Oracle 备份与恢复学习笔记（4）

第四章：手工备份

1、备份的分类:

    物理备份：备份database的数据文件、控制文件、参数文件等（备份database的物理结构），可以用于任何形式的failure。

   1) 手工备份：通过OS 的命令，对要备份的文件拷贝

   2） rman 备份：利用oracle 的备份工具rman 备份（或其他备份软件）

    逻辑备份：只备份database 的object的数据结构和数据（如对单个表的备份），不能用于media failure ，只能恢复到备份点。

     1) exp/imp

     2)expd/impd

   

    -------完整的备份应该以物理备份为主，逻辑备份辅助（用于备份一些重要的表）

2、手工备份：

    1）数据库全备：备份database的所有数据块（datafiles、controlfile）

    2）部分备份：只备份单个表空间或datafile(archivelog 模式）

    3）一致性备份（冷备份）：在数据库正常关闭情况下做备份，数据库处于一致性状态。（可以用于archive和noarchive）

    4）非一致性备份（热备份）：database 在open状态下备份（用于archive 模式）

3、一致性备份和非一致性备份的区别

4、手工备份和恢复的命令

    1）备份用os 命令

    2）恢复用sql命令:recover

   

5、备份之前对数据库的检查:v$datafile\v$controlfile\v$logfile\dba_tablespaces\dba_data_files

   1)检查需要备份的数据文件

   10:50:10 SQL> select name from v$datafile;                                                                                              

NAME

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/system01.dbf

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/users01.dbf

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/sysaux01.dbf

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/users01.dbf

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/example01.dbf

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/test01.dbf

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/undo_tbs01.dbf

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/users02.dbf

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/users03.dbf

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/users04.dbf

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/index01.dbf

11 rows selected.

10:49:47 SQL> col file_name  for a50                                                                                                    

10:49:57 SQL> select file_id,file_name,tablespace_name from dba_data_files;                                                             

   FILE_ID FILE_NAME                                          TABLESPACE_NAME

---------- -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------

         4 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/users01.dbf           USERS

         3 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/sysaux01.dbf          SYSAUX

         2 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/users01.dbf                USER01

         1 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/system01.dbf          SYSTEM

         5 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/example01.dbf         EXAMPLE

         6 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/test01.dbf            TEST

         7 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/undo_tbs01.dbf        UNDO_TBS

         8 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/users02.dbf                USER02

         9 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/users03.dbf                USER03

        10 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/users04.dbf                USER04

        11 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/index01.dbf           INDEXES

11 rows selected.

 2） 检查要备份控制文件

 11:00:07 SQL> select name from v$controlfile;                                                                                           

NAME

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/control02.ctl

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/control03.ctl

-------redo日志不需要做备份

------- 查看日志信息

11:00:43 SQL> select * from v$log;                                                                                                      

    GROUP#    THREAD#  SEQUENCE#      BYTES    MEMBERS ARC STATUS           FIRST_CHANGE# FIRST_TIM

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --- ---------------- ------------- ---------

         1          1         32   52428800          1 NO  CURRENT                1128307 15-AUG-11

         2          1         30   52428800          1 YES INACTIVE               1082762 15-AUG-11

         3          1         31   52428800          1 YES INACTIVE               1108037 15-AUG-11

11:01:20 SQL> select member from v$logfile;                                                                                             

MEMBER

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/redo03.log

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/redo02.log

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/redo01.log

   3）查看database模式

11:01:26 SQL> archive log list;                                                                                                         

Database log mode              Archive Mode

Automatic archival             Enabled

Archive destination            /disk1/arch/prod

Oldest online log sequence     30

Next log sequence to archive   32

Current log sequence           32

11:01:53 SQL>

6、归档和非归档模式备份的区别

     1）归档模式可以做一致性备份和非一致性备份，恢复时可做完全恢复和不完全恢复。

     2）非归档模式只能用于一致性完全备份，恢复时，只能恢复到最后一次完全备份状态

7、非一致性备份（热备份）的执行方式及热备份的监控（v$backup）

        ---------对只读的表空间不能做热备份，临时表空间不需要备份

       1）在备份前执行begin backup （在数据文件上生成检查点，写入scn ，将来恢复的时候以此scn 为起点）

          11:01:26 SQL> atler database begin backup ；  //对整个库做热备份

                                  alter database end backup；

                       

                        alter  tablespace users begin backup；//对表空间做备份

                        alter  tablespace users end backup；

       2）备份期间利用v$backup 监控

       11:14:33 SQL> alter tablespace test begin backup;                                                                                       

Tablespace altered.

11:14:42 SQL> select file#,checkpoint_change# from v$datafile_header;                                                                   

     FILE# CHECKPOINT_CHANGE#

---------- ------------------

         1            1128308

         2            1128308

         3            1128308

         4            1128308

         5            1128308

         6            1130194              //在备份期间 ，scn 不发生变化

         7            1128308

         8            1128308

         9            1128308

        10            1128308

        11            1128308

11 rows selected.

11:14:56 SQL> desc v$backup;                                                                                                            

 Name                                                              Null?    Type

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- -------- --------------------------------------------

 FILE#                                                                      NUMBER

 STATUS                                                                     VARCHAR2(18)

 CHANGE#                                                                    NUMBER

 TIME                                                                       DATE

11:15:04 SQL> select * from v$backup;                                                                                                   

     FILE# STATUS                CHANGE# TIME

---------- ------------------ ---------- ---------

         1 NOT ACTIVE                  0

         2 NOT ACTIVE                  0

         3 NOT ACTIVE                  0

         4 NOT ACTIVE                  0

         5 NOT ACTIVE                  0

         6 ACTIVE                1130194 15-AUG-11

         7 NOT ACTIVE                  0

         8 NOT ACTIVE                  0

         9 NOT ACTIVE                  0

        10 NOT ACTIVE                  0

        11 NOT ACTIVE                  0

11 rows selected.

11:15:08 SQL>

-----------备份完毕，执行end backup

11:15:08 SQL> alter tablespace test end backup;                                                                                         

Tablespace altered.

11:15:54 SQL> select * from v$backup;                                                                                                   

     FILE# STATUS                CHANGE# TIME

---------- ------------------ ---------- ---------

         1 NOT ACTIVE                  0

         2 NOT ACTIVE                  0

         3 NOT ACTIVE                  0

         4 NOT ACTIVE                  0

         5 NOT ACTIVE                  0

         6 NOT ACTIVE            1130194 15-AUG-11

         7 NOT ACTIVE                  0

         8 NOT ACTIVE                  0

         9 NOT ACTIVE                  0

        10 NOT ACTIVE                  0

        11 NOT ACTIVE                  0

11 rows selected.

11:15:57 SQL>

8、控制文件备份

    1） trace 文件：用于控制文件的重建（记录database的物理架构）

       11:15:57 SQL> alter database backup controlfile to trace;                                                                               

Database altered.

    --------生成的trace 文件保存在udump的目录下

   

    2） 二进制文件：用于database不完全恢复（或控制文件的恢复）

   11:20:16 SQL> alter database backup controlfile to '/home/oracle/prod_control.bak';                                                     

Database altered.

 

9、spfile 备份 （pfile）

      1）手工时可以不做备份，可以通过pfile 生成

     23:16:11 SQL> create pfile from spfile;                                                                                                 

                   File created.

      2）rman 自动备份

     

10、dbv检查数据文件是否有坏块

         1）在手工备份前，应该检查datafile 是否有坏块，备份完后对备份也做检查

        

         [oracle@work ~]$ dbv

DBVERIFY: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Aug 15 11:23:45 2011

Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Keyword     Description                    (Default)

----------------------------------------------------

FILE        File to Verify                 (NONE)

START       Start Block                    (First Block of File)

END         End Block                      (Last Block of File)

BLOCKSIZE   Logical Block Size             (8192)

LOGFILE     Output Log                     (NONE)

FEEDBACK    Display Progress               (0)

PARFILE     Parameter File                 (NONE)

USERID      Username/Password              (NONE)

SEGMENT_ID  Segment ID (tsn.relfile.block) (NONE)

HIGH_SCN    Highest Block SCN To Verify    (NONE)

            (scn_wrap.scn_base OR scn)  

           

 [oracle@work ~]$ dbv file=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/system01.dbf

DBVERIFY: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Aug 15 11:24:21 2011

Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

DBVERIFY - Verification starting : FILE = /u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/system01.dbf

DBVERIFY - Verification complete

Total Pages Examined         : 61440

Total Pages Processed (Data) : 36837

Total Pages Failing   (Data) : 0

Total Pages Processed (Index): 6859

Total Pages Failing   (Index): 0

Total Pages Processed (Other): 1695

Total Pages Processed (Seg)  : 0

Total Pages Failing   (Seg)  : 0

Total Pages Empty            : 16049

Total Pages Marked Corrupt   : 0

Total Pages Influx           : 0

Highest block SCN            : 1130761 (0.1130761)

[oracle@work ~]$

 2）rman备份时，会自动检查

 

 

 11、手工备份脚本

     1）一致性备份（冷备份）

    

 #cold backcup

remark set sql*plus variable to manipulate output

set feedback off heading off verify  off trimspool off  echo off time off

set pagesize 0  linesize 200

remark set sql*plus user variable used  in this script

define bakdir='/disk1/backup/prod/close_bak'                             //备份文件的存放位置

define bakscp='/disk1/backup/prod/close_cmd.sql'               //执行备份的脚本，自动生成

prompt *** Spooling to &bakscp

remark  create a command file with  file backup commands

spool &bakscp

  select 'host cp '|| name ||' &bakdir ' from v$datafile order by 1;

  select 'host cp '|| name ||' &bakdir ' from v$controlfile order by 1;

 spool off;

remark   shutdown the database cleanly

shutdown immediate;

remark run the copy file commands form the operating system

@&bakscp

remark start the database again

startup;

    2）非一致性备份（热备份）

set feedback off pagesize 0 heading off verify off linesize 100 trimspool on echo off time off

define bakdir='/disk1/backup/prod/hot_bak'

define bakscp='/disk1/backup/prod/hot_cmd.sql'

define spo='&bakdir/hot_bak.lst'

prompt ***spooling to &bakscp

set serveroutput on

spool &bakscp

prompt spool &spo

prompt alter system switch logfile;;

declare

   cursor cur_tablespace is

      select tablespace_name from dba_tablespaces where status <>'READ ONLY' and contents  not like '%TEMP%';

   cursor  cur_datafile (tn varchar2) is

      select file_name from dba_data_files where tablespace_name=tn;

begin

   for ct in cur_tablespace loop

      dbms_output.put_line('alter tablespace '||ct.tablespace_name ||' begin backup; ');

   for cd in cur_datafile(ct.tablespace_name) loop

      dbms_output.put_line('host cp '||cd.file_name||' &bakdir');

   end loop;

      dbms_output.put_line('alter tablespace '||ct.tablespace_name||' end backup;');

   end loop;

end;

/

prompt archive log list;;

prompt spool off;;

spool off;

@&bakscp

------手工备份会备份database里datafile的所有数据块

06:37:33 SQL> select file#,name,bytes/1024/1024 "Size" from v$datafile;                                                                 

     FILE# NAME                                                     Size

---------- -------------------------------------------------- ----------

         1 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/system01.dbf                 480

         2 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/users01.dbf                  100

         3 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/sysaux01.dbf                 250

         4 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/index01.dbf                  100

         5 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/example01.dbf                100

         6 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/test01.dbf                    10

         7 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/undo_tbs01.dbf               100

         8 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/test02.dbf                    10

         9 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod/cuug01.dbf                    10

9 rows selected.

06:37:47 SQL> !                                                                                                                         

[oracle@work ~]$ ls -lth /disk1/backup/prod/close_bak

total 1.2G

-rw-r-----  1 oracle oinstall 6.8M Aug 17 04:38 control02.ctl

-rw-r-----  1 oracle oinstall 6.8M Aug 17 04:38 control03.ctl

-rw-r-----  1 oracle oinstall 6.8M Aug 17 04:38 control01.ctl

-rw-r-----  1 oracle oinstall 101M Aug 17 04:38 users01.dbf

-rw-r-----  1 oracle oinstall 101M Aug 17 04:38 undo_tbs01.dbf

-rw-r-----  1 oracle oinstall  11M Aug 17 04:38 test01.dbf

-rw-r-----  1 oracle oinstall  11M Aug 17 04:38 test02.dbf

-rw-r-----  1 oracle oinstall 481M Aug 17 04:38 system01.dbf

-rw-r-----  1 oracle oinstall 251M Aug 17 04:37 sysaux01.dbf

-rw-r-----  1 oracle oinstall 101M Aug 17 04:37 index01.dbf

-rw-r-----  1 oracle oinstall 101M Aug 17 04:37 example01.dbf

-rw-r-----  1 oracle oinstall  11M Aug 17 04:37 cuug01.dbf
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