Ubuntu中安装Git及其相关的配置

Ubuntu中安装Git及其相关的配置

Github的服务主要用来托管代码和协同写作。对于我等非码农用来在Ubuntu中同步和安装相关软件的最新版本（现在许多软件的最新版都托管到Github上了）也是很有用的。本文记录在Ubuntu中安装Git并托管和安装代码软件的简单步骤笔记。不同其他软件，在Ubuntu中安装Git不会产生图标～

下载和安装Git软件

$ sudo apt-get install git

配置Git软件并基于SSH生产密钥

首先在Git软件中配置自己在Github上建立的帐号的用户名和邮件地址。如果没有可以到Github上去注册先。

$ git config --global user.name "Your Name Here"
# Sets the default name for git to use when you commit
$ git config --global user.email "your_email@youremail.com"
# Sets the default email for git to use when you commit

然后检查系统中是否已经有了一个SSH密钥：

$ cd ~/.ssh
# Checks to see if there is a directory named ".ssh" in your user directory

如果显示“No such file or directory”，则没有，需要重新建立。如果有的话，可以先备份老的密钥然后移除：

$ ls
# Lists all the subdirectories in the current directory
# config  id_rsa  id_rsa.pub  known_hosts
mkdir key_backup
# Makes a subdirectory called "key_backup" in the current directory
cp id_rsa* key_backup
# Copies the id_rsa keypair into key_backup
rm id_rsa*
# Deletes the id_rsa keypair

然后产生一个新的SSH密钥。当提示“Enter a file in which to save the key”时仅仅按Enter就可以保持默认设置，即存在自己的家目录下（“you”换成自己的Ubuntu帐号名，下同）。邮件地址与前面的和Github帐号中的相同：

$ ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "your_email@youremail.com"
# Creates a new ssh key using the provided email
# Generating public/private rsa key pair.
# Enter file in which to save the key (/home/you/.ssh/id_rsa):

回车后会提示输入密码并确认密码：

Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): [Type a passphrase]
# Enter same passphrase again: [Type passphrase again]

然后看到类似这样的信息即表明密钥生成成功了：

Your identification has been saved in /home/you/.ssh/id_rsa.
# Your public key has been saved in /home/you/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
# The key fingerprint is:
# 01:0f:f4:3b:ca:85:d6:17:a1:7d:f0:68:9d:f0:a2:db your_email@youremail.com

在Github服务器端输入SSH密钥并检测连接的成功性

登录自己的Github帐号，进入“Account settings/SSH Keys”，输入刚才产生的密钥即可。如果不知道怎么粘贴密钥，可以利用xclip这个软件：

$ sudo apt-get install xclip
# Downloads and installs xclip
xclip -sel clip < ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
# Copies the contents of the id_rsa.pub file to your clipboard

然后就可以尝试着检测一下SSH连接git到Github服务器了：

$ ssh -T git@github.com
# Attempts to ssh to github

可能会看到这样的警告，但没有关系，输入“yes”回车：

The authenticity of host 'github.com (207.97.227.239)' can't be established.
# RSA key fingerprint is 16:27:ac:a5:76:28:2d:36:63:1b:56:4d:eb:df:a6:48.
# Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?

最后就可以看到这样的连接成功的消息了：

Hi username! You've successfully authenticated, but GitHub does not
# provide shell access.

简单的上传下载方法

上传一个文件到Github，先需要在Github建立一个repo，然后上传。例如建立“Hello-world”文件并上传到刚建立的repo：

$ mkdir ~/Hello-World
# Creates a directory for your project called "Hello-World" in your user directory
cd ~/Hello-World
# Changes the current working directory to your newly created directory
git init
# Sets up the necessary Git files
# Initialized empty Git repository in /Users/you/Hello-World/.git/
touch README
# Creates a file called "README" in your Hello-World directory

上传建立的Hello-world文件，其中Hello-World为刚开始在Github上建立的repo：

$ git add README
# Stages your README file, adding it to the list of files to be committed
git commit -m 'first commit'
# Commits your files, adding the message "first commit"

$ git remote add origin https://github.com/username/Hello-World.git # Creates a remote named "origin" pointing at your GitHub repo
git push origin master
# Sends your commits in the "master" branch to GitHub

如果看到别人的好东西需要下载的话，先Fork别人的repo，然后Clone到你的电脑（当然也可以不Fork直接的Clone）：

$ git clone https://github.com/username/Spoon-Knife.git # Clones your fork of the repo into the current directory in terminal

本文内容参考Github，当然这是最最基础的，其他的可以参考Github上的更详细的教程。