ORA-12547: TNS:lost contact 错误处理

闲来无事，配置一下oracle数据库的随系统自动重启，查阅资料得知，主要需要配置/etc/oratab 和 rc.local。 配置oracle随系统自启动主要使用了$ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbstart文件。先把dbstart的内容贴出来，方便查看

#!/bin/sh
#
# $Id: dbstart.sh 22-may-2008.05:05:45 arogers Exp $
# Copyright (c) 1991, 2008, Oracle. All rights reserved.
#

###################################
#
# usage: dbstart $ORACLE_HOME
#
# This script is used to start ORACLE from /etc/rc(.local).
# It should ONLY be executed as part of the system boot procedure.
#
# This script will start all databases listed in the oratab file
# whose third field is a "Y".  If the third field is set to "Y" and
# there is no ORACLE_SID for an entry (the first field is a *),
# then this script will ignore that entry.
#
# This script requires that ASM ORACLE_SID's start with a +, and
# that non-ASM instance ORACLE_SID's do not start with a +.
#
# If ASM instances are to be started with this script, it cannot
# be used inside an rc*.d directory, and should be invoked from
# rc.local only. Otherwise, the CSS service may not be available
# yet, and this script will block init from completing the boot
# cycle.
#
# If you want dbstart to auto-start a single-instance database that uses
# an ASM server that is auto-started by CRS (this is the default behavior
# for an ASM cluster), you must change the database's ORATAB entry to use
# a third field of "W" and the ASM's ORATAB entry to use a third field of "N".
# These values specify that dbstart auto-starts the database only after
# the ASM instance is up and running.
#
# Note:
# Use ORACLE_TRACE=T for tracing this script.
#
# The progress log for each instance bringup plus Error and Warning message[s]
# are logged in file $ORACLE_HOME/startup.log. The error messages related to
# instance bringup are also logged to syslog (system log module).
# The Listener log is located at $ORACLE_HOME_LISTNER/listener.log
#
# On all UNIX platforms except SOLARIS
# ORATAB=/etc/oratab
#
# To configure, update ORATAB with Instances that need to be started up
#    Entries are of the form:
#    $ORACLE_SID:$ORACLE_HOME:<N|Y|W>:
#    An example entry:
#    main:/usr/lib/oracle/emagent_10g:Y
#
# Overall algorithm:
# 1) Bring up all ASM instances with 'Y' entry in status field in oratab entry
# 2) Bring up all Database instances with 'Y' entry in status field in
#    oratab entry
# 3) If there are Database instances with 'W' entry in status field
#    then
#      iterate over all ASM instances (irrespective of 'Y' or 'N') AND
#      wait for all of them to be started
#    fi
# 4) Bring up all Database instances with 'W' entry in status field in
#    oratab entry
#
#####################################

LOGMSG="logger -puser.alert -s "

trap 'exit' 1 2 3

# for script tracing
case $ORACLE_TRACE in
T) set -x ;;
esac

# Set path if path not set (if called from /etc/rc)
SAVE_PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/etc:${PATH} ; export PATH
SAVE_LLP=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH

# First argument is used to bring up Oracle Net Listener
ORACLE_HOME_LISTNER=$1
if [ ! $ORACLE_HOME_LISTNER ] ; then
echo "ORACLE_HOME_LISTNER is not SET, unable to auto-start Oracle Net Listener"
echo "Usage: $0 ORACLE_HOME"
else
LOG=$ORACLE_HOME_LISTNER/listener.log

# Set the ORACLE_HOME for the Oracle Net Listener, it gets reset to
# a different ORACLE_HOME for each entry in the oratab.
export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_HOME_LISTNER

# Start Oracle Net Listener
if [ -x $ORACLE_HOME_LISTNER/bin/tnslsnr ] ; then
echo "$0: Starting Oracle Net Listener" >> $LOG 2>&1
$ORACLE_HOME_LISTNER/bin/lsnrctl start >> $LOG 2>&1 &
VER10LIST=`$ORACLE_HOME_LISTNER/bin/lsnrctl version | grep "LSNRCTL for " | cut -d' ' -f5 | cut -d'.' -f1`
export VER10LIST
else
echo "Failed to auto-start Oracle Net Listener using $ORACLE_HOME_LISTNER/bin/tnslsnr"
fi
fi

# Set this in accordance with the platform
ORATAB=/etc/oratab
if [ ! $ORATAB ] ; then
echo "$ORATAB not found"
exit 1;
fi

# Checks Version Mismatch between Listener and Database Instance.
# A version 10 listener is required for an Oracle Database 10g database.
# Previous versions of the listener are not supported for use with an Oracle
# Database 10g database. However, it is possible to use a version 10 listener
# with previous versions of the Oracle database.
checkversionmismatch() {
if [ $VER10LIST ] ; then
VER10INST=`sqlplus -V | grep "Release " | cut -d' ' -f3 | cut -d'.' -f1`
if [ $VER10LIST -lt $VER10INST ] ; then
$LOGMSG "Listener version $VER10LIST NOT supported with Database version $VER10INST"
$LOGMSG "Restart Oracle Net Listener using an alternate ORACLE_HOME_LISTNER:"
$LOGMSG "lsnrctl start"
fi
fi
}

# Starts a Database Instance
startinst() {
# Called programs use same database ID
export ORACLE_SID

# Put $ORACLE_HOME/bin into PATH and export.
PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:${SAVE_PATH} ; export PATH
# add for bug # 652997
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${ORACLE_HOME}/lib:${SAVE_LLP} ; export LD_LIBRARY_PATH
PFILE=${ORACLE_HOME}/dbs/init${ORACLE_SID}.ora
SPFILE=${ORACLE_HOME}/dbs/spfile${ORACLE_SID}.ora
SPFILE1=${ORACLE_HOME}/dbs/spfile.ora

echo ""
echo "$0: Starting up database \"$ORACLE_SID\""
date
echo ""

checkversionmismatch

# See if it is a V6 or V7 database
VERSION=undef
if [ -f $ORACLE_HOME/bin/sqldba ] ; then
SQLDBA=sqldba
VERSION=`$ORACLE_HOME/bin/sqldba command=exit | awk '
/SQL\*DBA: (Release|Version)/ {split($3, V, ".") ;
print V[1]}'`
case $VERSION in
"6") ;;
*) VERSION="internal" ;;
esac
else
if [ -f $ORACLE_HOME/bin/svrmgrl ] ; then
SQLDBA=svrmgrl
VERSION="internal"
else
SQLDBA="sqlplus /nolog"
fi
fi

STATUS=1
if [ -f $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/sgadef${ORACLE_SID}.dbf ] ; then
STATUS="-1"
fi
if [ -f $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/sgadef${ORACLE_SID}.ora ] ; then
STATUS="-1"
fi
pmon=`ps -ef | grep -w "ora_pmon_$ORACLE_SID"  | grep -v grep`
if [ "$pmon" != "" ] ; then
STATUS="-1"
$LOGMSG "Warning: ${INST} \"${ORACLE_SID}\" already started."
fi

if [ $STATUS -eq -1 ] ; then
$LOGMSG "Warning: ${INST} \"${ORACLE_SID}\" possibly left running when system went down (system crash?)."
$LOGMSG "Action: Notify Database Administrator."
case $VERSION in
"6")  sqldba "command=shutdown abort" ;;
"internal")  $SQLDBA $args <<EOF
connect internal
shutdown abort
EOF
;;
*)  $SQLDBA $args <<EOF
connect / as sysdba
shutdown abort
quit
EOF
;;
esac

if [ $? -eq 0 ] ; then
STATUS=1
else
$LOGMSG "Error: ${INST} \"${ORACLE_SID}\" NOT started."
fi
fi

if [ $STATUS -eq 1 ] ; then
if [ -e $SPFILE -o -e $SPFILE1 -o -e $PFILE ] ; then
case $VERSION in
"6")  sqldba command=startup ;;
"internal")  $SQLDBA <<EOF
connect internal
startup
EOF
;;
*)  $SQLDBA <<EOF
connect / as sysdba
startup
quit
EOF
;;
esac

if [ $? -eq 0 ] ; then
echo ""
echo "$0: ${INST} \"${ORACLE_SID}\" warm started."
else
$LOGMSG ""
$LOGMSG "Error: ${INST} \"${ORACLE_SID}\" NOT started."
fi
else
$LOGMSG ""
$LOGMSG "No init file found for ${INST} \"${ORACLE_SID}\"."
$LOGMSG "Error: ${INST} \"${ORACLE_SID}\" NOT started."
fi
fi
}

# Starts an ASM Instance
startasminst() {
# Called programs use same database ID
export ORACLE_SID
ORACLE_HOME=`echo $LINE | awk -F: '{print $2}' -`
# Called scripts use same home directory
export ORACLE_HOME

# For ASM instances, we have a dependency on the CSS service.
# Wait here for it to become available before instance startup.

# Is the 10g install intact? Are all necessary binaries present?
if [ ! -x $ORACLE_HOME/bin/crsctl ]; then
$LOGMSG "$ORACLE_HOME/bin/crsctl not found when attempting to start"
$LOGMSG "  ASM instance $ORACLE_SID."

else
COUNT=0
$ORACLE_HOME/bin/crsctl check css
RC=$?
while [ "$RC" != "0" ];
do
COUNT=`expr $COUNT + 1`
if [ $COUNT = 15 ] ; then
# 15 tries with 20 sec interval => 5 minutes timeout
$LOGMSG "Timed out waiting to start ASM instance $ORACLE_SID"
$LOGMSG "  CSS service is NOT available."
exit $COUNT
fi
$LOGMSG "Waiting for Oracle CSS service to be available before starting "
$LOGMSG " ASM instance $ORACLE_SID. Wait $COUNT."
sleep 20
$ORACLE_HOME/bin/crsctl check css
RC=$?
done
fi
startinst
}

# Start of dbstartup script
#
# Loop for every entry in oratab file and and try to start
# that ORACLE.
#
# ASM instances need to be started before 'Database instances'
# ASM instance is identified with '+' prefix in ORACLE_SID
# Following loop brings up ASM instance[s]

cat $ORATAB | while read LINE
do
case $LINE in
\#*)                ;;        #comment-line in oratab
*)
ORACLE_SID=`echo $LINE | awk -F: '{print $1}' -`
if [ "$ORACLE_SID" = '*' ] ; then
# same as NULL SID - ignore this entry
ORACLE_SID=""
continue
fi
# Proceed only if last field is 'Y'.
if [ "`echo $LINE | awk -F: '{print $NF}' -`" = "Y" ] ; then
# If ASM instances
if [ `echo $ORACLE_SID | cut -b 1` = '+' ]; then
INST="ASM instance"
ORACLE_HOME=`echo $LINE | awk -F: '{print $2}' -`
# Called scripts use same home directory
export ORACLE_HOME
# file for logging script's output
LOG=$ORACLE_HOME/startup.log
touch $LOG
chmod a+r $LOG
echo "Processing $INST \"$ORACLE_SID\": log file $ORACLE_HOME/startup.log"
startasminst >> $LOG 2>&1
fi
fi
;;
esac
done

# exit if there was any trouble bringing up ASM instance[s]
if [ "$?" != "0" ] ; then
exit 2
fi

#
# Following loop brings up 'Database instances'
#
cat $ORATAB | while read LINE
do
case $LINE in
\#*)                ;;        #comment-line in oratab
*)
ORACLE_SID=`echo $LINE | awk -F: '{print $1}' -`
if [ "$ORACLE_SID" = '*' ] ; then
# same as NULL SID - ignore this entry
ORACLE_SID=""
continue
fi
# Proceed only if last field is 'Y'.
if [ "`echo $LINE | awk -F: '{print $NF}' -`" = "Y" ] ; then
# If non-ASM instances
if [ `echo $ORACLE_SID | cut -b 1` != '+' ]; then
INST="Database instance"
ORACLE_HOME=`echo $LINE | awk -F: '{print $2}' -`
# Called scripts use same home directory
export ORACLE_HOME
# file for logging script's output
LOG=$ORACLE_HOME/startup.log
touch $LOG
chmod a+r $LOG
echo "Processing $INST \"$ORACLE_SID\": log file $ORACLE_HOME/startup.log"
startinst >> $LOG 2>&1
fi
fi
;;
esac
done

#
# Following loop brings up 'Database instances' that have wait state 'W'
#
cat $ORATAB | while read LINE
do
case $LINE in
\#*)                ;;        #comment-line in oratab
*)
ORACLE_SID=`echo $LINE | awk -F: '{print $1}' -`
if [ "$ORACLE_SID" = '*' ] ; then
# same as NULL SID - ignore this entry
ORACLE_SID=""
continue
fi
# Proceed only if last field is 'W'.
if [ "`echo $LINE | awk -F: '{print $NF}' -`" = "W" ] ; then
W_ORACLE_SID=`echo $LINE | awk -F: '{print $1}' -`
# DB instances with 'W' (wait state) have a dependency on ASM instances via CRS.
# Wait here for 'all' ASM instances to become available.
cat $ORATAB | while read LINE
do
case $LINE in
\#*)                ;;        #comment-line in oratab
*)
ORACLE_SID=`echo $LINE | awk -F: '{print $1}' -`
if [ "$ORACLE_SID" = '*' ] ; then
# same as NULL SID - ignore this entry
ORACLE_SID=""
continue
fi
if [ `echo $ORACLE_SID | cut -b 1` = '+' ]; then
INST="ASM instance"
ORACLE_HOME=`echo $LINE | awk -F: '{print $2}' -`
if [ -x $ORACLE_HOME/bin/srvctl ] ; then
COUNT=0
NODE=`olsnodes -l`
RNODE=`srvctl status asm -n $NODE | grep "$ORACLE_SID is running"`
RC=$?
while [ "$RC" != "0" ]; # wait until this comes up!
do
COUNT=$((COUNT+1))
if [ $COUNT = 5 ] ; then
# 5 tries with 60 sec interval => 5 minutes timeout
$LOGMSG "Error: Timed out waiting on CRS to start ASM instance $ORACLE_SID"
exit $COUNT
fi
$LOGMSG "Waiting for Oracle CRS service to start ASM instance $ORACLE_SID"
$LOGMSG "Wait $COUNT."
sleep 60
RNODE=`srvctl status asm -n $NODE | grep "$ORACLE_SID is running"`
RC=$?
done
else
$LOGMSG "Error: \"${W_ORACLE_SID}\" has dependency on ASM instance \"${ORACLE_SID}\""
$LOGMSG "Error: Need $ORACLE_HOME/bin/srvctl to check this dependency"
fi
fi     # asm instance
;;
esac
done # innner while
fi
;;
esac
done # outer while

# by now all the ASM instances have come up and we can proceed to bring up
# DB instance with 'W' wait status

cat $ORATAB | while read LINE
do
case $LINE in
\#*)                ;;        #comment-line in oratab
*)
ORACLE_SID=`echo $LINE | awk -F: '{print $1}' -`
if [ "$ORACLE_SID" = '*' ] ; then
# same as NULL SID - ignore this entry
ORACLE_SID=""
continue
fi
# Proceed only if last field is 'W'.
if [ "`echo $LINE | awk -F: '{print $NF}' -`" = "W" ] ; then
INST="Database instance"
if [ `echo $ORACLE_SID | cut -b 1` = '+' ]; then
$LOGMSG "Error: ${INST} \"${ORACLE_SID}\" NOT started"
$LOGMSG "Error: incorrect usage: 'W' not allowed for ASM instances"
continue
fi
ORACLE_HOME=`echo $LINE | awk -F: '{print $2}' -`
# Called scripts use same home directory
export ORACLE_HOME
# file for logging script's output
LOG=$ORACLE_HOME/startup.log
touch $LOG
chmod a+r $LOG
echo "Processing $INST \"$ORACLE_SID\": log file $ORACLE_HOME/startup.log"
startinst >> $LOG 2>&1
fi
;;
esac
done

从上面可以看出，oracle是通过rc.local来自启动的，启动的过程中会检测/etc/oratab来决定启动哪个实例。废话少说，动起来先，配置 rc.local文件如下

[root@yue rc.d]# cat rc.local
#!/bin/bash
su - oraele -c "/home/app/oraele/product/11.2.0/db_1/bin/dbstart $ORACLE_HOME"

配置/etc/oratab文件如下

[root@yue rc.d]# cat /etc/oratab
#

# This file is used by ORACLE utilities.  It is created by root.sh
# and updated by the Database Configuration Assistant when creating
# a database.

# A colon, ':', is used as the field terminator.  A new line terminates
# the entry.  Lines beginning with a pound sign, '#', are comments.
#
# Entries are of the form:
#   $ORACLE_SID:$ORACLE_HOME:<N|Y>:
#
# The first and second fields are the system identifier and home
# directory of the database respectively.  The third filed indicates
# to the dbstart utility that the database should , "Y", or should not,
# "N", be brought up at system boot time.
#
# Multiple entries with the same $ORACLE_SID are not allowed.
#
#
oraten:/home/app/oraten/product/10.2.0/db_1:Y
oraele:/home/app/oraele/product/11.2.0/db_1:Y

oraten和oraele分别属于用户oraten 和oraele,用户属性如下：

[root@yue rc.d]# id oraten
uid=1001(oraten) gid=1002(oinstall) 组=1002(oinstall),1001(dba)
[root@yue rc.d]# id oraele
uid=1522(oraele) gid=1002(oinstall) 组=1002(oinstall),1001(dba)

手工测试dbstart脚本能否正常执行，

[oraele@yue ~]$ dbstart $ORACLE_HOME

问题出现了，只有oraele实例启动，初步估计是用户权限的问题，在oraele用户下，设置oraten用户的环境变量，然后启动sqlplus，报如下错误：

oraele@yue db_1]$ ./bin/sqlplus /nolog

SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.5.0 - Production on 星期四 12月 4 14:13:30 2014

Copyright (c) 1982, 2010, Oracle.  All Rights Reserved.

SQL> conn / as sysdba
ERROR:
ORA-12547: TNS:lost contact

网络搜集资料如下：
1:缺少必要安装包，glibc glibc-devel libaio libaio-devel

2:$ORACLE_HOME/bin/oracle文件的权限不对

3:系统内核配置不正确，如文件数量限制等

4:环境变量设置不正确

5：检查$ORACLE_HOME/bin/oracle 和 $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/lib/config.o 的文件大小是否为0，若为0需要重新编译

经查看oacle文件的权限不对，当前设置为：

[oraele@yue bin]$ ll oracle
-rwxrwxr-x 1 oraten oinstall 125155528 8月 19 21:07 oracle
修改如下：
[root@yue bin]# chmod 6751 oracle
[root@yue bin]# ll oracle
-rwsr-s--x 1 oraten oinstall 125155528 8月 19 21:07 oracle
文件权限的详细说明如下：
u：User，即文件或目录的拥有者。
g：Group，即文件或目录的所属群组。
o：Other，除了文件或目录拥有者或所属群组之外，其他用户皆属于这个范围。
a：All，即全部的用户，包含拥有者，所属群组以及其他用户。
有关权限代号的部分，列表于下：
r：读取权限，数字代号为"4"。
w：写入权限，数字代号为"2"。
x：执行或切换权限，数字代号为"1"。
-：不具任何权限，数字代号为"0"。
s：当文件被执行时，根据who参数指定的用户类型设置文件的setuid或者setgid权限。看来oracle文件的默认权限是具有s的，而我们手工对其进行了修改，看来在安装完数据库后，即使我们执行chmod -R 777 $ORACLE_HOME的操作也可能是有问题的，
修改权限后，重启系统，一切正常