android 的MVVM模型--Data Binding
2015-06-30 13:32
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小结:
以前我们要设置数据都是需要通过findviewbyId()的形式去找到view,然后再设置view的数据。这个过程谷歌正在尝试把他简单点,直接设置。
看下下面这个界面的设置Textview的text属性的代码
直接向界面写数据了。不过目前这个还算刚起步,还是有很多不足的地方
目前第三方的有:RoboBinding ,
EffectiveAndroidUI 等几个有名的MVP/MVVM模型的支持框架
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <layout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"> <data> <variable name="user" type="com.example.User"/> </data> <LinearLayout android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent"> <TextView android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="@{user.firstName}"/> <TextView android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="@{user.lastName}"/> </LinearLayout> </layout>
-----------------下面是官方的使用介绍---------------------------
Data Binding Guide
In this document:
Build EnvironmentData Binding Layout Files
Writing your first data binding
expressions
Data Object
Binding Data
Layout Details
Imports
Variables
Custom Binding Class
Names
Includes
Expression Language
Data Objects
Observable Objects
ObservableFields
Observable Collections
Generated Binding
Creating
Views With IDs
Variables
ViewStubs
Advanced Binding
Attribute Setters
Automatic Setters
Renamed Setters
Custom Setters
Converters
Object Conversions
Custom Conversions
This document explains how to use the Data Binding Library to write declarative layouts and minimize the glue code necessary to bind your application logic and layouts.
The Data Binding Library offers both flexibility and broad comnpatibility — it's a support library, so you can use it with all Android platform versions back to Android 2.1 (API level 7+).
To use data binding, Android Plugin for Gradle 1.3.0-beta1 or higher is required.
Beta release
Please note that the Data Binding library is a beta release. While Data Binding is in beta, developers should be aware of the following caveats:This is a beta release of the feature intended to generate developer feedback. It might contain bugs, and it might not work for your use case, so use it at your own risk. That said, we do want your feedback! Please let us know
what is or isn’t working for you using the issue tracker.
The Data Binding library beta release is subject to significant changes, including those which are not source code compatible with your app. That is, significant rework may be required to take updates to the library in the future.
Developers should feel free to publish apps built with the Data Binding library beta release, with the caveats that the standard Android SDK and Google Play terms of service apply, and it’s always a great idea to test your app
thoroughly when adopting new libraries or tools.
We’re just getting started with Android Studio support at this time. Further Android Studio support will come in the future.
By using the Data Binding library beta release, you acknowledge these caveats.
Build Environment
To get started with Data Binding, download the library from the Support repository in the Android SDK manager.The Data Binding plugin requires Android Plugin for Gradle 1.3.0-beta1 or higher, so update your build dependencies (in
build.gradle) as needed.
Also, make sure you are using a compatible version of Android Studio. Android Studio 1.3 adds the code-completion and layout-preview support for data binding.
Setting Up Work Environment:
To set up your application to use data binding, add data binding to the class path of your
build.gradlefile, right below "android".
dependencies { classpath "com.android.tools.build:gradle:1.3.0-beta1" classpath "com.android.databinding:dataBinder:1.0-rc0" } }
Then make sure jcenter is in the repositories list for your sub projects.
allprojects { repositories { jcenter() } }
In each module you want to use data binding, apply the plugin right after android plugin
apply plugin: ‘com.android.application' apply plugin: 'com.android.databinding'
The data binding plugin is going to add necessary provided and compile configuration dependencies to your project.
Data Binding Layout Files
Writing your first data binding expressions
Data-binding layout files are slightly different and start with a root tag of layout followed by a data element and a viewroot element. This view element is whatyour root would be in a non-binding layout file. A sample file looks like this:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <layout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"> <data> <variable name="user" type="com.example.User"/> </data> <LinearLayout android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent"> <TextView android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="@{user.firstName}"/> <TextView android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="@{user.lastName}"/> </LinearLayout> </layout>
The user variable within data describes a property that may be used within this layout.
<variable name="user" type="com.example.User"/>
Expressions within the layout are written in the attribute properties using the “
@{}” syntax. Here, the TextView’s text is set to the firstName property of user:
<TextView android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="@{user.firstName}"/>
Data Object
Let’s assume for now that you have a plain-old Java object (POJO) for User:public class User { public final String firstName; public final String lastName; public User(String firstName, String lastName) { this.firstName = firstName; this.lastName = lastName; } }
This type of object has data that never changes. It is common in applications to have data that is read once and never changes thereafter. It is also possible to use a JavaBeans objects:
public class User { private final String firstName; private final String lastName; public User(String firstName, String lastName) { this.firstName = firstName; this.lastName = lastName; } public String getFirstName() { return this.firstName; } public String getLastName() { return this.lastName; } }
From the perspective of data binding, these two classes are equivalent. The expression
@{user.firstName}used for the TextView’s
android:textattribute
will access the
firstNamefield in the former class and the
getFirstName()method in the latter class.
Binding Data
By default, a Binding class will be generated based on the name of the layout file, converting it to Pascal case and suffixing “Binding” to it. The above layout file was activity_main.xmlso
the generate class was
ActivityMainBinding. This class holds all the bindings from the layout properties (e.g. the
uservariable) to the layout’s Views and knows how to assign values for the binding expressions.The
easiest means for creating the bindings is to do it while inflating:
@Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); ActivityMainBinding binding = DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this, R.layout.main_activity); User user = new User("Test", "User"); binding.setUser(user); }
You’re done! Run the application and you’ll see Test User in the UI. Alternatively, you can get the view via:
MainActivityBinding binding = MainActivityBinding.inflate(getLayoutInflater());
If you are using data binding items inside a ListView or RecyclerView adapter, you may prefer to use:
ListItemBinding binding = ListItemBinding.inflate(layoutInflater, viewGroup, false); //or ListItemBinding binding = DataBindingUtil.inflate(layoutInflater, R.layout.list_item, viewGroup, false);
Layout Details
Imports
Zero or more importelements may be used inside the
dataelement. These allow easy reference to classes inside your layout file, just
like in Java.
<data> <import type="android.view.View"/> </data>
Now, View may be used within your binding expression:
<TextView android:text="@{user.lastName}" android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:visibility="@{user.isAdult ? View.VISIBLE : View.GONE}"/>
When there are class name conflicts, one of the classes may be renamed to an “alias:”
<import type="android.view.View"/> <import type="com.example.real.estate.View" alias="Vista"/>
Now,
Vistamay be used to reference the
com.example.real.estate.Viewand
Viewmay be used to reference
android.view.Viewwithin
the layout file. Imported types may be used as type references in variables and expressions:
<data> <import type="com.example.User"/> <import type="java.util.List"/> <variable name="user" type="User"/> <variable name="userList" type="List<User>"/> </data>
Note: Android Studio does not yet handle imports so the autocomplete for imported variables may not work in your IDE. Your application will still compile fine and you can work around the IDE issue by using fully qualified names in your variable
definitions.
<TextView android:text="@{((User)(user.connection)).lastName}" android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>
Imported types may also be used when referencing static fields and methods in expressions:
<data> <import type="com.example.MyStringUtils"/> <variable name="user" type="com.example.User"/> </data> … <TextView android:text="@{MyStringUtils.capitalize(user.lastName)}" android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>
Just as in Java,
java.lang.*is imported automatically.
Variables
Any number of variableelements may be used inside the
dataelement. Each
variableelement describes
a property that may be set on the layout to be used in binding expressions within the layout file.
<data> <import type="android.graphics.drawable.Drawable"/> <variable name="user" type="com.example.User"/> <variable name="image" type="Drawable"/> <variable name="note" type="String"/> </data>
The variable types are inspected at compile time, so if a variable implements Observable or
is an observable collection, that should be reflected in the type. If the variable is a base
class or interface that does not implement the Observable* interface, the variables will not be observed!
When there are different layout files for various configurations (e.g. landscape or portrait), the variables will be combined. There must not be conflicting variable definitions between these layout files.
The generated binding class will have a setter and getter for each of the described variables. The variables will take the default Java values until the setter is called —
nullfor reference
types,
0for
int,
falsefor
boolean, etc.
Custom Binding Class Names
By default, a Binding class is generated based on the name of the layout file, starting it with upper-case, removing underscores ( _ ) and capitalizing the following letter and then suffixing “Binding”. This classwill be placed in a databinding package under the module package. For example, the layout file
contact_item.xmlwill generate
ContactItemBinding. If the module package is
com.example.my.app,
then it will be placed in
com.example.my.app.databinding.
Binding classes may be renamed or placed in different packages by adjusting the
classattribute of the
dataelement. For example:
<data class="ContactItem"> ... </data>
This generates the binding class as
ContactItemin the databinding package in the module package. If the class should be generated in a different package within the module package, it may be
prefixed with “.”:
<data class=".ContactItem"> ... </data>
In this case,
ContactItemis generated in the module package directly. Any package may be used if the full package is provided:
<data class="com.example.ContactItem"> ... </data>
Includes
Variables may be passed into an included layout's binding from the containing layout by using the application namespace and the variable name in an attribute:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <layout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" xmlns:bind="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"> <data> <variable name="user" type="com.example.User"/> </data> <LinearLayout android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent"> <include layout="@layout/name" bind:user="@{user}"/> <include layout="@layout/contact" bind:user="@{user}"/> </LinearLayout> </layout>
Here, there must be a
uservariable in both the
name.xmland
contact.xmllayout files.
Expression Language
Common Features
The expression language looks a lot like a Java expression. These are the same:Mathematical
+ - / * %
String concatenation
+
Logical
&& ||
Binary
&
|
^
Unary
+ - ! ~
Shift
>> >>> <<
Comparison
== > < >= <=
instanceof
Grouping
()
Literals - character, String, numeric,
null
Cast
Method calls
Field access
Array access
[]
Ternary operator
?:
Examples:
android:text="@{String.valueOf(index + 1)}" android:visibility="@{age < 13 ? View.GONE : View.VISIBLE}" android:transitionName='@{"image_" + id}'
Missing Operations
A few operations are missing from the expression syntax that you can use in Java.this
super
new
Explicit generic invocation
Null Coalescing Operator
The null coalescing operator (??) chooses the left operand if it is not null or the right if it is null.
android:text="@{user.displayName ?? user.lastName}"
This is functionally equivalent to:
android:text="@{user.displayName != null ? user.displayName : user.lastName}"
Property Reference
The first was already discussed in the Writingyour first data binding expressions above: short form JavaBean references. When an expression references a property on a class, it uses the same format for fields, getters, and ObservableFields.
android:text="@{user.lastName}"
Avoiding NullPointerException
Generated data binding code automatically checks for nulls and avoid null pointer exceptions. For example, in the expression@{user.name}, if
useris null,
user.namewill
be assigned its default value (null). If you were referencing
user.age, where age is an
int, then it would default to 0.
Collections
Common collections: arrays, lists, sparse lists, and maps, may be accessed using the []operator for convenience.
<data> <import type="android.util.SparseArray"/> <import type="java.util.Map"/> <import type="java.util.List"/> <variable name="list" type="List<String>"/> <variable name="sparse" type="SparseArray<String>"/> <variable name="map" type="Map<String, String>"/> <variable name="index" type="int"/> <variable name="key" type="String"/> </data> … android:text="@{list[index]}" … android:text="@{sparse[index]}" … android:text="@{map[key]}"
String Literals
When using single quotes around the attribute value, it is easy to use double quotes in the expression:android:text='@{map["firstName"]}'
It is also possible to use double quotes to surround the attribute value. When doing so, String literals should either use the " or back quote (`).
android:text="@{map[`firstName`}" android:text="@{map["firstName"]}"
Resources
It is possible to access resources as part of expressions using the normal syntax:android:padding="@{large? @dimen/largePadding : @dimen/smallPadding}"
Format strings and plurals may be evaluated by providing parameters:
android:text="@{@string/nameFormat(firstName, lastName)}" android:text="@{@plurals/banana(bananaCount)}"
When a plural takes multiple parameters, all parameters should be passed:
Have an orange Have %d oranges android:text="@{@plurals/orange(orangeCount, orangeCount)}"
Some resources require explicit type evaluation.
Type | Normal Reference | Expression Reference |
---|---|---|
String[] | @array | @stringArray |
int[] | @array | @intArray |
TypedArray | @array | @typedArray |
Animator | @animator | @animator |
StateListAnimator | @animator | @stateListAnimator |
color int | @color | @color |
ColorStateList | @color | @colorStateList |
Data Objects
Any plain old Java object (POJO) may be used for data binding, but modifying a POJO will not cause the UI to update. The real power of data binding can be used by giving your data objects the ability to notify whendata changes. There are three different data change notification mechanisms,
Observableobjects,
ObservableFields, and
observable collections.
When one of these observable data object is bound to the UI and a property of the data object changes, the UI will be updated automatically.
Observable Objects
A class implementing android.databinding.Observableinterface will allow the binding to attach a single listener to a bound object to listen for changes of all properties on that object.
The
Observableinterface has a mechanism to add and remove listeners, but notifying is up to the developer. To make development easier, a base class,
BaseObservable,was
created to implement the listener registration mechanism. The data class implementer is still responsible for notifying when the properties change. This is done by assigning a
Bindableannotation to the getter and notifying in the setter.
private static class User extends BaseObservable { private String firstName; private String lastName; @Bindable public String getFirstName() { return this.firstName; } @Bindable public String getFirstName() { return this.lastName; } public void setFirstName(String firstName) { this.firstName = firstName; notifyPropertyChanged(BR.firstName); } public void setLastName(String lastName) { this.lastName = lastName; notifyPropertyChanged(BR.lastName); } }
The
Bindableannotation generates an entry in the BR class file during compilation. The BR class file will be generated in the module package.If the base class for data classes cannot be changed,
the
Observableinterface may be implemented using the convenient
PropertyChangeRegistryto store and notify listeners efficiently.
ObservableFields
A little work is involved in creating Observable classes, so developers who want to save time or have few properties may use ObservableFields. ObservableFields are self-contained observable objects that have a singlefield. There are versions for all primitive types and one for reference types. To use, create a public final field in the data class:
private static class User extends BaseObservable { public final ObservableField<String> firstName = new ObservableField<>(); public final ObservableField<String> lastName = new ObservableField<>(); public final ObservableInt age = new ObservableInt(); }
That's it! To access the value, use the set and get accessor methods:
user.firstName.set("Google"); int age = user.age.get();
Observable Collections
Some applications use more dynamic structures to hold data. Observable collections allow keyed access to these data objects.ObservableArrayMap is useful when the key is a reference type, such as String.ObservableArrayMap<String, Object> user = new ObservableArrayMap<>(); user.put("firstName", "Google"); user.put("lastName", "Inc."); user.put("age", 17);
In the layout, the map may be accessed through the String keys:
<data> <import type="android.databinding.ObservableMap"/> <variable name="user" type="ObservableMap<String, Object>"/> </data> … <TextView android:text='@{user["lastName"]}' android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"/> <TextView android:text='@{String.valueOf(1 + (Integer)user["age"])}' android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>
ObservableArrayList is useful when the key is an integer:
ObservableArrayList<Object> user = new ObservableArrayList<>(); user.add("Google"); user.add("Inc."); user.add(17);
In the layout, the list may be accessed through the indices:
<data> <import type="android.databinding.ObservableList"/> <import type="com.example.my.app.Fields"/> <variable name="user" type="ObservableList<Object>"/> </data> … <TextView android:text='@{user[Fields.LAST_NAME]}' android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"/> <TextView android:text='@{String.valueOf(1 + (Integer)user[Fields.AGE])}' android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>
Generated Binding
The generated binding class links the layout variables with the Views within the layout. As discussed earlier, the name and package of the Binding may be customized.The Generated binding classes all extend
android.databinding.ViewDataBinding.
Creating
The binding should be created soon after inflation to ensure that the View hierarchy is not disturbed prior to binding to the Views with expressions within the layout. There are a few ways to bind to a layout. Themost common is to use the static methods on the Binding class.The inflate method inflates the View hierarchy and binds to it all it one step. There is a simpler version that only takes a
LayoutInflaterand one that takes a
ViewGroupas
well:
MyLayoutBinding binding = MyLayoutBinding.inflate(layoutInflater); MyLayoutBinding binding = MyLayoutBinding.inflate(LayoutInflater, viewGroup, false);
If the layout was inflated using a different mechanism, it may be bound separately:
MyLayoutBinding binding = MyLayoutBinding.bind(viewRoot);
Sometimes the binding cannot be known in advance. In such cases, the binding can be created using the DataBindingUtil class:
ViewDataBinding binding = DataBindingUtil.inflate(LayoutInflater, layoutId, parent, attachToParent); ViewDataBinding binding = DataBindingUtil.bindTo(viewRoot, layoutId);
Views With IDs
A public final field will be generated for each View with an ID in the layout. The binding does a single pass on the View hierarchy, extracting the Views with IDs. This mechanism can be faster than calling findViewByIdfor several Views. For example:
<layout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"> <data> <variable name="user" type="com.example.User"/> </data> <LinearLayout android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent"> <TextView android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="@{user.firstName}" android:id="@+id/firstName"/> <TextView android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="@{user.lastName}" android:id="@+id/lastName"/> </LinearLayout> </layout>
Will generate a binding class with:
public final TextView firstName; public final TextView lastName;
IDs are not nearly as necessary as without data binding, but there are still some instances where access to Views are still necessary from code.
Variables
Each variable will be given accessor methods.<data> <import type="android.graphics.drawable.Drawable"/> <variable name="user" type="com.example.User"/> <variable name="image" type="Drawable"/> <variable name="note" type="String"/> </data>
will generate setters and getters in the binding:
public abstract com.example.User getUser(); public abstract void setUser(com.example.User user); public abstract Drawable getImage(); public abstract void setImage(Drawable image); public abstract String getNote(); public abstract void setNote(String note);
ViewStubs
ViewStubs are a little different from normal Views. They start off invisible and when they either are made visible or are explicitly told to inflate, they replace themselves in the layout by inflating another layout.Because the ViewStub essentially disappears from the View hierarchy, the View in the binding object must also disappear to allow collection. Because the Views are final, a ViewStubProxy object takes the place of
the ViewStub, giving the developer access to the ViewStub when it exists and also access to the inflated View hierarchy when the ViewStub has been inflated.
When inflating another layout, a binding must be established for the new layout. Therefore, the ViewStubProxy must listen to the ViewStub's OnInflateListener and establish the binding at that time. Since only one
can exist, the ViewStubProxy allows the developer to set an OnInflateListener on it that it will call after establishing the binding.
Advanced Binding
Dynamic Variables
At times, the specific binding class won't be known. For example, a RecyclerView Adapter operating against arbitrary layouts won't know the specific binding class. It still must assign the binding value during theonBindViewHolder.
In this example, all layouts that the RecyclerView binds to have an "item" variable. The BindingHolder has a getBinding method returning the
ViewDataBindingbase.
public void onBindViewHolder(BindingHolder holder, int position) { final T item = mItems.get(position); holder.getBinding().setVariable(BR.item, item); holder.getBinding().executePendingBindings(); }
Immediate Binding
When a variable or observable changes, the binding will be scheduled to change before the next frame. There are times, however, when binding must be executed immediately. To force execution, use the executePendingBindings()method.
Background Thread
You can change your data model in a background thread as long as it is not a collection. Data binding will localize each variable / field while evaluating to avoid any concurrency issues.
Attribute Setters
Whenever a bound value changes, the generated binding class must call a setter method on the View with the binding expression. The data binding framework has ways to customize which method to call to set the value.
Automatic Setters
For an attribute, data binding tries to find the method setAttribute. The namespace for the attribute does not matter, only the attribute name itself.For example, an expression associated with TextView's attribute
android:textwill look for a setText(String). If the expression returns an int, data binding will search for
a setText(int) method. Be careful to have the expression return the correct type, casting if necessary. Note that data binding will work even if no attribute exists with the given name. You can then easily "create" attributes for any setter by using data binding.
For example, support DrawerLayout doesn't have any attributes, but plenty of setters. You can use the automatic setters to use one of these.
<android.support.v4.widget.DrawerLayout android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" app:scrimColor="@{@color/scrim}" app:drawerListener="@{fragment.drawerListener}"/>
Renamed Setters
Some attributes have setters that don't match by name. For these methods, an attribute may be associated with the setter through BindingMethods annotation. This must be associated with a class and contains BindingMethodannotations, one for each renamed method. For example, the
android:tintattribute is really associated with setImageTintList, not setTint.
@BindingMethods({ @BindingMethod(type = "android.widget.ImageView", attribute = "android:tint", method = "setImageTintList"), })
It is unlikely that developers will need to rename setters; the android framework attributes have already been implemented.
Custom Setters
Some attributes need custom binding logic. For example, there is no associated setter for the android:paddingLeftattribute. Instead,
setPadding(left, top, right, bottom)exists. A static binding adapter method with the
BindingAdapterannotation allows the developer to customize how a setter for an attribute is called.
The android attributes have already had
BindingAdapters created. For example, here is the one for
paddingLeft:
@BindingAdapter("android:paddingLeft") public static void setPaddingLeft(View view, int padding) { view.setPadding(padding, view.getPaddingTop(), view.getPaddingRight(), view.getPaddingBottom()); }
Binding adapters are useful for other types of customization. For example, a custom loader can be called off-thread to load an image.
Developer-created binding adapters will override the data binding default adapters when there is a conflict.
You can also have adapters that receive multiple parameters.
@BindingAdapter({"bind:imageUrl", "bind:error"}) public static void loadImage(ImageView view, String url, Drawable error) { Picasso.with(view.getContext()).load(url).error(error).into(view); }
<ImageView app:imageUrl=“@{venue.imageUrl}” app:error=“@{@drawable/venueError}”/>
This adapter will be called if both imageUrl and error are used for an ImageView and imageUrl is a string and error is a drawable.
Custom namespaces are ignored during matching.
You can also write adapters for android namespace.
Converters
Object Conversions
When an Object is returned from a binding expression, a setter will be chosen from the automatic, renamed, and custom setters. The Object will be cast to a parameter type of the chosen setter.This is a convenience for those using ObservableMaps to hold data. for example:
<TextView android:text='@{userMap["lastName"]}' android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>
The
userMapreturns an Object and that Object will be automatically cast to parameter type found in the setter
setText(CharSequence). When there may be confusion about
the parameter type, the developer will need to cast in the expression.
Custom Conversions
Sometimes conversions should be automatic between specific types. For example, when setting the background:<View android:background="@{isError ? @color/red : @color/white}" android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>
Here, the background takes a
Drawable, but the color is an integer. Whenever a
Drawableis expected and an integer is returned, the
intshould be
converted to a
ColorDrawable. This conversion is done using a static method with a BindingConversion annotation:
@BindingConversion public static ColorDrawable convertColorToDrawable(int color) { return new ColorDrawable(color); }
Note that conversions only happen at the setter level, so it is not allowed to mix types like this:
<View android:background="@{isError ? @drawable/error : @color/white}" android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>
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