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使用Maven构建Web应用(上)

2015-07-28 16:23 387 查看
在Java的世界中,Web应用占有很大的地位,而它的标准打包方式是WAR。接下来通过Maven构建一个WAR应用,不过由于篇幅,这一篇先介绍Maven中的Web项目结构和服务模块的构建,WAR应用放在下篇具体介绍。

Web项目的目录结构
Web应用的打包方式WAR与JAR类似,但它包含了更多内容,如JSP文件、Servlet、web.xml配置文件、静态web资源(如html,css,js)等。

一个WAR包下至少包含两个子目录:META-INF和WEB-INF。前者包含了一些打包元数据信息,后者是WAR包的核心,WEB-INF下必须包含一个Web资源表述文件web.xml,它的子目录classes包含所有该Web项目的类,而另一个子目录lib则包含了有所有该Web项目的依赖Jar包,classes和lib目录都会在运行时被加入到Classpath中。除了META-INF和WEB-INF外,一般的WAR包都会包含很多Web资源,比如html和jsp文件,有时还有些文件夹如img,css和js,它们包含对应文件供页面使用。

同其它Maven项目一样,Maven对Web项目的布局结构也有通用的约定。首先,用户必须为Web项目显式指定打包方式为war。如果不显式指定packaging类型,Maven会使用默认打包方式jar,从而无法正确打包Web项目。

Web项目的类及资源文件同一般Jar项目一样,默认位置相同。Web项目比较特殊的方式在于:它还有一个Web资源目录,默认位置为src/main/webapp/。在该目录下,必须包含一个子目录WEB-INF,该子目录必须包含web.xml文件。src/main/webapp/目录下的其他文件与WAR包中的资源完全一致。

在使用Maven构建Web项目之前,必须理解这种Maven项目结构和WAR包结构的构建关系。有一点要注意,WAR包中必须有一个lib目录包含所有依赖JAR包,但Maven项目结构中没有该目录,因为所有依赖都配置在POM中,Maven在用WAR方式打包时会根据POM配置从本地仓库复制相应的包。

以下是一个account-service模块,用来封装account-email,account-persist和account-captcha三个模块。

POM部分
//account-service的pom.xml

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>com.juvenxu.mvnbook.account</groupId>
<artifactId>account-parent</artifactId>
<version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>

<artifactId>account-service</artifactId>
<name>Account Service</name>

<properties>
<greenmail.version>1.4.1</greenmail.version>
</properties>

<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>${project.groupId}</groupId>
<artifactId>account-email</artifactId>
<version>${project.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>${project.groupId}</groupId>
<artifactId>account-persist</artifactId>
<version>${project.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>${project.groupId}</groupId>
<artifactId>account-captcha</artifactId>
<version>${project.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.icegreen</groupId>
<artifactId>greenmail</artifactId>
<version>${greenmail.version}</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>

<build>
<testResources>
<testResource>
<directory>src/test/resources</directory>
<filtering>true</filtering>
</testResource>
</testResources>
</build>
</project>
与其他模块一样,account-service模块继承自account-parent,它依赖于account-email,account-persist和account-captcha三个模块。由于是同一项目的其他模块,groupId和version都完全一致,因此可以使用Maven属性${project.groupId}和${project.version}进行替换,减少升级项目版本时更改。项目中的其他配置如junit和greenmail依赖是为了方便单元测试。

主代码部分
account-service的目的是封装下层细节,对外暴露尽可能简单的接口。先写一个简单的服务接口:

//AccountService.java
package com.juvenxu.mvnbook.account.service;

public interface AccountService {
/**
* 生成一个验证码的唯一标识符并返回
*
* @return 验证码的标识符
* @throws AccountServiceException
*/
String generateCaptchaKey() throws AccountServiceException;

/**
* 根据标识符生成验证码图片,以字节流方式返回
*
* @param captchaKey
*            验证码标识符
* @return 图片字节流
* @throws AccountServiceException
*/
byte[] generateCaptchaImage(String captchaKey)
throws AccountServiceException;

/**
* 根据注册信息注册
*
* @param signUpRequest
*            封装的注册信息
* @throws AccountServiceException
*/
void signUp(SignUpRequest signUpRequest) throws AccountServiceException;

/**
* 根据激活码激活账户
*
* @param activationNumber
*            激活码
* @throws AccountServiceException
*/
void activate(String activationNumber) throws AccountServiceException;

/**
* 根据用户id和密码进行登录
*
* @param id
*            用户注册id
* @param password
*            用户密码
* @throws AccountServiceException
*/
void login(String id, String password) throws AccountServiceException;
}
其中的异常类定义如下:
//AccountServiceException.java
package com.juvenxu.mvnbook.account.service;

@SuppressWarnings("serial")
public class AccountServiceException extends Exception {

public AccountServiceException(String message) {
super(message);
}

public AccountServiceException(String message, Throwable throwable) {
super(message, throwable);
}
}
其中的SignUpRequest是一个POJO,即简单的Java对象,只包含属性和getter,setter:
//SignUpRequest.java
package com.juvenxu.mvnbook.account.service;

public class SignUpRequest {
private String id; // 用户id
private String email; // 用户邮箱
private String name; // 用户名
private String password; // 账户密码
private String confirmPassword; // 确认密码
private String captchaKey; // 验证码标识符
private String captchaValue; // 验证码值
private String activateServiceUrl; // 激活链接

public String getId() {
return id;
}

public void setId(String id) {
this.id = id;
}

public String getEmail() {
return email;
}

public void setEmail(String email) {
this.email = email;
}

public String getName() {
return name;
}

public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}

public String getPassword() {
return password;
}

public void setPassword(String password) {
this.password = password;
}

public String getConfirmPassword() {
return confirmPassword;
}

public void setConfirmPassword(String confirmPassword) {
this.confirmPassword = confirmPassword;
}

public String getCaptchaKey() {
return captchaKey;
}

public void setCaptchaKey(String captchaKey) {
this.captchaKey = captchaKey;
}

public String getCaptchaValue() {
return captchaValue;
}

public void setCaptchaValue(String captchaValue) {
this.captchaValue = captchaValue;
}

public String getActivateServiceUrl() {
return activateServiceUrl;
}

public void setActivateServiceUrl(String activateServiceUrl) {
this.activateServiceUrl = activateServiceUrl;
}
}
在AccountService类中,用户需要使用signUp()方法进行注册,注册信息由SignUpRequest进行封装。注册成功后,用户会得到一个激活链接,该连接包含一个激活码,这个时候用户需要使用activate()方法传入激活码以激活账户。最后,login()方法用来登录 。

接下来是服务接口的实现类:
//AccountServiceImpl.java
package com.juvenxu.mvnbook.account.service;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

import com.juvenxu.mvnbook.account.captcha.AccountCaptchaException;
import com.juvenxu.mvnbook.account.captcha.AccountCaptchaService;
import com.juvenxu.mvnbook.account.captcha.RandomGenerator;
import com.juvenxu.mvnbook.account.
b6ea
email.AccountEmailException;
import com.juvenxu.mvnbook.account.email.AccountEmailService;
import com.juvenxu.mvnbook.account.persist.Account;
import com.juvenxu.mvnbook.account.persist.AccountPersistException;
import com.juvenxu.mvnbook.account.persist.AccountPersistService;

public class AccountServiceImpl implements AccountService {
private Map<String, String> activationMap = new HashMap<String, String>();

private AccountPersistService accountPersistService; // 账户持久层服务
private AccountEmailService accountEmailService; // 账户邮件服务
private AccountCaptchaService accountCaptchaService; // 账户验证码服务

public AccountPersistService getAccountPersistService() {
return accountPersistService;
}

public void setAccountPersistService(
AccountPersistService accountPersistService) {
this.accountPersistService = accountPersistService;
}

public AccountEmailService getAccountEmailService() {
return accountEmailService;
}

public void setAccountEmailService(AccountEmailService accountEmailService) {
this.accountEmailService = accountEmailService;
}

public AccountCaptchaService getAccountCaptchaService() {
return accountCaptchaService;
}

public void setAccountCaptchaService(
AccountCaptchaService accountCaptchaService) {
this.accountCaptchaService = accountCaptchaService;
}

public byte[] generateCaptchaImage(String captchaKey)
throws AccountServiceException {
try {
return accountCaptchaService.generateCaptchaImage(captchaKey);
} catch (AccountCaptchaException e) {
throw new AccountServiceException(
"Unable to generate Captcha Image.", e);
}
}

public String generateCaptchaKey() throws AccountServiceException {
try {
return accountCaptchaService.generateCaptchaKey();
} catch (AccountCaptchaException e) {
throw new AccountServiceException(
"Unable to generate Captcha key.", e);
}
}

public void signUp(SignUpRequest signUpRequest)
throws AccountServiceException {
try { // 检查密码是否一致
if (!signUpRequest.getPassword().equals(
signUpRequest.getConfirmPassword())) {
throw new AccountServiceException("2 passwords do not match.");
}
// 使用accountCaptchaService检查验证码
if (!accountCaptchaService.validateCaptcha(
signUpRequest.getCaptchaKey(),
signUpRequest.getCaptchaValue())) {
throw new AccountServiceException("Incorrect Captcha.");
}
// 根据请求中用户信息实例化一个Account对象
Account account = new Account();
account.setId(signUpRequest.getId());
account.setEmail(signUpRequest.getEmail());
account.setName(signUpRequest.getName());
account.setPassword(signUpRequest.getPassword());
account.setActivated(false);
// 保存用户信息
accountPersistService.createAccount(account);
// 生成随机的激活码并保存在临时的activateMap中
String activationId = RandomGenerator.getRandomString();
activationMap.put(activationId, account.getId());
// 基于该激活码和请求中的服务器URL创建一个激活链接
String link = signUpRequest.getActivateServiceUrl().endsWith("/") ? signUpRequest
.getActivateServiceUrl() + activationId
: signUpRequest.getActivateServiceUrl() + "?key="
+ activationId;
// 使用邮件服务将链接发送给用户
accountEmailService.sendMail(account.getEmail(),
"Please Activate Your Account", link);
} catch (AccountCaptchaException e) {
throw new AccountServiceException("Unable to validate captcha.", e);
} catch (AccountPersistException e) {
throw new AccountServiceException("Unable to create account.", e);
} catch (AccountEmailException e) {
throw new AccountServiceException(
"Unable to send actiavtion mail.", e);
}

}

public void activate(String activationId) throws AccountServiceException {
// 根据激活码从临时的activationMap中寻找相应的用户id
String accountId = activationMap.get(activationId);
// 找不到用户id则抛出异常
if (accountId == null) {
throw new AccountServiceException("Invalid account activation ID.");
}
// 找到用户id则更新账户状态为激活
try {
Account account = accountPersistService.readAccount(accountId);
account.setActivated(true);
accountPersistService.updateAccount(account);
} catch (AccountPersistException e) {
throw new AccountServiceException("Unable to activate account.");
}

}

public void login(String id, String password)
throws AccountServiceException {
try {
// 根据id读取用户信息
Account account = accountPersistService.readAccount(id);

if (account == null) {
throw new AccountServiceException("Account does not exist.");
}

if (!account.isActivated()) {
throw new AccountServiceException("Account is disabled.");
}

if (!account.getPassword().equals(password)) {
throw new AccountServiceException("Incorrect password.");
}
} catch (AccountPersistException e) {
throw new AccountServiceException("Unable to log in.", e);
}
}
}
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