Dalvik虚拟机加载类的机制

作者：郭孝星

微博：郭孝星的新浪微博

邮箱：allenwells@163.com

博客：http://blog.csdn.net/allenwells

github：https://github.com/AllenWell

在介绍Android的类加载机制之前，我们需要先了解一下Java的类加载机制。

【Java 安全技术探索之路系列：J2SE安全架构】之五：类加载器

说到Dalvik虚拟机，我们首先可能想到的是Java虚拟机，伴随着Java语言的发展，我们也一直在接触它，那么两者有什么区别呢?

Java虚拟机基于栈，Dalvik虚拟机基于寄存器。

Java虚拟机运行的是Java字节码，Java虚拟机运行的是Dex字节码。

由于本篇文章主要讨论的是Dalvik虚拟机的类的加载机制，所以其他区别不再展开，需要了解的可以参见我的其他文章，这里着重提一下Dalvik虚拟机和Java虚拟机加载类机制上的区别。

Dalvik虚拟机如同其他Java虚拟机一样，在运行程序时首先需要将对应的类加载到内存中。而在Java标准的虚拟机中，类加载可以从class文件中读取，也可以是其他形式的二进制流。因此，我们常常利用这一点，在程序运行时手动加载Class，从而达到代码动态加载执行的目的。

然而Dalvik虚拟机毕竟不算是标准的Java虚拟机，因此在类加载机制上，Dalvik虚拟机与Java虚拟机有许多不同之处，例如，在使用标准Java虚拟机时，我们经常自定义继承自ClassLoader的类加载器。然后通过defineClass方法来从一个二进制流中加载Class。然而，这在Dalvik虚拟机上是行不通的。

一 Dalvik虚拟机类加载结构

Dalvik虚拟机类加载流程如下图所示：

1.1 类加载器

1.1.1 系统类加载器

举例

Context.class.getClassLoader();

上述代码得到的结果表明系统类的加载器是BootClassLoader。

ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().getParent();

上述代码表明系统加载器的父类加载器还是

1.1.2 应用程序加载器

举例

getClassLoader();

上述代码得到的结果表明应用程序的加载器是PathClassLoader

getClassLoader().getParent();

上述代码得到的结果表明应用程序的家在启动饿父类加载器是BootClassLoader。

二 Dalvik虚拟机类加载器源码分析

Android的类加载器主要有两个PathClassLoader和DexClassLoader，其中PathClassLoader是默认的类加载器，下面我们就来说说两者的区别与联系。

PathClassLoader：支持加载DEX或者已经安装的APK（因为存在缓存的DEX）。

DexClassLoader：支持加载APK、DEX和JAR，也可以从SD卡进行加载。

DexClassLoader和PathClassLoader都属于符合双亲委派模型的类加载器（因为它们没有重载loadClass方法）。也就是说，它们在加载一个类之前，回去检查自己以及自己以上的类加载器是否已经加载了这个类。如果已经加载过了，就会直接将之返回，而不会重复加载。

PathClassLoader还是DexClassLoader继承于BaseDexClassLoader，BaseDexClassLoader继承鱼ClassLoader，下面我们就以一个类的加载流程来分析各个加载器的源码实现，详细的源码在下方附录中给出。

要加载一个类，必须先初始化一个类加载器实例，我们拿DexClassLoader来举例，它的构造方法如下所示：

public DexClassLoader(String dexPath, String optimizedDirectory,
            String libraryPath, ClassLoader parent) {
        super(dexPath, new File(optimizedDirectory), libraryPath, parent);
    }

该函数中的参数含义如下所示:

String dexPath：加载APK、DEX和JAR的路径。这个类可以用于Android动态加载DEX/JAR。

String optimizedDirectory：是DEX的输出路径。

String libraryPath：加载DEX的时候需要用到的lib库，libraryPath一般包括/vendor/lib和/system/lib。

ClassLoader parent：DEXClassLoader指定的父类加载器

关于DexClassLoader，除了它的构造函数以外，它的源码注释里还提到以下三点：

这个类加载器加载的文件是.jar或者.apk文件，并且这个.jar或.apk中是包含classes.dex这个入口文件的，

主要是用来执行那些没有被安装的一些可执行文件的。

这个类加载器需要一个属于应用的私有的，可以的目录作为它自己的缓存优化目录，其实这个目录也就作为下面，这个构造函数的第二个参数，至于怎么实现，注释中也已经给出了答案；

不要把上面第二点中提到的这个缓存目录设为外部存储，因为外部存储容易收到代码注入的攻击。

通过DexClassLoader的构造函数，我们可以发现DexClassLoader的构造函数会调用父类的构造函数进行初始化，DexClassLoader的父类就是BaseDexXClassLoader，我们继续来看一下BaseDexClassLoader的构造函数：

public BaseDexClassLoader(String dexPath, File optimizedDirectory,
            String libraryPath, ClassLoader parent) {
        super(parent);
        this.pathList = new DexPathList(this, dexPath, libraryPath, optimizedDirectory);
    }

我们可以发现在执行BaseDexClassLoader的构造函数时，会先调用父类ClassLoader的构造方法：

/**
     * Constructs a new instance of this class with the system class loader as
     * its parent.
     */
    protected ClassLoader() {
        this(getSystemClassLoader(), false);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new instance of this class with the specified class loader
     * as its parent.
     *
     * @param parentLoader
     *            The {@code ClassLoader} to use as the new class loader's
     *            parent.
     */
    protected ClassLoader(ClassLoader parentLoader) {
        this(parentLoader, false);
    }

    /*
     * constructor for the BootClassLoader which needs parent to be null.
     */
    ClassLoader(ClassLoader parentLoader, boolean nullAllowed) {
        if (parentLoader == null && !nullAllowed) {
            throw new NullPointerException("parentLoader == null && !nullAllowed");
        }
        parent = parentLoader;
    }

通过ClassLoader的构造函数源码可以发现，BaseDexClassLoader里的parentLoader对象经过层层传递，传递给了parent对象，parent对象是ClassLoader类里的私有变量，如下所示：

/**
     * The parent ClassLoader.
     */
    private ClassLoader parent;

这一步做完以后，BaseDexClassLoader的构造函数紧接着就初始化了一个DexPathList对象，这是一个描述DEX文相关资源文件的条目列表。

附录

附录一：【Lollipop 5.1.1_r6】ClassLoader源码

/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0  *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
/*
 * Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0  *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package java.lang;

import dalvik.system.PathClassLoader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.URL;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.security.ProtectionDomain;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

/**
 * Loads classes and resources from a repository. One or more class loaders are
 * installed at runtime. These are consulted whenever the runtime system needs a
 * specific class that is not yet available in-memory. Typically, class loaders
 * are grouped into a tree where child class loaders delegate all requests to
 * parent class loaders. Only if the parent class loader cannot satisfy the
 * request, the child class loader itself tries to handle it.
 * <p>
 * {@code ClassLoader} is an abstract class that implements the common
 * infrastructure required by all class loaders. Android provides several
 * concrete implementations of the class, with
 * {@link dalvik.system.PathClassLoader} being the one typically used. Other
 * applications may implement subclasses of {@code ClassLoader} to provide
 * special ways for loading classes.
 * </p>
 * @see Class
 */
public abstract class ClassLoader {

    /**
     * The 'System' ClassLoader - the one that is responsible for loading
     * classes from the classpath. It is not equal to the bootstrap class loader -
     * that one handles the built-in classes.
     *
     * Because of a potential class initialization race between ClassLoader and
     * java.lang.System, reproducible when using JDWP with "suspend=y", we defer
     * creation of the system class loader until first use. We use a static
     * inner class to get synchronization at init time without having to sync on
     * every access.
     *
     * @see #getSystemClassLoader()
     */
    static private class SystemClassLoader {
        public static ClassLoader loader = ClassLoader.createSystemClassLoader();
    }

  /**
     * The parent ClassLoader.
     */
    private ClassLoader parent;

    /**
     * The packages known to the class loader.
     */
    private Map<String, Package> packages = new HashMap<String, Package>();

    /**
     * To avoid unloading individual classes, {@link java.lang.reflect.Proxy}
     * only generates one class for each set of interfaces. This maps sets of
     * interfaces to the proxy class that implements all of them. It is declared
     * here so that these generated classes can be unloaded with their class
     * loader.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public final Map<List<Class<?>>, Class<?>> proxyCache =
            new HashMap<List<Class<?>>, Class<?>>();

    /**
     * Create the system class loader. Note this is NOT the bootstrap class
     * loader (which is managed by the VM). We use a null value for the parent
     * to indicate that the bootstrap loader is our parent.
     */
    private static ClassLoader createSystemClassLoader() {
        String classPath = System.getProperty("java.class.path", ".");

        // String[] paths = classPath.split(":");
        // URL[] urls = new URL[paths.length];
        // for (int i = 0; i < paths.length; i++) {
        // try {
        // urls[i] = new URL("file://" + paths[i]);
        // }
        // catch (Exception ex) {
        // ex.printStackTrace();
        // }
        // }
        //
        // return new java.net.URLClassLoader(urls, null);

        // TODO Make this a java.net.URLClassLoader once we have those?
        return new PathClassLoader(classPath, BootClassLoader.getInstance());
    }

    /**
     * Returns the system class loader. This is the parent for new
     * {@code ClassLoader} instances and is typically the class loader used to
     * start the application.
     */
    public static ClassLoader getSystemClassLoader() {
        return SystemClassLoader.loader;
    }

    /**
     * Finds the URL of the resource with the specified name. The system class
     * loader's resource lookup algorithm is used to find the resource.
     *
     * @return the {@code URL} object for the requested resource or {@code null}
     *         if the resource can not be found.
     * @param resName
     *            the name of the resource to find.
     * @see Class#getResource
     */
    public static URL getSystemResource(String resName) {
        return SystemClassLoader.loader.getResource(resName);
    }

    /**
     * Returns an enumeration of URLs for the resource with the specified name.
     * The system class loader's resource lookup algorithm is used to find the
     * resource.
     *
     * @return an enumeration of {@code URL} objects containing the requested
     *         resources.
     * @param resName
     *            the name of the resource to find.
     * @throws IOException
     *             if an I/O error occurs.
     */
    public static Enumeration<URL> getSystemResources(String resName) throws IOException {
        return SystemClassLoader.loader.getResources(resName);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a stream for the resource with the specified name. The system
     * class loader's resource lookup algorithm is used to find the resource.
     * Basically, the contents of the java.class.path are searched in order,
     * looking for a path which matches the specified resource.
     *
     * @return a stream for the resource or {@code null}.
     * @param resName
     *            the name of the resource to find.
     * @see Class#getResourceAsStream
     */
    public static InputStream getSystemResourceAsStream(String resName) {
        return SystemClassLoader.loader.getResourceAsStream(resName);
    }

/**
     * Constructs a new instance of this class with the system class loader as
     * its parent.
     */
    protected ClassLoader() {
        this(getSystemClassLoader(), false);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new instance of this class with the specified class loader
     * as its parent.
     *
     * @param parentLoader
     *            The {@code ClassLoader} to use as the new class loader's
     *            parent.
     */
    protected ClassLoader(ClassLoader parentLoader) {
        this(parentLoader, false);
    }

    /*
     * constructor for the BootClassLoader which needs parent to be null.
     */
    ClassLoader(ClassLoader parentLoader, boolean nullAllowed) {
        if (parentLoader == null && !nullAllowed) {
            throw new NullPointerException("parentLoader == null && !nullAllowed");
        }
        parent = parentLoader;
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new class from an array of bytes containing a class
     * definition in class file format.
     *
     * @param classRep
     *            the memory image of a class file.
     * @param offset
     *            the offset into {@code classRep}.
     * @param length
     *            the length of the class file.
     * @return the {@code Class} object created from the specified subset of
     *         data in {@code classRep}.
     * @throws ClassFormatError
     *             if {@code classRep} does not contain a valid class.
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
     *             if {@code offset < 0}, {@code length < 0} or if
     *             {@code offset + length} is greater than the length of
     *             {@code classRep}.
     * @deprecated Use {@link #defineClass(String, byte[], int, int)}
     */
    @Deprecated
    protected final Class<?> defineClass(byte[] classRep, int offset, int length)
            throws ClassFormatError {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("can't load this type of class file");
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new class from an array of bytes containing a class
     * definition in class file format.
     *
     * @param className
     *            the expected name of the new class, may be {@code null} if not
     *            known.
     * @param classRep
     *            the memory image of a class file.
     * @param offset
     *            the offset into {@code classRep}.
     * @param length
     *            the length of the class file.
     * @return the {@code Class} object created from the specified subset of
     *         data in {@code classRep}.
     * @throws ClassFormatError
     *             if {@code classRep} does not contain a valid class.
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
     *             if {@code offset < 0}, {@code length < 0} or if
     *             {@code offset + length} is greater than the length of
     *             {@code classRep}.
     */
    protected final Class<?> defineClass(String className, byte[] classRep, int offset, int length)
            throws ClassFormatError {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("can't load this type of class file");
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new class from an array of bytes containing a class
     * definition in class file format and assigns the specified protection
     * domain to the new class. If the provided protection domain is
     * {@code null} then a default protection domain is assigned to the class.
     *
     * @param className
     *            the expected name of the new class, may be {@code null} if not
     *            known.
     * @param classRep
     *            the memory image of a class file.
     * @param offset
     *            the offset into {@code classRep}.
     * @param length
     *            the length of the class file.
     * @param protectionDomain
     *            the protection domain to assign to the loaded class, may be
     *            {@code null}.
     * @return the {@code Class} object created from the specified subset of
     *         data in {@code classRep}.
     * @throws ClassFormatError
     *             if {@code classRep} does not contain a valid class.
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
     *             if {@code offset < 0}, {@code length < 0} or if
     *             {@code offset + length} is greater than the length of
     *             {@code classRep}.
     * @throws NoClassDefFoundError
     *             if {@code className} is not equal to the name of the class
     *             contained in {@code classRep}.
     */
    protected final Class<?> defineClass(String className, byte[] classRep, int offset, int length,
            ProtectionDomain protectionDomain) throws java.lang.ClassFormatError {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("can't load this type of class file");
    }

    /**
     * Defines a new class with the specified name, byte code from the byte
     * buffer and the optional protection domain. If the provided protection
     * domain is {@code null} then a default protection domain is assigned to
     * the class.
     *
     * @param name
     *            the expected name of the new class, may be {@code null} if not
     *            known.
     * @param b
     *            the byte buffer containing the byte code of the new class.
     * @param protectionDomain
     *            the protection domain to assign to the loaded class, may be
     *            {@code null}.
     * @return the {@code Class} object created from the data in {@code b}.
     * @throws ClassFormatError
     *             if {@code b} does not contain a valid class.
     * @throws NoClassDefFoundError
     *             if {@code className} is not equal to the name of the class
     *             contained in {@code b}.
     */
    protected final Class<?> defineClass(String name, ByteBuffer b,
            ProtectionDomain protectionDomain) throws ClassFormatError {

        byte[] temp = new byte[b.remaining()];
        b.get(temp);
        return defineClass(name, temp, 0, temp.length, protectionDomain);
    }

    /**
     * Overridden by subclasses, throws a {@code ClassNotFoundException} by
     * default. This method is called by {@code loadClass} after the parent
     * {@code ClassLoader} has failed to find a loaded class of the same name.
     *
     * @param className
     *            the name of the class to look for.
     * @return the {@code Class} object that is found.
     * @throws ClassNotFoundException
     *             if the class cannot be found.
     */
    protected Class<?> findClass(String className) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        throw new ClassNotFoundException(className);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the class with the specified name if it has already been loaded
     * by the VM or {@code null} if it has not yet been loaded.
     *
     * @param className
     *            the name of the class to look for.
     * @return the {@code Class} object or {@code null} if the requested class
     *         has not been loaded.
     */
    protected final Class<?> findLoadedClass(String className) {
        ClassLoader loader;
        if (this == BootClassLoader.getInstance())
            loader = null;
        else
            loader = this;
        return VMClassLoader.findLoadedClass(loader, className);
    }

    /**
     * Finds the class with the specified name, loading it using the system
     * class loader if necessary.
     *
     * @param className
     *            the name of the class to look for.
     * @return the {@code Class} object with the requested {@code className}.
     * @throws ClassNotFoundException
     *             if the class can not be found.
     */
    protected final Class<?> findSystemClass(String className) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        return Class.forName(className, false, getSystemClassLoader());
    }

    /**
     * Returns this class loader's parent.
     *
     * @return this class loader's parent or {@code null}.
     */
    public final ClassLoader getParent() {
        return parent;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the URL of the resource with the specified name. This
     * implementation first tries to use the parent class loader to find the
     * resource; if this fails then {@link #findResource(String)} is called to
     * find the requested resource.
     *
     * @param resName
     *            the name of the resource to find.
     * @return the {@code URL} object for the requested resource or {@code null}
     *         if the resource can not be found
     * @see Class#getResource
     */
    public URL getResource(String resName) {
        URL resource = parent.getResource(resName);
        if (resource == null) {
            resource = findResource(resName);
        }
        return resource;
    }

    /**
     * Returns an enumeration of URLs for the resource with the specified name.
     * This implementation first uses this class loader's parent to find the
     * resource, then it calls {@link #findResources(String)} to get additional
     * URLs. The returned enumeration contains the {@code URL} objects of both
     * find operations.
     *
     * @return an enumeration of {@code URL} objects for the requested resource.
     * @param resName
     *            the name of the resource to find.
     * @throws IOException
     *             if an I/O error occurs.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public Enumeration<URL> getResources(String resName) throws IOException {

        Enumeration<URL> first = parent.getResources(resName);
        Enumeration<URL> second = findResources(resName);

        return new TwoEnumerationsInOne(first, second);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a stream for the resource with the specified name. See
     * {@link #getResource(String)} for a description of the lookup algorithm
     * used to find the resource.
     *
     * @return a stream for the resource or {@code null} if the resource can not be found
     * @param resName
     *            the name of the resource to find.
     * @see Class#getResourceAsStream
     */
    public InputStream getResourceAsStream(String resName) {
        try {
            URL url = getResource(resName);
            if (url != null) {
                return url.openStream();
            }
        } catch (IOException ex) {
            // Don't want to see the exception.
        }

        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Loads the class with the specified name. Invoking this method is
     * equivalent to calling {@code loadClass(className, false)}.
     * <p>
     * <strong>Note:</strong> In the Android reference implementation, the
     * second parameter of {@link #loadClass(String, boolean)} is ignored
     * anyway.
     * </p>
     *
     * @return the {@code Class} object.
     * @param className
     *            the name of the class to look for.
     * @throws ClassNotFoundException
     *             if the class can not be found.
     */
    public Class<?> loadClass(String className) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        return loadClass(className, false);
    }

    /**
     * Loads the class with the specified name, optionally linking it after
     * loading. The following steps are performed:
     * <ol>
     * <li> Call {@link #findLoadedClass(String)} to determine if the requested
     * class has already been loaded.</li>
     * <li>If the class has not yet been loaded: Invoke this method on the
     * parent class loader.</li>
     * <li>If the class has still not been loaded: Call
     * {@link #findClass(String)} to find the class.</li>
     * </ol>
     * <p>
     * <strong>Note:</strong> In the Android reference implementation, the
     * {@code resolve} parameter is ignored; classes are never linked.
     * </p>
     *
     * @return the {@code Class} object.
     * @param className
     *            the name of the class to look for.
     * @param resolve
     *            Indicates if the class should be resolved after loading. This
     *            parameter is ignored on the Android reference implementation;
     *            classes are not resolved.
     * @throws ClassNotFoundException
     *             if the class can not be found.
     */
    protected Class<?> loadClass(String className, boolean resolve) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        Class<?> clazz = findLoadedClass(className);

        if (clazz == null) {
            ClassNotFoundException suppressed = null;
            try {
                clazz = parent.loadClass(className, false);
            } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
                suppressed = e;
            }

            if (clazz == null) {
                try {
                    clazz = findClass(className);
                } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
                    e.addSuppressed(suppressed);
                    throw e;
                }
            }
        }

        return clazz;
    }

    /**
     * Forces a class to be linked (initialized). If the class has already been
     * linked this operation has no effect.
     * <p>
     * <strong>Note:</strong> In the Android reference implementation, this
     * method has no effect.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param clazz
     *            the class to link.
     */
    protected final void resolveClass(Class<?> clazz) {
        // no-op, doesn't make sense on android.
    }

    /**
     * Finds the URL of the resource with the specified name. This
     * implementation just returns {@code null}; it should be overridden in
     * subclasses.
     *
     * @param resName
     *            the name of the resource to find.
     * @return the {@code URL} object for the requested resource.
     */
    protected URL findResource(String resName) {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Finds an enumeration of URLs for the resource with the specified name.
     * This implementation just returns an empty {@code Enumeration}; it should
     * be overridden in subclasses.
     *
     * @param resName
     *            the name of the resource to find.
     * @return an enumeration of {@code URL} objects for the requested resource.
     * @throws IOException
     *             if an I/O error occurs.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings( {
            "unchecked", "unused"
    })
    protected Enumeration<URL> findResources(String resName) throws IOException {
        return Collections.emptyEnumeration();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the absolute path of the native library with the specified name,
     * or {@code null}. If this method returns {@code null} then the virtual
     * machine searches the directories specified by the system property
     * "java.library.path".
     * <p>
     * This implementation always returns {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param libName
     *            the name of the library to find.
     * @return the absolute path of the library.
     */
    protected String findLibrary(String libName) {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the package with the specified name. Package information is
     * searched in this class loader.
     *
     * @param name
     *            the name of the package to find.
     * @return the package with the requested name; {@code null} if the package
     *         can not be found.
     */
    protected Package getPackage(String name) {
        synchronized (packages) {
            return packages.get(name);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns all the packages known to this class loader.
     *
     * @return an array with all packages known to this class loader.
     */
    protected Package[] getPackages() {
        synchronized (packages) {
            Collection<Package> col = packages.values();
            Package[] result = new Package[col.size()];
            col.toArray(result);
            return result;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Defines and returns a new {@code Package} using the specified
     * information. If {@code sealBase} is {@code null}, the package is left
     * unsealed. Otherwise, the package is sealed using this URL.
     *
     * @param name
     *            the name of the package.
     * @param specTitle
     *            the title of the specification.
     * @param specVersion
     *            the version of the specification.
     * @param specVendor
     *            the vendor of the specification.
     * @param implTitle
     *            the implementation title.
     * @param implVersion
     *            the implementation version.
     * @param implVendor
     *            the specification vendor.
     * @param sealBase
     *            the URL used to seal this package or {@code null} to leave the
     *            package unsealed.
     * @return the {@code Package} object that has been created.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     *             if a package with the specified name already exists.
     */
    protected Package definePackage(String name, String specTitle, String specVersion,
            String specVendor, String implTitle, String implVersion, String implVendor, URL sealBase)
            throws IllegalArgumentException {

        synchronized (packages) {
            if (packages.containsKey(name)) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Package " + name + " already defined");
            }

            Package newPackage = new Package(name, specTitle, specVersion, specVendor, implTitle,
                    implVersion, implVendor, sealBase);

            packages.put(name, newPackage);

            return newPackage;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Sets the signers of the specified class. This implementation does
     * nothing.
     *
     * @param c
     *            the {@code Class} object for which to set the signers.
     * @param signers
     *            the signers for {@code c}.
     */
    protected final void setSigners(Class<?> c, Object[] signers) {
    }

    /**
     * Sets the assertion status of the class with the specified name.
     * <p>
     * <strong>Note: </strong>This method does nothing in the Android reference
     * implementation.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param cname
     *            the name of the class for which to set the assertion status.
     * @param enable
     *            the new assertion status.
     */
    public void setClassAssertionStatus(String cname, boolean enable) {
    }

    /**
     * Sets the assertion status of the package with the specified name.
     * <p>
     * <strong>Note: </strong>This method does nothing in the Android reference
     * implementation.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param pname
     *            the name of the package for which to set the assertion status.
     * @param enable
     *            the new assertion status.
     */
    public void setPackageAssertionStatus(String pname, boolean enable) {
    }

    /**
     * Sets the default assertion status for this class loader.
     * <p>
     * <strong>Note: </strong>This method does nothing in the Android reference
     * implementation.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param enable
     *            the new assertion status.
     */
    public void setDefaultAssertionStatus(boolean enable) {
    }

    /**
     * Sets the default assertion status for this class loader to {@code false}
     * and removes any package default and class assertion status settings.
     * <p>
     * <strong>Note:</strong> This method does nothing in the Android reference
     * implementation.
     * </p>
     */
    public void clearAssertionStatus() {
    }
}

/*
 * Provides a helper class that combines two existing URL enumerations into one.
 * It is required for the getResources() methods. Items are fetched from the
 * first enumeration until it's empty, then from the second one.
 */
class TwoEnumerationsInOne implements Enumeration<URL> {

    private final Enumeration<URL> first;

    private final Enumeration<URL> second;

    public TwoEnumerationsInOne(Enumeration<URL> first, Enumeration<URL> second) {
        this.first = first;
        this.second = second;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean hasMoreElements() {
        return first.hasMoreElements() || second.hasMoreElements();
    }

    @Override
    public URL nextElement() {
        if (first.hasMoreElements()) {
            return first.nextElement();
        } else {
            return second.nextElement();
        }
    }

}

/**
 * Provides an explicit representation of the boot class loader. It sits at the
 * head of the class loader chain and delegates requests to the VM's internal
 * class loading mechanism.
 */
class BootClassLoader extends ClassLoader {

    private static BootClassLoader instance;

    @FindBugsSuppressWarnings("DP_CREATE_CLASSLOADER_INSIDE_DO_PRIVILEGED")
    public static synchronized BootClassLoader getInstance() {
        if (instance == null) {
            instance = new BootClassLoader();
        }

        return instance;
    }

    public BootClassLoader() {
        super(null, true);
    }

    @Override
    protected Class<?> findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        return Class.classForName(name, false, null);
    }

    @Override
    protected URL findResource(String name) {
        return VMClassLoader.getResource(name);
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
    @Override
    protected Enumeration<URL> findResources(String resName) throws IOException {
        return Collections.enumeration(VMClassLoader.getResources(resName));
    }

    /**
     * Returns package information for the given package. Unfortunately, the
     * Android BootClassLoader doesn't really have this information, and as a
     * non-secure ClassLoader, it isn't even required to, according to the spec.
     * Yet, we want to provide it, in order to make all those hopeful callers of
     * {@code myClass.getPackage().getName()} happy. Thus we construct a Package
     * object the first time it is being requested and fill most of the fields
     * with dummy values. The Package object is then put into the ClassLoader's
     * Package cache, so we see the same one next time. We don't create Package
     * objects for null arguments or for the default package.
     * <p>
     * There a limited chance that we end up with multiple Package objects
     * representing the same package: It can happen when when a package is
     * scattered across different JAR files being loaded by different
     * ClassLoaders. Rather unlikely, and given that this whole thing is more or
     * less a workaround, probably not worth the effort.
     */
    @Override
    protected Package getPackage(String name) {
        if (name != null && !name.isEmpty()) {
            synchronized (this) {
                Package pack = super.getPackage(name);

                if (pack == null) {
                    pack = definePackage(name, "Unknown", "0.0", "Unknown", "Unknown", "0.0",
                            "Unknown", null);
                }

                return pack;
            }
        }

        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public URL getResource(String resName) {
        return findResource(resName);
    }

    @Override
    protected Class<?> loadClass(String className, boolean resolve)
           throws ClassNotFoundException {
        Class<?> clazz = findLoadedClass(className);

        if (clazz == null) {
            clazz = findClass(className);
        }

        return clazz;
    }

    @Override
    public Enumeration<URL> getResources(String resName) throws IOException {
        return findResources(resName);
    }
}

/**
 * TODO Open issues - Missing / empty methods - Signer stuff - Protection
 * domains - Assertions
 */

附录二：【Lollipop 5.1.1_r6】BaseDexClassLoader源码

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0  *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package dalvik.system;

import java.io.File;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * Base class for common functionality between various dex-based
 * {@link ClassLoader} implementations.
 */
public class BaseDexClassLoader extends ClassLoader {
    private final DexPathList pathList;

    /**
     * Constructs an instance.
     *
     * @param dexPath the list of jar/apk files containing classes and
     * resources, delimited by {@code File.pathSeparator}, which
     * defaults to {@code ":"} on Android
     * @param optimizedDirectory directory where optimized dex files
     * should be written; may be {@code null}
     * @param libraryPath the list of directories containing native
     * libraries, delimited by {@code File.pathSeparator}; may be
     * {@code null}
     * @param parent the parent class loader
     */
public BaseDexClassLoader(String dexPath, File optimizedDirectory,
            String libraryPath, ClassLoader parent) {
        super(parent);
        this.pathList = new DexPathList(this, dexPath, libraryPath, optimizedDirectory);
    }

    @Override
    protected Class<?> findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        List<Throwable> suppressedExceptions = new ArrayList<Throwable>();
        Class c = pathList.findClass(name, suppressedExceptions);
        if (c == null) {
            ClassNotFoundException cnfe = new ClassNotFoundException("Didn't find class \"" + name + "\" on path: " + pathList);
            for (Throwable t : suppressedExceptions) {
                cnfe.addSuppressed(t);
            }
            throw cnfe;
        }
        return c;
    }

    @Override
    protected URL findResource(String name) {
        return pathList.findResource(name);
    }

    @Override
    protected Enumeration<URL> findResources(String name) {
        return pathList.findResources(name);
    }

    @Override
    public String findLibrary(String name) {
        return pathList.findLibrary(name);
    }

    /**
     * Returns package information for the given package.
     * Unfortunately, instances of this class don't really have this
     * information, and as a non-secure {@code ClassLoader}, it isn't
     * even required to, according to the spec. Yet, we want to
     * provide it, in order to make all those hopeful callers of
     * {@code myClass.getPackage().getName()} happy. Thus we construct
     * a {@code Package} object the first time it is being requested
     * and fill most of the fields with dummy values. The {@code
     * Package} object is then put into the {@code ClassLoader}'s
     * package cache, so we see the same one next time. We don't
     * create {@code Package} objects for {@code null} arguments or
     * for the default package.
     *
     * <p>There is a limited chance that we end up with multiple
     * {@code Package} objects representing the same package: It can
     * happen when when a package is scattered across different JAR
     * files which were loaded by different {@code ClassLoader}
     * instances. This is rather unlikely, and given that this whole
     * thing is more or less a workaround, probably not worth the
     * effort to address.
     *
     * @param name the name of the class
     * @return the package information for the class, or {@code null}
     * if there is no package information available for it
     */
    @Override
    protected synchronized Package getPackage(String name) {
        if (name != null && !name.isEmpty()) {
            Package pack = super.getPackage(name);

            if (pack == null) {
                pack = definePackage(name, "Unknown", "0.0", "Unknown",
                        "Unknown", "0.0", "Unknown", null);
            }

            return pack;
        }

        return null;
    }

    /**
     * @hide
     */
    public String getLdLibraryPath() {
        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
        for (File directory : pathList.getNativeLibraryDirectories()) {
            if (result.length() > 0) {
                result.append(':');
            }
            result.append(directory);
        }
        return result.toString();
    }

    @Override public String toString() {
        return getClass().getName() + "[" + pathList + "]";
    }
}

附录三：【Lollipop 5.1.1_r6】PathClassLoader源码

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2007 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0  *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package dalvik.system;

/**
 * Provides a simple {@link ClassLoader} implementation that operates on a list
 * of files and directories in the local file system, but does not attempt to
 * load classes from the network. Android uses this class for its system class
 * loader and for its application class loader(s).
 */
public class PathClassLoader extends BaseDexClassLoader {
    /**
     * Creates a {@code PathClassLoader} that operates on a given list of files
     * and directories. This method is equivalent to calling
     * {@link #PathClassLoader(String, String, ClassLoader)} with a
     * {@code null} value for the second argument (see description there).
     *
     * @param dexPath the list of jar/apk files containing classes and
     * resources, delimited by {@code File.pathSeparator}, which
     * defaults to {@code ":"} on Android
     * @param parent the parent class loader
     */
    public PathClassLoader(String dexPath, ClassLoader parent) {
        super(dexPath, null, null, parent);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a {@code PathClassLoader} that operates on two given
     * lists of files and directories. The entries of the first list
     * should be one of the following:
     *
     * <ul>
     * <li>JAR/ZIP/APK files, possibly containing a "classes.dex" file as
     * well as arbitrary resources.
     * <li>Raw ".dex" files (not inside a zip file).
     * </ul>
     *
     * The entries of the second list should be directories containing
     * native library files.
     *
     * @param dexPath the list of jar/apk files containing classes and
     * resources, delimited by {@code File.pathSeparator}, which
     * defaults to {@code ":"} on Android
     * @param libraryPath the list of directories containing native
     * libraries, delimited by {@code File.pathSeparator}; may be
     * {@code null}
     * @param parent the parent class loader
     */
    public PathClassLoader(String dexPath, String libraryPath,
            ClassLoader parent) {
        super(dexPath, null, libraryPath, parent);
    }
}

附录四：【Lollipop 5.1.1_r6】DexClassLoader源码

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0  *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package dalvik.system;

import java.io.File;

/**
 * A class loader that loads classes from {@code .jar} and {@code .apk} files
 * containing a {@code classes.dex} entry. This can be used to execute code not
 * installed as part of an application.
 *
 * <p>This class loader requires an application-private, writable directory to
 * cache optimized classes. Use {@code Context.getCodeCacheDir()} to create
 * such a directory: <pre>   {@code
 *   File dexOutputDir = context.getCodeCacheDir();
 * }</pre>
 *
 * <p><strong>Do not cache optimized classes on external storage.</strong>
 * External storage does not provide access controls necessary to protect your
 * application from code injection attacks.
 */
public class DexClassLoader extends BaseDexClassLoader {
    /**
     * Creates a {@code DexClassLoader} that finds interpreted and native
     * code.  Interpreted classes are found in a set of DEX files contained
     * in Jar or APK files.
     *
     * <p>The path lists are separated using the character specified by the
     * {@code path.separator} system property, which defaults to {@code :}.
     *
     * @param dexPath the list of jar/apk files containing classes and
     *     resources, delimited by {@code File.pathSeparator}, which
     *     defaults to {@code ":"} on Android
     * @param optimizedDirectory directory where optimized dex files
     *     should be written; must not be {@code null}
     * @param libraryPath the list of directories containing native
     *     libraries, delimited by {@code File.pathSeparator}; may be
     *     {@code null}
     * @param parent the parent class loader
     */
public DexClassLoader(String dexPath, String optimizedDirectory,
            String libraryPath, ClassLoader parent) {
        super(dexPath, new File(optimizedDirectory), libraryPath, parent);
    }
}

附录五：【Lollipop 5.1.1_r6】DexFile源码

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2007 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0  *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package dalvik.system;

import android.system.ErrnoException;
import android.system.StructStat;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.List;
import libcore.io.Libcore;

/**
 * Manipulates DEX files. The class is similar in principle to
 * {@link java.util.zip.ZipFile}. It is used primarily by class loaders.
 * <p>
 * Note we don't directly open and read the DEX file here. They're memory-mapped
 * read-only by the VM.
 */
public final class DexFile {
    private long mCookie;
    private final String mFileName;
    private final CloseGuard guard = CloseGuard.get();

    /**
     * Opens a DEX file from a given File object. This will usually be a ZIP/JAR
     * file with a "classes.dex" inside.
     *
     * The VM will generate the name of the corresponding file in
     * /data/dalvik-cache and open it, possibly creating or updating
     * it first if system permissions allow.  Don't pass in the name of
     * a file in /data/dalvik-cache, as the named file is expected to be
     * in its original (pre-dexopt) state.
     *
     * @param file
     *            the File object referencing the actual DEX file
     *
     * @throws IOException
     *             if an I/O error occurs, such as the file not being found or
     *             access rights missing for opening it
     */
    public DexFile(File file) throws IOException {
        this(file.getPath());
    }

    /**
     * Opens a DEX file from a given filename. This will usually be a ZIP/JAR
     * file with a "classes.dex" inside.
     *
     * The VM will generate the name of the corresponding file in
     * /data/dalvik-cache and open it, possibly creating or updating
     * it first if system permissions allow.  Don't pass in the name of
     * a file in /data/dalvik-cache, as the named file is expected to be
     * in its original (pre-dexopt) state.
     *
     * @param fileName
     *            the filename of the DEX file
     *
     * @throws IOException
     *             if an I/O error occurs, such as the file not being found or
     *             access rights missing for opening it
     */
    public DexFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
        mCookie = openDexFile(fileName, null, 0);
        mFileName = fileName;
        guard.open("close");
        //System.out.println("DEX FILE cookie is " + mCookie + " fileName=" + fileName);
    }

    /**
     * Opens a DEX file from a given filename, using a specified file
     * to hold the optimized data.
     *
     * @param sourceName
     *  Jar or APK file with "classes.dex".
     * @param outputName
     *  File that will hold the optimized form of the DEX data.
     * @param flags
     *  Enable optional features.
     */
    private DexFile(String sourceName, String outputName, int flags) throws IOException {
        if (outputName != null) {
            try {
                String parent = new File(outputName).getParent();
                if (Libcore.os.getuid() != Libcore.os.stat(parent).st_uid) {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Optimized data directory " + parent
                            + " is not owned by the current user. Shared storage cannot protect"
                            + " your application from code injection attacks.");
                }
            } catch (ErrnoException ignored) {
                // assume we'll fail with a more contextual error later
            }
        }

        mCookie = openDexFile(sourceName, outputName, flags);
        mFileName = sourceName;
        guard.open("close");
        //System.out.println("DEX FILE cookie is " + mCookie + " sourceName=" + sourceName + " outputName=" + outputName);
    }

    /**
     * Open a DEX file, specifying the file in which the optimized DEX
     * data should be written.  If the optimized form exists and appears
     * to be current, it will be used; if not, the VM will attempt to
     * regenerate it.
     *
     * This is intended for use by applications that wish to download
     * and execute DEX files outside the usual application installation
     * mechanism.  This function should not be called directly by an
     * application; instead, use a class loader such as
     * dalvik.system.DexClassLoader.
     *
     * @param sourcePathName
     *  Jar or APK file with "classes.dex".  (May expand this to include
     *  "raw DEX" in the future.)
     * @param outputPathName
     *  File that will hold the optimized form of the DEX data.
     * @param flags
     *  Enable optional features.  (Currently none defined.)
     * @return
     *  A new or previously-opened DexFile.
     * @throws IOException
     *  If unable to open the source or output file.
     */
    static public DexFile loadDex(String sourcePathName, String outputPathName,
        int flags) throws IOException {

        /*
         * TODO: we may want to cache previously-opened DexFile objects.
         * The cache would be synchronized with close().  This would help
         * us avoid mapping the same DEX more than once when an app
         * decided to open it multiple times.  In practice this may not
         * be a real issue.
         */
        return new DexFile(sourcePathName, outputPathName, flags);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the name of the (already opened) DEX file.
     *
     * @return the file name
     */
    public String getName() {
        return mFileName;
    }

    @Override public String toString() {
        return getName();
    }

    /**
     * Closes the DEX file.
     * <p>
     * This may not be able to release any resources. If classes from this
     * DEX file are still resident, the DEX file can't be unmapped.
     *
     * @throws IOException
     *             if an I/O error occurs during closing the file, which
     *             normally should not happen
     */
    public void close() throws IOException {
        if (mCookie != 0) {
            guard.close();
            closeDexFile(mCookie);
            mCookie = 0;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Loads a class. Returns the class on success, or a {@code null} reference
     * on failure.
     * <p>
     * If you are not calling this from a class loader, this is most likely not
     * going to do what you want. Use {@link Class#forName(String)} instead.
     * <p>
     * The method does not throw {@link ClassNotFoundException} if the class
     * isn't found because it isn't reasonable to throw exceptions wildly every
     * time a class is not found in the first DEX file we look at.
     *
     * @param name
     *            the class name, which should look like "java/lang/String"
     *
     * @param loader
     *            the class loader that tries to load the class (in most cases
     *            the caller of the method
     *
     * @return the {@link Class} object representing the class, or {@code null}
     *         if the class cannot be loaded
     */
    public Class loadClass(String name, ClassLoader loader) {
        String slashName = name.replace('.', '/');
        return loadClassBinaryName(slashName, loader, null);
    }

    /**
     * See {@link #loadClass(String, ClassLoader)}.
     *
     * This takes a "binary" class name to better match ClassLoader semantics.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public Class loadClassBinaryName(String name, ClassLoader loader, List<Throwable> suppressed) {
        return defineClass(name, loader, mCookie, suppressed);
    }

    private static Class defineClass(String name, ClassLoader loader, long cookie,
                                     List<Throwable> suppressed) {
        Class result = null;
        try {
            result = defineClassNative(name, loader, cookie);
        } catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
            if (suppressed != null) {
                suppressed.add(e);
            }
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            if (suppressed != null) {
                suppressed.add(e);
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Enumerate the names of the classes in this DEX file.
     *
     * @return an enumeration of names of classes contained in the DEX file, in
     *         the usual internal form (like "java/lang/String").
     */
    public Enumeration<String> entries() {
        return new DFEnum(this);
    }

    /*
     * Helper class.
     */
    private class DFEnum implements Enumeration<String> {
        private int mIndex;
        private String[] mNameList;

        DFEnum(DexFile df) {
            mIndex = 0;
            mNameList = getClassNameList(mCookie);
        }

        public boolean hasMoreElements() {
            return (mIndex < mNameList.length);
        }

        public String nextElement() {
            return mNameList[mIndex++];
        }
    }

    /**
     * Called when the class is finalized. Makes sure the DEX file is closed.
     *
     * @throws IOException
     *             if an I/O error occurs during closing the file, which
     *             normally should not happen
     */
    @Override protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
        try {
            if (guard != null) {
                guard.warnIfOpen();
            }
            close();
        } finally {
            super.finalize();
        }
    }

    /*
     * Open a DEX file.  The value returned is a magic VM cookie.  On
     * failure, an IOException is thrown.
     */
    private static long openDexFile(String sourceName, String outputName, int flags) throws IOException {
        // Use absolute paths to enable the use of relative paths when testing on host.
        return openDexFileNative(new File(sourceName).getAbsolutePath(),
                                 (outputName == null) ? null : new File(outputName).getAbsolutePath(),
                                 flags);
    }

    private static native void closeDexFile(long cookie);
    private static native Class defineClassNative(String name, ClassLoader loader, long cookie)
            throws ClassNotFoundException, NoClassDefFoundError;
    private static native String[] getClassNameList(long cookie);
    /*
     * Open a DEX file.  The value returned is a magic VM cookie.  On
     * failure, an IOException is thrown.
     */
    private static native long openDexFileNative(String sourceName, String outputName, int flags);

    /**
     * Returns true if the VM believes that the apk/jar file is out of date
     * and should be passed through "dexopt" again.
     *
     * @param fileName the absolute path to the apk/jar file to examine.
     * @return true if dexopt should be called on the file, false otherwise.
     * @throws java.io.FileNotFoundException if fileName is not readable,
     *         not a file, or not present.
     * @throws java.io.IOException if fileName is not a valid apk/jar file or
     *         if problems occur while parsing it.
     * @throws java.lang.NullPointerException if fileName is null.
     * @throws dalvik.system.StaleDexCacheError if the optimized dex file
     *         is stale but exists on a read-only partition.
     */
    public static native boolean isDexOptNeeded(String fileName)
            throws FileNotFoundException, IOException;

    /**
     * See {@link #isDexOptNeededInternal(String, String, String, boolean)}.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public static final byte UP_TO_DATE = 0;

    /**
     * See {@link #isDexOptNeededInternal(String, String, String, boolean)}.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public static final byte PATCHOAT_NEEDED = 1;

    /**
     * See {@link #isDexOptNeededInternal(String, String, String, boolean)}.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public static final byte DEXOPT_NEEDED = 2;

    /**
     * Returns UP_TO_DATE if the VM believes that the apk/jar file
     * is up to date, PATCHOAT_NEEDED if it believes that the file is up
     * to date but it must be relocated to match the base address offset,
     * and DEXOPT_NEEDED if it believes that it is out of date and should
     * be passed through "dexopt" again.
     *
     * @param fileName the absolute path to the apk/jar file to examine.
     * @return DEXOPT_NEEDED if dexopt should be called on the file,
     *         PATCHOAT_NEEDED if we need to run "patchoat" on it and
     *         UP_TO_DATE otherwise.
     * @throws java.io.FileNotFoundException if fileName is not readable,
     *         not a file, or not present.
     * @throws java.io.IOException if fileName is not a valid apk/jar file or
     *         if problems occur while parsing it.
     * @throws java.lang.NullPointerException if fileName is null.
     * @throws dalvik.system.StaleDexCacheError if the optimized dex file
     *         is stale but exists on a read-only partition.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public static native byte isDexOptNeededInternal(String fileName, String pkgname,
            String instructionSet, boolean defer)
            throws FileNotFoundException, IOException;
}

附录六：【Lollipop 5.1.1_r6】DexPathList源码

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0  *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package dalvik.system;

import android.system.ErrnoException;
import android.system.StructStat;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.zip.ZipFile;
import libcore.io.IoUtils;
import libcore.io.Libcore;
import static android.system.OsConstants.*;

/**
 * A pair of lists of entries, associated with a {@code ClassLoader}.
 * One of the lists is a dex/resource path — typically referred
 * to as a "class path" — list, and the other names directories
 * containing native code libraries. Class path entries may be any of:
 * a {@code .jar} or {@code .zip} file containing an optional
 * top-level {@code classes.dex} file as well as arbitrary resources,
 * or a plain {@code .dex} file (with no possibility of associated
 * resources).
 *
 * <p>This class also contains methods to use these lists to look up
 * classes and resources.</p>
 */
/*package*/ final class DexPathList {
    private static final String DEX_SUFFIX = ".dex";

    /** class definition context */
    private final ClassLoader definingContext;

    /**
     * List of dex/resource (class path) elements.
     * Should be called pathElements, but the Facebook app uses reflection
     * to modify 'dexElements' (http://b/7726934).
     */
    private final Element[] dexElements;

    /** List of native library directories. */
    private final File[] nativeLibraryDirectories;

    /**
     * Exceptions thrown during creation of the dexElements list.
     */
    private final IOException[] dexElementsSuppressedExceptions;

    /**
     * Constructs an instance.
     *
     * @param definingContext the context in which any as-yet unresolved
     * classes should be defined
     * @param dexPath list of dex/resource path elements, separated by
     * {@code File.pathSeparator}
     * @param libraryPath list of native library directory path elements,
     * separated by {@code File.pathSeparator}
     * @param optimizedDirectory directory where optimized {@code .dex} files
     * should be found and written to, or {@code null} to use the default
     * system directory for same
     */
    public DexPathList(ClassLoader definingContext, String dexPath,
            String libraryPath, File optimizedDirectory) {
        if (definingContext == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("definingContext == null");
        }

        if (dexPath == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("dexPath == null");
        }

        if (optimizedDirectory != null) {
            if (!optimizedDirectory.exists())  {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                        "optimizedDirectory doesn't exist: "
                        + optimizedDirectory);
            }

            if (!(optimizedDirectory.canRead()
                            && optimizedDirectory.canWrite())) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                        "optimizedDirectory not readable/writable: "
                        + optimizedDirectory);
            }
        }

        this.definingContext = definingContext;
        ArrayList<IOException> suppressedExceptions = new ArrayList<IOException>();
        this.dexElements = makeDexElements(splitDexPath(dexPath), optimizedDirectory,
                                           suppressedExceptions);
        if (suppressedExceptions.size() > 0) {
            this.dexElementsSuppressedExceptions =
                suppressedExceptions.toArray(new IOException[suppressedExceptions.size()]);
        } else {
            dexElementsSuppressedExceptions = null;
        }
        this.nativeLibraryDirectories = splitLibraryPath(libraryPath);
    }

    @Override public String toString() {
        return "DexPathList[" + Arrays.toString(dexElements) +
            ",nativeLibraryDirectories=" + Arrays.toString(nativeLibraryDirectories) + "]";
    }

    /**
     * For BaseDexClassLoader.getLdLibraryPath.
     */
    public File[] getNativeLibraryDirectories() {
        return nativeLibraryDirectories;
    }

    /**
     * Splits the given dex path string into elements using the path
     * separator, pruning out any elements that do not refer to existing
     * and readable files. (That is, directories are not included in the
     * result.)
     */
    private static ArrayList<File> splitDexPath(String path) {
        return splitPaths(path, null, false);
    }

    /**
     * Splits the given library directory path string into elements
     * using the path separator ({@code File.pathSeparator}, which
     * defaults to {@code ":"} on Android, appending on the elements
     * from the system library path, and pruning out any elements that
     * do not refer to existing and readable directories.
     */
    private static File[] splitLibraryPath(String path) {
        // Native libraries may exist in both the system and
        // application library paths, and we use this search order:
        //
        //   1. this class loader's library path for application libraries
        //   2. the VM's library path from the system property for system libraries
        //
        // This order was reversed prior to Gingerbread; see http://b/2933456.         ArrayList<File> result = splitPaths(path, System.getProperty("java.library.path"), true);
        return result.toArray(new File[result.size()]);
    }

    /**
     * Splits the given path strings into file elements using the path
     * separator, combining the results and filtering out elements
     * that don't exist, aren't readable, or aren't either a regular
     * file or a directory (as specified). Either string may be empty
     * or {@code null}, in which case it is ignored. If both strings
     * are empty or {@code null}, or all elements get pruned out, then
     * this returns a zero-element list.
     */
    private static ArrayList<File> splitPaths(String path1, String path2,
            boolean wantDirectories) {
        ArrayList<File> result = new ArrayList<File>();

        splitAndAdd(path1, wantDirectories, result);
        splitAndAdd(path2, wantDirectories, result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Helper for {@link #splitPaths}, which does the actual splitting
     * and filtering and adding to a result.
     */
    private static void splitAndAdd(String searchPath, boolean directoriesOnly,
            ArrayList<File> resultList) {
        if (searchPath == null) {
            return;
        }
        for (String path : searchPath.split(":")) {
            try {
                StructStat sb = Libcore.os.stat(path);
                if (!directoriesOnly || S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode)) {
                    resultList.add(new File(path));
                }
            } catch (ErrnoException ignored) {
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Makes an array of dex/resource path elements, one per element of
     * the given array.
     */
    private static Element[] makeDexElements(ArrayList<File> files, File optimizedDirectory,
                                             ArrayList<IOException> suppressedExceptions) {
        ArrayList<Element> elements = new ArrayList<Element>();
        /*
         * Open all files and load the (direct or contained) dex files
         * up front.
         */
        for (File file : files) {
            File zip = null;
            DexFile dex = null;
            String name = file.getName();

            if (file.isDirectory()) {
                // We support directories for looking up resources.
                // This is only useful for running libcore tests.
                elements.add(new Element(file, true, null, null));
            } else if (file.isFile()){
                if (name.endsWith(DEX_SUFFIX)) {
                    // Raw dex file (not inside a zip/jar).
                    try {
                        dex = loadDexFile(file, optimizedDirectory);
                    } catch (IOException ex) {
                        System.logE("Unable to load dex file: " + file, ex);
                    }
                } else {
                    zip = file;

                    try {
                        dex = loadDexFile(file, optimizedDirectory);
                    } catch (IOException suppressed) {
                        /*
                         * IOException might get thrown "legitimately" by the DexFile constructor if
                         * the zip file turns out to be resource-only (that is, no classes.dex file
                         * in it).
                         * Let dex == null and hang on to the exception to add to the tea-leaves for
                         * when findClass returns null.
                         */
                        suppressedExceptions.add(suppressed);
                    }
                }
            } else {
                System.logW("ClassLoader referenced unknown path: " + file);
            }

            if ((zip != null) || (dex != null)) {
                elements.add(new Element(file, false, zip, dex));
            }
        }

        return elements.toArray(new Element[elements.size()]);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a {@code DexFile} instance, as appropriate depending
     * on whether {@code optimizedDirectory} is {@code null}.
     */
    private static DexFile loadDexFile(File file, File optimizedDirectory)
            throws IOException {
        if (optimizedDirectory == null) {
            return new DexFile(file);
        } else {
            String optimizedPath = optimizedPathFor(file, optimizedDirectory);
            return DexFile.loadDex(file.getPath(), optimizedPath, 0);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Converts a dex/jar file path and an output directory to an
     * output file path for an associated optimized dex file.
     */
    private static String optimizedPathFor(File path,
            File optimizedDirectory) {
        /*
         * Get the filename component of the path, and replace the
         * suffix with ".dex" if that's not already the suffix.
         *
         * We don't want to use ".odex", because the build system uses
         * that for files that are paired with resource-only jar
         * files. If the VM can assume that there's no classes.dex in
         * the matching jar, it doesn't need to open the jar to check
         * for updated dependencies, providing a slight performance
         * boost at startup. The use of ".dex" here matches the use on
         * files in /data/dalvik-cache.
         */
        String fileName = path.getName();
        if (!fileName.endsWith(DEX_SUFFIX)) {
            int lastDot = fileName.lastIndexOf(".");
            if (lastDot < 0) {
                fileName += DEX_SUFFIX;
            } else {
                StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(lastDot + 4);
                sb.append(fileName, 0, lastDot);
                sb.append(DEX_SUFFIX);
                fileName = sb.toString();
            }
        }

        File result = new File(optimizedDirectory, fileName);
        return result.getPath();
    }

    /**
     * Finds the named class in one of the dex files pointed at by
     * this instance. This will find the one in the earliest listed
     * path element. If the class is found but has not yet been
     * defined, then this method will define it in the defining
     * context that this instance was constructed with.
     *
     * @param name of class to find
     * @param suppressed exceptions encountered whilst finding the class
     * @return the named class or {@code null} if the class is not
     * found in any of the dex files
     */
    public Class findClass(String name, List<Throwable> suppressed) {
        for (Element element : dexElements) {
            DexFile dex = element.dexFile;

            if (dex != null) {
                Class clazz = dex.loadClassBinaryName(name, definingContext, suppressed);
                if (clazz != null) {
                    return clazz;
                }
            }
        }
        if (dexElementsSuppressedExceptions != null) {
            suppressed.addAll(Arrays.asList(dexElementsSuppressedExceptions));
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Finds the named resource in one of the zip/jar files pointed at
     * by this instance. This will find the one in the earliest listed
     * path element.
     *
     * @return a URL to the named resource or {@code null} if the
     * resource is not found in any of the zip/jar files
     */
    public URL findResource(String name) {
        for (Element element : dexElements) {
            URL url = element.findResource(name);
            if (url != null) {
                return url;
            }
        }

        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Finds all the resources with the given name, returning an
     * enumeration of them. If there are no resources with the given
     * name, then this method returns an empty enumeration.
     */
    public Enumeration<URL> findResources(String name) {
        ArrayList<URL> result = new ArrayList<URL>();

        for (Element element : dexElements) {
            URL url = element.findResource(name);
            if (url != null) {
                result.add(url);
            }
        }

        return Collections.enumeration(result);
    }

    /**
     * Finds the named native code library on any of the library
     * directories pointed at by this instance. This will find the
     * one in the earliest listed directory, ignoring any that are not
     * readable regular files.
     *
     * @return the complete path to the library or {@code null} if no
     * library was found
     */
    public String findLibrary(String libraryName) {
        String fileName = System.mapLibraryName(libraryName);
        for (File directory : nativeLibraryDirectories) {
            String path = new File(directory, fileName).getPath();
            if (IoUtils.canOpenReadOnly(path)) {
                return path;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Element of the dex/resource file path
     */
    /*package*/ static class Element {
        private final File file;
        private final boolean isDirectory;
        private final File zip;
        private final DexFile dexFile;

        private ZipFile zipFile;
        private boolean initialized;

        public Element(File file, boolean isDirectory, File zip, DexFile dexFile) {
            this.file = file;
            this.isDirectory = isDirectory;
            this.zip = zip;
            this.dexFile = dexFile;
        }

        @Override public String toString() {
            if (isDirectory) {
                return "directory \"" + file + "\"";
            } else if (zip != null) {
                return "zip file \"" + zip + "\"";
            } else {
                return "dex file \"" + dexFile + "\"";
            }
        }

        public synchronized void maybeInit() {
            if (initialized) {
                return;
            }

            initialized = true;

            if (isDirectory || zip == null) {
                return;
            }

            try {
                zipFile = new ZipFile(zip);
            } catch (IOException ioe) {
                /*
                 * Note: ZipException (a subclass of IOException)
                 * might get thrown by the ZipFile constructor
                 * (e.g. if the file isn't actually a zip/jar
                 * file).
                 */
                System.logE("Unable to open zip file: " + file, ioe);
                zipFile = null;
            }
        }

        public URL findResource(String name) {
            maybeInit();

            // We support directories so we can run tests and/or legacy code
            // that uses Class.getResource.
            if (isDirectory) {
                File resourceFile = new File(file, name);
                if (resourceFile.exists()) {
                    try {
                        return resourceFile.toURI().toURL();
                    } catch (MalformedURLException ex) {
                        throw new RuntimeException(ex);
                    }
                }
            }

            if (zipFile == null || zipFile.getEntry(name) == null) {
                /*
                 * Either this element has no zip/jar file (first
                 * clause), or the zip/jar file doesn't have an entry
                 * for the given name (second clause).
                 */
                return null;
            }

            try {
                /*
                 * File.toURL() is compliant with RFC 1738 in
                 * always creating absolute path names. If we
                 * construct the URL by concatenating strings, we
                 * might end up with illegal URLs for relative
                 * names.
                 */
                return new URL("jar:" + file.toURL() + "!/" + name);
            } catch (MalformedURLException ex) {
                throw new RuntimeException(ex);
            }
        }
    }
}