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Android OpenGL ES 简明开发教程六:真正的3D图形

2014-10-22 17:40 591 查看
前面的例子尽管使用了OpenGL ES 3D图形库,但绘制的还是二维图形(平面上的正方形)。Mesh(网格,三角面)是构成空间形体的基本元素,前面的正方形也是有两个Mesh构成的。本篇将介绍使用Mesh构成四面体,椎体等基本空间形体。

Design设计

在使用OpenGL 框架时一个好的设计原则是使用“Composite Pattern”,本篇采用如下设计:





Mesh

首先定义一个基类 Mesh,所有空间形体最基本的构成元素为Mesh(三角形网格) ,其基本定义如下:
public class Mesh {
// Our vertex buffer.
private FloatBuffer verticesBuffer = null;

// Our index buffer.
private ShortBuffer indicesBuffer = null;

// The number of indices.
private int numOfIndices = -1;

// Flat Color
private float[] rgba = new float[] { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f };

// Smooth Colors
private FloatBuffer colorBuffer = null;

// Translate params.
public float x = 0;

public float y = 0;

public float z = 0;

// Rotate params.
public float rx = 0;

public float ry = 0;

public float rz = 0;

public void draw(GL10 gl) {
// Counter-clockwise winding.
gl.glFrontFace(GL10.GL_CCW);
// Enable face culling.
gl.glEnable(GL10.GL_CULL_FACE);
// What faces to remove with the face culling.
gl.glCullFace(GL10.GL_BACK);
// Enabled the vertices buffer for writing and to be used during
// rendering.
gl.glEnableClientState(GL10.GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
// Specifies the location and data format of an array of vertex
// coordinates to use when rendering.
gl.glVertexPointer(3, GL10.GL_FLOAT, 0, verticesBuffer);
// Set flat color
gl.glColor4f(rgba[0], rgba[1], rgba[2], rgba[3]);
// Smooth color
if (colorBuffer != null) {
// Enable the color array buffer to be used during rendering.
gl.glEnableClientState(GL10.GL_COLOR_ARRAY);
gl.glColorPointer(4, GL10.GL_FLOAT, 0, colorBuffer);
}

gl.glTranslatef(x, y, z);
gl.glRotatef(rx, 1, 0, 0);
gl.glRotatef(ry, 0, 1, 0);
gl.glRotatef(rz, 0, 0, 1);

// Point out the where the color buffer is.
gl.glDrawElements(GL10.GL_TRIANGLES, numOfIndices,
GL10.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, indicesBuffer);
// Disable the vertices buffer.
gl.glDisableClientState(GL10.GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
// Disable face culling.
gl.glDisable(GL10.GL_CULL_FACE);
}

protected void setVertices(float[] vertices) {
// a float is 4 bytes, therefore we multiply the number if
// vertices with 4.
ByteBuffer vbb = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(vertices.length * 4);
vbb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
verticesBuffer = vbb.asFloatBuffer();
verticesBuffer.put(vertices);
verticesBuffer.position(0);
}

protected void setIndices(short[] indices) {
// short is 2 bytes, therefore we multiply the number if
// vertices with 2.
ByteBuffer ibb = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(indices.length * 2);
ibb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
indicesBuffer = ibb.asShortBuffer();
indicesBuffer.put(indices);
indicesBuffer.position(0);
numOfIndices = indices.length;
}

protected void setColor(float red, float green, float blue, float alpha) {
// Setting the flat color.
rgba[0] = red;
rgba[1] = green;
rgba[2] = blue;
rgba[3] = alpha;
}

protected void setColors(float[] colors) {
// float has 4 bytes.
ByteBuffer cbb = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(colors.length * 4);
cbb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
colorBuffer = cbb.asFloatBuffer();
colorBuffer.put(colors);
colorBuffer.position(0);
}
}

setVertices 允许子类重新定义顶点坐标。
setIndices 允许子类重新定义顶点的顺序。
setColor /setColors允许子类重新定义颜色。
x,y,z 定义了平移变换的参数。
rx,ry,rz 定义旋转变换的参数。

Plane

有了Mesh定义之后,再来构造Plane,plane可以有宽度,高度和深度,宽度定义为沿X轴方向的长度,深度定义为沿Z轴方向长度,高度为Y轴方向。



Segments为形体宽度,高度,深度可以分成的份数。
Segments在构造一个非均匀分布的Surface特别有用,比如在一个游戏场景中,构造地貌,使的Z轴的值随机分布在-0.1到0.1之间,然后给它渲染好看的材质就可以造成地图凹凸不平的效果。



上面图形中Segments为一正方形,但在OpenGL中我们需要使用三角形,所有需要将Segments分成两个三角形。为Plane
定义两个构造函数:

// Let you decide the size of the plane but still only one segment.

public Plane(float width, float height)

// For alla your settings.

public Plane(float width, float height, int widthSegments, int heightSegments)

比如构造一个1 unit 宽和 1 unit高,并分成4个Segments,使用图形表示如下:



左边的图显示了segments
,右边的图为需要创建的Face(三角形)。

Plane类的定义如下:
public class Plane extends Mesh {
public Plane() {
this(1, 1, 1, 1);
}

public Plane(float width, float height) {
this(width, height, 1, 1);
}

public Plane(float width, float height, int widthSegments,
int heightSegments) {
float[] vertices = new float[(widthSegments + 1) * (heightSegments + 1)
* 3];
short[] indices = new short[(widthSegments + 1) * (heightSegments + 1)
* 6];

float xOffset = width / -2;
float yOffset = height / -2;
float xWidth = width / (widthSegments);
float yHeight = height / (heightSegments);
int currentVertex = 0;
int currentIndex = 0;
short w = (short) (widthSegments + 1);
for (int y = 0; y < heightSegments + 1; y++) {
for (int x = 0; x < widthSegments + 1; x++) {
vertices[currentVertex] = xOffset + x * xWidth;
vertices[currentVertex + 1] = yOffset + y * yHeight;
vertices[currentVertex + 2] = 0;
currentVertex += 3;

int n = y * (widthSegments + 1) + x;

if (y < heightSegments && x < widthSegments) {
// Face one
indices[currentIndex] = (short) n;
indices[currentIndex + 1] = (short) (n + 1);
indices[currentIndex + 2] = (short) (n + w);
// Face two
indices[currentIndex + 3] = (short) (n + 1);
indices[currentIndex + 4] = (short) (n + 1 + w);
indices[currentIndex + 5] = (short) (n + 1 + w - 1);

currentIndex += 6;
}
}
}

setIndices(indices);
setVertices(vertices);
}
}


Cube

下面来定义一个正方体(Cube),为简单起见,这个四面体只可以设置宽度,高度,和深度,没有和Plane一样提供Segments支持。
public class Cube extends Mesh {
public Cube(float width, float height, float depth) {
width /= 2;
height /= 2;
depth /= 2;

float vertices[] = { -width, -height, -depth, // 0
width, -height, -depth, // 1
width, height, -depth, // 2
-width, height, -depth, // 3
-width, -height, depth, // 4
width, -height, depth, // 5
width, height, depth, // 6
-width, height, depth, // 7
};

short indices[] = { 0, 4, 5, 0, 5, 1, 1, 5, 6, 1, 6, 2, 2, 6, 7, 2, 7,
3, 3, 7, 4, 3, 4, 0, 4, 7, 6, 4, 6, 5, 3, 0, 1, 3, 1, 2, };

setIndices(indices);
setVertices(vertices);
}
}


Group

Group可以用来管理多个空间几何形体,如果把Mesh比作Android的View ,Group可以看作Android的ViewGroup,Android的View的设计也是采用的“Composite Pattern”。

Group的主要功能是把针对Group的操作(如draw)分发到Group中的每个成员对应的操作(如draw)。

Group定义如下:
public class Group extends Mesh {
private Vector<Mesh> children = new Vector<Mesh>();

@Override
public void draw(GL10 gl) {
int size = children.size();
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
children.get(i).draw(gl);
}

/**
* @param location
* @param object
* @see java.util.Vector#add(int, java.lang.Object)
*/
public void add(int location, Mesh object) {
children.add(location, object);
}

/**
* @param object
* @return
* @see java.util.Vector#add(java.lang.Object)
*/
public boolean add(Mesh object) {
return children.add(object);
}

/**
*
* @see java.util.Vector#clear()
*/
public void clear() {
children.clear();
}

/**
* @param location
* @return
* @see java.util.Vector#get(int)
*/
public Mesh get(int location) {
return children.get(location);
}

/**
* @param location
* @return
* @see java.util.Vector#remove(int)
*/
public Mesh remove(int location) {
return children.remove(location);
}

/**
* @param object
* @return
* @see java.util.Vector#remove(java.lang.Object)
*/
public boolean remove(Object object) {
return children.remove(object);
}

/**
* @return
* @see java.util.Vector#size()
*/
public int size() {
return children.size();
}

}


其它建议

上面我们定义里Mesh, Plane, Cube等基本空间几何形体,对于构造复杂图形(如人物),可以预先创建一些通用的几何形体,如果在组合成较复杂的形体。除了上面的基本形体外,可以创建如Cone,Pryamid, Cylinder等基本形体以备后用。



显示结果如下:

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