Tinyhttpd源码解析
2015-11-28 21:06
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简介
Tinyhttpd是一轻量级的web服务器,它由美国学生J. David Blackstone于1999年在学习网络课程时编写。源码不到500行,非常适合学习Web编程和Linux/Unix编程接口。其源码见Tinyhttpd
分析
Tinyhttpd执行流程如下图:主线程完成socket的创建、绑定、端口监听、创建子线程处理每一个请求。代码如下:
int main(void) { int server_sock = -1; u_short port = 8000; int client_sock = -1; struct sockaddr_in client_name; int client_name_len = sizeof(client_name); pthread_t newthread; /* 在指定端口上建立http服务 */ server_sock = startup(&port); printf("httpd-socket:%d\n", server_sock); printf("httpd running on port %d\n", port); int count = 0; while (1) { /* accpet成功后,可获得客户端socket和sockaddr */ client_sock = accept(server_sock, (struct sockaddr *)&client_name, &client_name_len); if (client_sock == -1) error_die("accept"); /* accept_request(client_sock); */ if (pthread_create(&newthread , NULL, accept_request, client_sock) != 0) perror("pthread_create"); //printf("\b%d", ++count); fflush(stdout); //统计连接请求数 } close(server_sock); return(0); }
其中startup()函数完成socket的bind/listen。代码实现如下:
/**********************************************************************/ /* This function starts the process of listening for web connections * on a specified port. If the port is 0, then dynamically allocate a * port and modify the original port variable to reflect the actual * port. * Parameters: pointer to variable containing the port to connect on * Returns: the socket */ /**********************************************************************/ int startup(u_short *port) { int httpd = 0; struct sockaddr_in name; /* 建立socket */ httpd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); if (httpd == -1) error_die("socket"); memset(&name, 0, sizeof(name)); name.sin_family = AF_INET; name.sin_port = htons(*port); name.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY); /* 绑定socket */ if (bind(httpd, (struct sockaddr *)&name, sizeof(name)) < 0) error_die("bind"); if (*port == 0) { /* if dynamically allocating a port */ int namelen = sizeof(name); if (getsockname(httpd, (struct sockaddr *)&name, &namelen) == -1) error_die("getsockname"); *port = ntohs(name.sin_port); } /* 监听socket */ if (listen(httpd, 5) < 0) error_die("listen"); return(httpd); }
子线程accep_request()处理连接请求,请求处理完成后关闭连接。当然这种多线程方式,不可能做到高并发。每来一个请求都会创建一个子线程来处理,处理完成后结束子线程,这必然会导致服务器有不少性能开销,一般用线程池技术。当然Web服务也可以使用多进程如nginx。多线程共享父进程的数据空间,可能导致问题蔓延。多进程有很好的隔离性。accep_request()代码如下:
/**********************************************************************/ /* A request has caused a call to accept() on the server port to * return. Process the request appropriately. * Parameters: the socket connected to the client */ /**********************************************************************/ void accept_request(int client) { char buf[1024]; int numchars; char method[255]; //请求方法 char url[255]; //URL char path[512]; size_t i, j; struct stat st; int cgi = 0; /* becomes true if server decides this is a CGI program */ char *query_string = NULL; /* 读取请求行 */ numchars = get_line(client, buf, sizeof(buf)); printf("Request-line:%s\n", buf); //debug i = 0; j = 0; /* 读取请求行中的请求方法至method */ while (!ISspace(buf[j]) && (i < sizeof(method) - 1)) { method[i] = buf[j]; i++; j++; } method[i] = '\0'; printf("Method:%s ", method); /* 仅支持GET和POST请求方法 */ if (strcasecmp(method, "GET") && strcasecmp(method, "POST")) { unimplemented(client); //通知客户客,该请求方法未实现 return; } /* POST时开启CGI */ if (strcasecmp(method, "POST") == 0) cgi = 1; /* 读取请求行中URL */ i = 0; while (ISspace(buf[j]) && (j < sizeof(buf))) j++; while (!ISspace(buf[j]) && (i < sizeof(url) - 1) && (j < sizeof(buf))) { url[i] = buf[j]; i++; j++; } url[i] = '\0'; printf("URL:%s \n", url); /* 处理GET方法 */ if (strcasecmp(method, "GET") == 0) { query_string = url; while ((*query_string != '?') && (*query_string != '\0')) query_string++; /* GET方法的特点,? 后面为参数 */ if (*query_string == '?') { /* 开启CGI */ cgi = 1; *query_string = '\0'; query_string++; } } /* 格式化URL到path数组, html在htdocs中,从客户端发过来的URL至少是/ */ sprintf(path, "htdocs%s", url); if (path[strlen(path) - 1] == '/') /* 默认情况为index.html */ strcat(path, "index.html"); /* 根据路径找到对应的文件 */ if (stat(path, &st) == -1) { while ((numchars > 0) && strcmp("\n", buf)) /* read & discard headers */ numchars = get_line(client, buf, sizeof(buf)); //从客户端中把请求读完 not_found(client); } else { if ((st.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR) //文件是目录 strcat(path, "/index.html"); /* 判断文件是否具有可执行权限 */ if ((st.st_mode & S_IXUSR) || (st.st_mode & S_IXGRP) || (st.st_mode & S_IXOTH)) cgi = 1; if (!cgi) serve_file(client, path); else execute_cgi(client, path, method, query_string); } /* 关闭连接,假定不是keepalive */ close(client); }浏览器是按照http协议请求的格式给服务器发送请求的,这个函数完成了http协议请求解析。目前只支持GET和POST请求。其中get_line()函数并且不管原来是以\n还是\r\n结束,均转化为以\n再加\0字符结束。实现代码如下:
/**********************************************************************/ /* Get a line from a socket, whether the line ends in a newline, * carriage return, or a CRLF combination. Terminates the string read * with a null character. If no newline indicator is found before the * end of the buffer, the string is terminated with a null. If any of * the above three line terminators is read, the last character of the * string will be a linefeed and the string will be terminated with a * null character. * Parameters: the socket descriptor * the buffer to save the data in * the size of the buffer * Returns: the number of bytes stored (excluding null) */ /**********************************************************************/ int get_line(int sock, char *buf, int size) { int i = 0; char c = '\0'; int n; /*把终止条件统一为\n换行符,标准化buf数组*/ while ((i < size - 1) && (c != '\n')) { /* 每次只接收一个字符 */ n = recv(sock, &c, 1, 0); /* DEBUG printf("%02X\n", c); */ if (n > 0) { /*收到\r则继续接收下个字节,因为换行符可能是\r\n */ if (c == '\r') { /*MSG_PEEK使下一次读取的内容和本次读取的内容相同,可认为接收窗口不滑动*/ n = recv(sock, &c, 1, MSG_PEEK); //提前偷窥下次内容 /* DEBUG printf("%02X\n", c); */ if ((n > 0) && (c == '\n')) recv(sock, &c, 1, 0); else c = '\n'; } buf[i] = c; i++; } else c = '\n'; } buf[i] = '\0'; return(i); }get_line完后,就是开始解析第一行,判断是GET方法还是POST方法,目前只支持这两种。如果是POST,还是把cgi置1,表明要运行CGI程序;如果是GET方法且附带以?开头的参数时,也认为是执行CGI程序。
获取URL得到文件在服务上的访问路径,获取访问文件的属性,并判断文件是否具有可执行权限。如果有可执行权限,则认为是要执行CGI程序。否则访问静态文件,访问方法为serve_file(),其实现如下:
/**********************************************************************/ /* Send a regular file to the client. Use headers, and report * errors to client if they occur. * Parameters: a pointer to a file structure produced from the socket * file descriptor * the name of the file to serve */ /**********************************************************************/ void serve_file(int client, const char *filename) { FILE *resource = NULL; int numchars = 1; char buf[1024]; /* 读取并丢弃headers */ buf[0] = 'A'; buf[1] = '\0'; while ((numchars > 0) && strcmp("\n", buf)) /* read & discard headers */ numchars = get_line(client, buf, sizeof(buf)); /* 打开serve的文件 */ resource = fopen(filename, "r"); if (resource == NULL) not_found(client); else { /* 写http头 */ headers(client, filename); /* 复制文件 */ cat(client, resource); } fclose(resource); }其中在服务上读取要访问的文件,并构造http响应格式,以响应客户端。其中,headers()完成响应头的构造,并把响应头信息发送给客户端。cat()函数则负责把访问的文件发送给客户端。
headers()代码如下:
/**********************************************************************/ /* Return the informational HTTP headers about a file. */ /* Parameters: the socket to print the headers on * the name of the file */ /**********************************************************************/ void headers(int client, const char *filename) { char buf[1024]; (void)filename; /* could use filename to determine file type */ /* 正常响应客户端 */ strcpy(buf, "HTTP/1.0 200 OK\r\n"); send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0); strcpy(buf, SERVER_STRING); send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0); sprintf(buf, "Content-Type: text/html\r\n"); send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0); strcpy(buf, "\r\n"); // 协议规定头部于实体的空行 send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0); }cat()代码如下:
/**********************************************************************/ /* Put the entire contents of a file out on a socket. This function * is named after the UNIX "cat" command, because it might have been * easier just to do something like pipe, fork, and exec("cat"). * Parameters: the client socket descriptor * FILE pointer for the file to cat */ /**********************************************************************/ void cat(int client, FILE *resource) { char buf[1024]; /* 读取文件内容发送给客户端 */ fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), resource); while (!feof(resource)) { send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0); fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), resource); } }
执行CGI程序的代码如下:
/**********************************************************************/ /* Execute a CGI script. Will need to set environment variables as * appropriate. * Parameters: client socket descriptor * path to the CGI script */ /**********************************************************************/ void execute_cgi(int client, const char *path, const char *method, const char *query_string) { char buf[1024]; int cgi_output[2]; int cgi_input[2]; pid_t pid; int status; int i; char c; int numchars = 1; int content_length = -1; buf[0] = 'A'; buf[1] = '\0'; if (strcasecmp(method, "GET") == 0) /* GET */ /* 读取并丢弃请求headers */ while ((numchars > 0) && strcmp("\n", buf)) /* read & discard headers */ numchars = get_line(client, buf, sizeof(buf)); else { /* POST */ numchars = get_line(client, buf, sizeof(buf)); while ((numchars > 0) && strcmp("\n", buf)) { buf[15] = '\0'; if (strcasecmp(buf, "Content-Length:") == 0) content_length = atoi(&(buf[16])); numchars = get_line(client, buf, sizeof(buf)); } if (content_length == -1) { bad_request(client); return; } } /* 正确,HTTP状态码200 */ sprintf(buf, "HTTP/1.0 200 OK\r\n"); send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0); /* 创建两个管道,管道半双工, cig_output[0]读, cig_output[1]写 */ if (pipe(cgi_output) < 0) { cannot_execute(client); return; } if (pipe(cgi_input) < 0) { cannot_execute(client); return; } if ( (pid = fork()) < 0 ) { cannot_execute(client); return; } if (pid == 0) { /* child: CGI script */ char meth_env[255]; char query_env[255]; char length_env[255]; /* 把STDOUT重定向到cgi_output的写入端 */ dup2(cgi_output[1], 1); /* 把STDIN重定向到cgi_input的读取端 */ dup2(cgi_input[0], 0); /* 关闭cgi_input的写入端和cgi_output的读取端, 把半双工变单工通信 */ close(cgi_output[0]); close(cgi_input[1]); /* 设置request_method的环境变量 */ sprintf(meth_env, "REQUEST_METHOD=%s", method); putenv(meth_env); if (strcasecmp(method, "GET") == 0) { sprintf(query_env, "QUERY_STRING=%s", query_string); putenv(query_env); } else { /* POST */ /* 设置content_length的环境变量 */ sprintf(length_env, "CONTENT_LENGTH=%d", content_length); putenv(length_env); } /* 用execl运行cgi程序 */ execl(path, path, NULL); exit(0); } else { /* parent */ /* 关闭cgi_input的读取端和cgi_output的写入端 */ close(cgi_output[1]); close(cgi_input[0]); /* 接收POST方法过来的数据 */ if (strcasecmp(method, "POST") == 0) for (i = 0; i < content_length; i++) { recv(client, &c, 1, 0); /*把POST数据写入cgi_input,现在重定向到STDIN */ write(cgi_input[1], &c, 1); } /* 读取cgi_output的管道输出到客户端,该管道输入是STDOUT */ while (read(cgi_output[0], &c, 1) > 0) send(client, &c, 1, 0); close(cgi_output[0]); close(cgi_input[1]); waitpid(pid, &status, 0); } }