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iOS8开发~UI布局(三)深入理解autolayout

2014-10-10 17:48 253 查看
一、概要

通过对iOS8界面布局的学习和总结,发现autolayout才是主角,autolayout是iOS6引入的新特性,当时还粗浅的学习了下,可是没有真正应用到项目中。随着iOS设备尺寸逐渐碎片化,纯粹的hard code方式UI布局将会走向死角,而autoresizing方式也有其局限性,所以无论如何autolayout都将成为UI布局的重要方式。

前两篇以发烧友心态对iOS8界面布局的主要元素size class和autolayout进行了探索,发现要完全掌握autolayout需要大量的时间去实践总结。所以深入思考autolayout是很有必要的。你可能有和我同样的疑问,如下:

1、以后一律使用autolayout吗?除了在storyboard中使用autolayout,代码方式autolayout如何使用?

2、好像忽略了一个重要问题,就是view动画在autolayout如何实现?

3、autolayout有没有局限性和解决不了的问题?兼容性怎么样?效率怎么样?

4、……

二、研究开始

1、直接说以后都应该使用storyboard+autolayout感觉是不负责的说法,读了好多网络的帖子,最后总结如下情况使用autolayout会有帮助:

a 当需要展示的内容很多并且尺寸不固定;

b 程序需支持屏幕旋转(主要是iPad程序,iPhone程序横屏的场景有点非主流);

c 程序通用于iPhone和iPad;

但storyboard中使用autolayout有利有弊,好处当然是可视化,实现简单功能很节省时间,但也有弊端,例如不小心移动一个控件就会让弄乱那些约束。抛开storyboard而使用autolayout,就需要代码定义约束了,而且代码量也不是很大。当app中一些view的出现时根据网络数据来决定的时候,代码方式可能更合适。

先看一个简单的Demo:

例子1:新建一个Single View Application template项目Demo4,在rootView上添加一个绿颜色的view,使新添加的view四个边距离superView四边20点宽

效果如图:



使用storyboard来实现这个效果很简单,选中绿色view,然后添加4个相对于superview的边界约束,约束的数值设置为20,然后Update Frame就可以了,因为不区分iOS设备,所以size class可以设置为默认的wAny
hAny。Demo下载

接下来使用代码来实现UI布局,目前有3种方法可以使用:(1)最基本的约束实现方式;(2)特殊格式化语言的约束实现方式;(3)第三方UIView-AutoLayout

(1)最基本的约束实现方式

- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
// Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib.
self.view.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints =NO;

UIView *newView = [UIView new];
newView.backgroundColor = [UIColor greenColor];
[self.view addSubview:newView];

newView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints =NO;

NSLayoutConstraint *constraint = nil;

constraint = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:newView
attribute:NSLayoutAttributeLeading
relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual
toItem:self.view
attribute:NSLayoutAttributeLeading
multiplier:1.0f
constant:20];
[self.view addConstraint:constraint];

constraint = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:newView
attribute:NSLayoutAttributeTrailing
relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual
toItem:self.view
attribute:NSLayoutAttributeTrailing
multiplier:1.0f
constant:-20];
[self.view addConstraint:constraint];

constraint = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:newView
attribute:NSLayoutAttributeTop
relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual
toItem:self.view
attribute:NSLayoutAttributeTop
multiplier:1.0f
constant:20];
[self.view addConstraint:constraint];

constraint = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:newView
attribute:NSLayoutAttributeBottom
relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual
toItem:self.view
attribute:NSLayoutAttributeBottom
multiplier:1.0f
constant:-20];
[self.view addConstraint:constraint];

}</span>

(2)特殊格式化语言的约束实现方式

- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
self.view.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints =NO;

UIView *newView = [UIView new];
newView.backgroundColor = [UIColor greenColor];
[self.view addSubview:newView];
newView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints =NO;

NSMutableArray *constraintArray = [NSMutableArray array];

[constraintArray addObjectsFromArray:[NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"H:|-20-[newView]-20-|"
options:0
metrics:nil
views:NSDictionaryOfVariableBindings(newView, self.view)]];
[constraintArray addObjectsFromArray:[NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"V:|-20-[newView]-20-|"
options:0
metrics:nil
views:NSDictionaryOfVariableBindings(newView, self.view)]];
[self.view addConstraints:constraintArray];
}</span>

(3)第三方UIView-AutoLayout

- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
self.view.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints =NO;

UIView *newView = [UIView new];
newView.backgroundColor = [UIColor greenColor];
[self.view addSubview:newView];
newView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints =NO;

[newView autoPinEdgeToSuperviewEdge:ALEdgeLeading withInset:20.0f];
[newView autoPinEdgeToSuperviewEdge:ALEdgeTrailing withInset:20.0f];
[newView autoPinEdgeToSuperviewEdge:ALEdgeTop withInset:20.0f];
[newView autoPinEdgeToSuperviewEdge:ALEdgeBottom withInset:20.0f];
}</span>


以上3种方式都实现了我们想要的效果,看来代码实现autolayout也不是那么复杂!

例子2:通过上边例子我们实现一个简单的UI布局,下面来一个稍微复杂点的,把上一篇中提到3个view布局的那个例子用代码布局实现一下,但难度有所增加,当size
class切换的时候,页面布局发生相应的改变,效果如图:


 
          


首先初始化3个View:

- (UIView *) alView {
UIView *newView = [UIView new];
newView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints =NO;

return newView;
}
UIView *greenView = [self alView];
greenView.backgroundColor = [UIColor greenColor];
[self.view addSubview:greenView];
UIView *yellowView = [self alView];
yellowView.backgroundColor = [UIColor yellowColor];
[self.view addSubview:yellowView];
UIView *blueView = [self alView];
blueView.backgroundColor = [UIColor blueColor];
[self.view addSubview:blueView];</span>


接下来适配竖屏的约束:

- (NSMutableArray *) portraitConstraints:(UIView *)greenView :(UIView *)yellowView :(UIView *)blueView
{
NSMutableArray *constraintArray = [NSMutableArray array];

[constraintArray addObjectsFromArray:[NSLayoutConstraint
constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"H:|-20-[greenView]-20-[yellowView(==greenView)]-20-|" options:0 metrics:nil
views:NSDictionaryOfVariableBindings(greenView, yellowView)]];
[constraintArray addObjectsFromArray:[NSLayoutConstraint
constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"V:|-20-[greenView]-20-[blueView(==greenView)]-20-|" options:0 metrics:nil
views:NSDictionaryOfVariableBindings(greenView, blueView)]];

[constraintArray addObjectsFromArray:[NSLayoutConstraint
constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"V:|-20-[yellowView]-20-[blueView(==yellowView)]-20-|" options:0 metrics:nil
views:NSDictionaryOfVariableBindings(yellowView, blueView)]];

[constraintArray addObjectsFromArray:[NSLayoutConstraint
constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"H:|-20-[blueView]-20-|" options:0 metrics:nil
views:NSDictionaryOfVariableBindings(blueView)]];

return constraintArray;
}</span>


然后横屏的约束:

- (NSMutableArray *) landscapeConstraints:(UIView *)greenView :(UIView *)yellowView :(UIView *)blueView
{
NSMutableArray *constraintArray = [NSMutableArray array];

[constraintArray addObjectsFromArray:[NSLayoutConstraint
constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"H:|-20-[greenView]-20-[yellowView(==greenView)]-20-|" options:0 metrics:nil
views:NSDictionaryOfVariableBindings(greenView, yellowView)]];

[constraintArray addObjectsFromArray:[NSLayoutConstraint
constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"V:|-20-[blueView]-20-[greenView(==blueView)]-20-|" options:0 metrics:nil
views:NSDictionaryOfVariableBindings(greenView, blueView)]];

[constraintArray addObjectsFromArray:[NSLayoutConstraint
constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"V:|-20-[blueView]-20-[yellowView(==blueView)]-20-|" options:0 metrics:nil
views:NSDictionaryOfVariableBindings(yellowView, blueView)]];

[constraintArray addObjectsFromArray:[NSLayoutConstraint
constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"H:|-20-[blueView]-20-|" options:0 metrics:nil
views:NSDictionaryOfVariableBindings(blueView)]];

return constraintArray;
}</span>


最后还要处理屏幕旋转:

- (void)willTransitionToTraitCollection:(UITraitCollection *)newCollection
withTransitionCoordinator:(id <UIViewControllerTransitionCoordinator>)coordinator
{
[super willTransitionToTraitCollection:newCollection withTransitionCoordinator:coordinator];

[coordinator animateAlongsideTransition:^(id <UIViewControllerTransitionCoordinatorContext> context) {
if (newCollection.verticalSizeClass == UIUserInterfaceSizeClassCompact) {
NSLog(@"%s----%d", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
[self.view removeConstraints:self.view.constraints];
[self.view addConstraints:[self landscapeConstraints:self.greenView_ :self.yellowView_ :self.blueView_]];
} else {
NSLog(@"%s----%d", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
[self.view removeConstraints:self.view.constraints];
[self.view addConstraints:[self portraitConstraints:self.greenView_ :self.yellowView_ :self.blueView_]];
}
[self.view setNeedsLayout];
} completion:nil];
}</span>


这样就实现了我们预期的效果,总结下来,auotlayout就是给view添加足够的约束,让view系统可以根据约束来计算出一个view的frame。动手练习一下吧!

2、view动画在autolayout实现

当布局发生改变时,相当于对子view进行重新布局,而子view重新布局调用 layoutIfNeeded,所以动画可以这样实现:

- (void)animateConstraints
{
[UIView animateWithDuration:0.5 animations:^{
[self.view layoutIfNeeded];
}];
}</span>


Github上已经有Demo了!

3、autolayout有没有局限性和解决不了的问题?兼容性怎么样?效率怎么样?

autolayout对view
transforms支持的不好,这里有帖子详细描述了这个问题。

至于兼容性,只从iOS6就已经提出了autolayout的概念,现在iOS5系统不是很多了,甚至iOS6系统都已经升级为iOS7,未来一段时间大部分用户应该是使用iOS7和iOS8系统,所以兼容性问题不会太大,但size
class是iOS8才有的概念,所以还有有一定的适配工作量。

效率话题这里有提到,有时间再细研究。

结束语:时间和体力总是有限的,标题是autolayout详解,可想达到详解还需要更多的时间去实践和总结,还有一些细节没有体现出来:

例如:

[NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"H:|-20-[newView]-20-|"options:0 metrics:nil views:NSDictionaryOfVariableBindings(newView, self.view)]</span>

1、这其中各个参数的含义,另外约束还有个优先级的概念

2、@"H:|-20-[newView]-20-|" 这种可视化布局字符串的含义等等,有空再补充了!

本篇内容所有Demo

欢迎指出错误,不胜感激。
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