr(string|binary A, int start) substring(string|binary A, int start)
Returns the substring or slice of the byte array of A starting from start position till the end of string A. For example, substr('foobar', 4) results in 'bar' (see [http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/string-functions.html#function_substr]).
string
substr(string|binary A, int start, int len) substring(string|binary A, int start, int len)
Returns the substring or slice of the byte array of A starting from start position with length len. For example, substr('foobar', 4, 1) results in 'b' (see [http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/string-functions.html#function_substr]).
stringsubstring_index(string A, string delim, int count)Returns the substring from string A before count occurrences of the delimiter delim (as of Hive 1.3.0).
If count is positive, everything to the left of the final delimiter (counting from the left) is returned. If count is negative, everything to the right of the final delimiter (counting from the right) is returned. Substring_index performs a case-sensitive
match when searching for delim. Example: substring_index('www.apache.org', '.', 2) = 'www.apache'.
string
translate(string|char|varchar input, string|char|varchar from, string|char|varchar to)
Translates the input string by replacing the characters present in the 
from
string with the corresponding characters in the 
to
string. This is similar to the 
translate
function in PostgreSQL.
If any of the parameters to this UDF are NULL, the result is NULL as well. (Available as of Hive 0.10.0,
for string types)

Char/varchar support added as of Hive 0.14.0.
string
trim(string A)
Returns the string resulting from trimming spaces from both ends of A. For example, trim(' foobar ') results in 'foobar'
binary
unbase64(string str)
Converts the argument from a base 64 string to BINARY. (As of Hive 0.12.0.)
string
upper(string A) ucase(string A)
Returns the string resulting from converting all characters of A to upper case. For example, upper('fOoBaR') results in 'FOOBAR'.
stringinitcap(string A)Returns string, with the first letter of each word in uppercase, all other letters in lowercase. Words are delimited by whitespace. (As of Hive 1.1.0.)
intlevenshtein(string A, string B)Returns the Levenshtein distance between two strings (as of Hive 1.2.0). For example, levenshtein('kitten',
'sitting') results in 3.
stringsoundex(string A)Returns soundex code of the string (as of Hive 1.2.0). For example, soundex('Miller') results
in M460.


Misc. Functions

Return Type

Name(Signature)

Description

varies
java_method(class, method[, arg1[, arg2..]])
Synonym for 
reflect
. (As of Hive 0.9.0.)
varies
reflect(class, method[, arg1[, arg2..]])
Calls a Java method by matching the argument signature, using reflection. (As of Hive 0.7.0.)
See Reflect (Generic) UDF for examples.
int
hash(a1[, a2...])
Returns a hash value of the arguments. (As of Hive 0.4.)
stringcurrent_user()Returns current user name (as of Hive 1.2.0).
stringmd5(string/binary)Calculates an MD5 128-bit checksum for the string or binary (as of Hive 1.3.0). The value
is returned as a string of 32 hex digits, or NULL if the argument was NULL. Example: md5('ABC') = '902fbdd2b1df0c4f70b4a5d23525e932'.
stringsha1(string/binary)

sha(string/binary)
Calculates the SHA-1 digest for string or binary and returns the value as a hex string (as of Hive 1.3.0).
Example: sha1('ABC') = '3c01bdbb26f358bab27f267924aa2c9a03fcfdb8'.
bigintcrc32(string/binary)Computes a cyclic redundancy check value for string or binary argument and returns bigint value (as of Hive 1.3.0).
Example: crc32('ABC') = 2743272264.
stringsha2(string/binary, int)Calculates the SHA-2 family of hash functions (SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512) (as of Hive 1.3.0).
The first argument is the string or binary to be hashed. The second argument indicates the desired bit length of the result, which must have a value of 224, 256, 384, 512, or 0 (which is equivalent to 256). SHA-224 is supported starting from Java 8. If either
argument is NULL or the hash length is not one of the permitted values, the return value is NULL. Example: sha2('ABC', 256) = 'b5d4045c3f466fa91fe2cc6abe79232a1a57cdf104f7a26e716e0a1e2789df78'.
binaryaes_encrypt(input string/binary, key string/binary)Encrypt input using AES (as of Hive 1.3.0). Key lengths of 128, 192 or 256 bits can be used.
192 and 256 bits keys can be used if Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) Unlimited Strength Jurisdiction Policy Files are installed. If either argument is NULL or the key length is not one of the permitted values, the return value is NULL. Example: base64(aes_encrypt('ABC',
'1234567890123456')) = 'y6Ss+zCYObpCbgfWfyNWTw=='.
binaryaes_decrypt(input binary, key string/binary)Decrypt input using AES (as of Hive 1.3.0). Key lengths of 128, 192 or 256 bits can be used.
192 and 256 bits keys can be used if Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) Unlimited Strength Jurisdiction Policy Files are installed. If either argument is NULL or the key length is not one of the permitted values, the return value is NULL. Example: aes_decrypt(unbase64('y6Ss+zCYObpCbgfWfyNWTw=='),
'1234567890123456') = 'ABC'.


xpath

The following functions are described in LanguageManual XPathUDF:

xpath, xpath_short, xpath_int, xpath_long, xpath_float, xpath_double, xpath_number, xpath_string


get_json_object

A limited version of JSONPath is supported:

$ : Root object
. : Child operator
[] : Subscript operator for array
* : Wildcard for []

Syntax not supported that's worth noticing:

: Zero length string as key
.. : Recursive descent
@ : Current object/element
() : Script expression
?() : Filter (script) expression.
[,] : Union operator
[start:end.step] : array slice operator

Example: src_json table is a single column (json), single row table:

The fields of the json object can be extracted using these queries:


Built-in Aggregate Functions (UDAF)

The following built-in aggregate functions are supported in Hive:

Return Type

Name(Signature)

Description

BIGINT
count(*), count(expr), count(DISTINCT expr[, expr...])
count(*) - Returns the total number of retrieved rows, including rows containing NULL values.

count(expr) - Returns the number of rows for which the supplied expression is non-NULL.

count(DISTINCT expr[, expr]) - Returns the number of rows for which the supplied expression(s) are unique and non-NULL. Execution of this can be optimized withhive.optimize.distinct.rewrite.
DOUBLE
sum(col), sum(DISTINCT col)
Returns the sum of the elements in the group or the sum of the distinct values of the column in the group.
DOUBLE
avg(col), avg(DISTINCT col)
Returns the average of the elements in the group or the average of the distinct values of the column in the group.
DOUBLE
min(col)
Returns the minimum of the column in the group.
DOUBLE
max(col)
Returns the maximum value of the column in the group.
DOUBLE
variance(col), var_pop(col)
Returns the variance of a numeric column in the group.
DOUBLE
var_samp(col)
Returns the unbiased sample variance of a numeric column in the group.
DOUBLE
stddev_pop(col)
Returns the standard deviation of a numeric column in the group.
DOUBLE
stddev_samp(col)
Returns the unbiased sample standard deviation of a numeric column in the group.
DOUBLE
covar_pop(col1, col2)
Returns the population covariance of a pair of numeric columns in the group.
DOUBLE
covar_samp(col1, col2)
Returns the sample covariance of a pair of a numeric columns in the group.
DOUBLE
corr(col1, col2)
Returns the Pearson coefficient of correlation of a pair of a numeric columns in the group.
DOUBLE
percentile(BIGINT col, p)
Returns the exact pth percentile of a column in the group (does not work with floating point types). p must be between 0 and 1. NOTE: A true percentile can only be computed for integer values. Use PERCENTILE_APPROX if your input is non-integral.
array<double>
percentile(BIGINT col, array(p1 [, p2]...))
Returns the exact percentiles p1, p2, ... of a column in the group (does not work with floating point types). pi must be between 0 and 1. NOTE: A true percentile can only be computed for integer values. Use PERCENTILE_APPROX
if your input is non-integral.
DOUBLE
percentile_approx(DOUBLE col, p [, B])
Returns an approximate pth percentile of a numeric column (including floating point types) in the group. The B parameter controls approximation accuracy at the cost of memory. Higher values yield better approximations, and the default is 10,000.
When the number of distinct values in col is smaller than B, this gives an exact percentile value.
array<double>
percentile_approx(DOUBLE col, array(p1 [, p2]...) [, B])
Same as above, but accepts and returns an array of percentile values instead of a single one.
array<struct {
'x','y'
}>
histogram_numeric(col, b)
Computes a histogram of a numeric column in the group using b non-uniformly spaced bins. The output is an array of size b of double-valued (x,y) coordinates that represent the bin centers and heights
array
collect_set(col)
Returns a set of objects with duplicate elements eliminated.
array
collect_list(col)
Returns a list of objects with duplicates. (As of Hive 0.13.0.)
INTEGERntile(INTEGER x)Divides an ordered partition into 
x
groups called buckets and assigns a bucket number to each row in the partition. This allows easy calculation of tertiles, quartiles, deciles, percentiles and other common
summary statistics. (As of Hive 0.11.0.)


Built-in Table-Generating Functions (UDTF)

Normal user-defined functions, such as concat(), take in a single input row and output a single output row. In contrast, table-generating functions transform a single input row to multiple output rows.

Return Type

Name(Signature)

Description

N rows
explode(ARRAY)
Returns one row for each element from the array.
N rows
explode(MAP)
Returns one row for each key-value pair from the input map with two columns in each row: one for the key and another for the value. (As of Hive 0.8.0.)
inline(ARRAY<STRUCT[,STRUCT]>)
Explodes an array of structs into a table. (As of Hive 0.10.)
Array Type
explode(array<TYPE> a)
For each element in a, generates a row containing that element.
tuple
json_tuple(jsonStr, k1, k2, ...)
Takes a set of names (keys) and a JSON string, and returns a tuple of values. This is a more efficient version of the 
get_json_object
UDF because it can get multiple keys with just one call.
tuple
parse_url_tuple(url, p1, p2, ...)
This is similar to the 
parse_url()
UDF but can extract multiple parts at once out of a URL. Valid part names are: HOST, PATH, QUERY, REF, PROTOCOL, AUTHORITY, FILE, USERINFO, QUERY:<KEY>.
N rows
posexplode(ARRAY)
Behaves like 
explode
for arrays, but includes the position of items in the original array by returning a tuple of 
(pos, value)
. (As of Hive
0.13.0.)
N rows
stack(INT n, v_1, v_2, ..., v_k)
Breaks up v_1, ..., v_k into n rows. Each row will have k/n columns. n must be constant.
Using the syntax "SELECT udtf(col) AS colAlias..." has a few limitations:

No other expressions are allowed in SELECT

SELECT pageid, explode(adid_list) AS myCol... is not supported

UDTF's can't be nested

SELECT explode(explode(adid_list)) AS myCol... is not supported

GROUP BY / CLUSTER BY / DISTRIBUTE BY / SORT BY is not supported

SELECT explode(adid_list) AS myCol ... GROUP BY myCol is not supported

Please see LanguageManual LateralView for an alternative syntax that does not have these limitations.

Also see Writing UDTFs if you want to create a custom UDTF.


explode

explode()
takes in an array (or a map) as an input and outputs the elements of the array (map) as separate rows. UDTFs can be used in the SELECT expression list and as a part of LATERAL VIEW.

As an example of using 
explode()
in the SELECT expression list, consider a table named myTable that has a single column (myCol) and two rows:

Array<int> myCol

[100,200,300]
[400,500,600]
Then running the query:

will produce:

(int) myNewCol

100
200
300
400
500
600
The usage with Maps is similar:


posexplode

Version

Available as of Hive 0.13.0. See HIVE-4943.

posexplode()
is similar to 
explode
but instead of just returning the elements of the array it returns the element as well as its position in the original array.

As an example of using 
posexplode()
in the SELECT expression list, consider a table named myTable that has a single column (myCol) and two rows:

Array<int> myCol

[100,200,300]
[400,500,600]
Then running the query:

will produce:

(int) pos

(int) myNewCol

1
100
2
200
3
300
1
400
2
500
3
600


json_tuple

A new json_tuple() UDTF is introduced in Hive 0.7. It takes a set of names (keys) and a JSON string, and returns a tuple of values using one function. This is much more efficient than calling GET_JSON_OBJECT to retrieve more than one key from a single JSON
string. In any case where a single JSON string would be parsed more than once, your query will be more efficient if you parse it once, which is what JSON_TUPLE is for. As JSON_TUPLE is a UDTF, you will need to use the LATERAL
VIEW syntax in order to achieve the same goal.

For example,

should be changed to:


parse_url_tuple

The parse_url_tuple() UDTF is similar to parse_url(), but can extract multiple parts of a given URL, returning the data in a tuple. Values for a particular key in QUERY can be extracted by appending a colon and the key to the partToExtract argument, for example, parse_url_tuple('http://facebook.com/path1/p.php?k1=v1&k2=v2#Ref1',
'QUERY:k1', 'QUERY:k2') returns a tuple with values of 'v1','v2'. This is more efficient than calling parse_url() multiple times. All the input parameters and output column types are string.


GROUPing and SORTing on f(column)

A typical OLAP pattern is that you have a timestamp column and you want to group by daily or other less granular date windows than by second. So you might want to select concat(year(dt),month(dt)) and then group on that concat(). But if you attempt to GROUP
BY or SORT BY a column on which you've applied a function and alias, like this:

you will get an error:

because you are not able to GROUP BY or SORT BY a column alias on which a function has been applied. There are two workarounds. First, you can reformulate this query with subqueries, which is somewhat complicated:

Or you can make sure not to use a column alias, which is simpler:

Contact Tim Ellis (tellis) at RiotGames dot com if you would like to discuss this in further detail.


UDF internals

The context of a UDF's evaluate method is one row at a time. A simple invocation of a UDF like

would evaluate the length of each of the string_col's values in the map portion of the job. The side effect of the UDF being evaluated on the map-side is that you can't control the order of rows which get sent to the mapper. It is the same order in which the
file split sent to the mapper gets deserialized. Any reduce side operation (such as SORT BY, ORDER BY, regular JOIN, etc.) would apply to the UDFs output as if it is just another column of the table. This is fine since the context of the UDF's evaluate method
is meant to be one row at a time.

If you would like to control which rows get sent to the same UDF (and possibly in what order), you will have the urge to make the UDF evaluate during the reduce phase. This is achievable by making use of DISTRIBUTE
BY, DISTRIBUTE BY + SORT BY, CLUSTER BY. An example query would be:

However, one could argue that the very premise of your requirement to control the set of rows sent to the same UDF is to do aggregation in that UDF. In such a case, using a User Defined Aggregate Function (UDAF) is a better choice. You can read more about writing
a UDAF here. Alternatively, you can user a custom reduce script to accomplish the same using Hive's
Transform functionality. Both of these options would do aggregations on the reduce side.


Creating Custom UDFs

For information about how to create a custom UDF, see Hive Plugins and Create
Function.

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