oracle常用的经典sql查询
2014-08-30 19:17
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oracle常用经典SQL查询
常用SQL查询：
1、查看表空间的名称及大小
selectt.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size
fromdba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d
wheret.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name
group byt.tablespace_name;
2、查看表空间物理文件的名称及大小
select tablespace_name,file_id, file_name,
round(bytes/(1024*1024),0)total_space
fromdba_data_files
order bytablespace_name;
3、查看回滚段名称及大小
selectsegment_name, tablespace_name, r.status,
(initial_extent/1024)InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent,
max_extents,v.curext CurExtent
Fromdba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v
Wherer.segment_id = v.usn(+)
order bysegment_name;
4、查看控制文件
select namefrom v$controlfile;
5、查看日志文件
select memberfrom v$logfile;
6、查看表空间的使用情况
selectsum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name
fromdba_free_space
group bytablespace_name;
SELECTA.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE,
(B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES"% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE"
FROMSYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C
WHEREA.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME;
7、查看数据库库对象
select owner,object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner,object_type, status;
8、查看数据库的版本
Selectversion FROM Product_component_version
WhereSUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle';
9、查看数据库的创建日期和归档方式
SelectCreated, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database;
10、捕捉运行很久的SQL
columnusername format a12
column opnameformat a16
columnprogress format a8
selectusername,sid,opname,
round(sofar*100 / totalwork,0) || '%' asprogress,
time_remaining,sql_text
fromv$session_longops , v$sql
wheretime_remaining <> 0
andsql_address = address
andsql_hash_value = hash_value
/
11。查看数据表的参数信息
SELECT partition_name, high_value,high_value_length, tablespace_name,
pct_free, pct_used, ini_trans,max_trans, initial_extent,
next_extent, min_extent, max_extent,pct_increase, FREELISTS,
freelist_groups, LOGGING, BUFFER_POOL,num_rows, blocks,
empty_blocks, avg_space, chain_cnt,avg_row_len, sample_size,
last_analyzed
FROM dba_tab_partitions
--WHERE table_name = :tname AND table_owner =:towner
ORDER BYpartition_position
12.查看还没提交的事务
select * fromv$locked_object;
select * fromv$transaction;
13。查找object为哪些进程所用
select
p.spid,
s.sid,
s.serial#serial_num,
s.usernameuser_name,
a.type object_type,
s.osuseros_user_name,
a.owner,
a.objectobject_name,
decode(sign(48- command),
1,
to_char(command),'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,
p.programoracle_process,
s.terminalterminal,
s.programprogram,
s.statussession_status
fromv$session s, v$access a, v$process p
where s.paddr= p.addr and
s.type = 'USER' and
a.sid = s.sid and
a.object='SUBSCRIBER_ATTR'
order bys.username, s.osuser
14。回滚段查看
selectrownum, sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name, v$rollstat.extents
Extents,v$rollstat.rssize Size_in_Bytes, v$rollstat.xacts XActs,
v$rollstat.getsGets, v$rollstat.waits Waits, v$rollstat.writes Writes,
sys.dba_rollback_segs.statusstatus from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs,
v$rollnamewhere v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name and
v$rollstat.usn(+) = v$rollname.usn order by rownum
15。耗资源的进程（top session）
selects.schemaname schema_name, decode(sign(48 - command), 1,
to_char(command),'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action, status
session_status, s.osuser os_user_name, s.sid, p.spid , s.serial# serial_num,
nvl(s.username,'[Oracle process]') user_name, s.terminal terminal,
s.programprogram, st.value criteria_value from v$sesstat st, v$session s , v$process p
where st.sid= s.sid and st.statistic# =to_number('38') and ('ALL' = 'ALL'
or s.status ='ALL') and p.addr = s.paddr order by st.value desc, p.spid asc, s.username asc, s.osuser asc
16。查看锁（lock）情况
select /*+RULE */ ls.osuser os_user_name, ls.username user_name,
decode(ls.type,'RW', 'Row wait enqueue lock', 'TM', 'DML enqueue lock', 'TX',
'Transactionenqueue lock', 'UL', 'User supplied lock') lock_type,
o.object_nameobject, decode(ls.lmode, 1, null, 2,'Row Share', 3,
'RowExclusive', 4, 'Share', 5, 'Share Row Exclusive', 6, 'Exclusive', null)
lock_mode, o.owner, ls.sid, ls.serial#serial_num, ls.id1, ls.id2
from sys.dba_objectso, ( select s.osuser, s.username, l.type,
l.lmode, s.sid, s.serial#, l.id1, l.id2 from v$session s,
v$lock l where s.sid = l.sid ) ls where o.object_id = ls.id1 and o.owner
<>'SYS' order by o.owner, o.object_name
17。查看等待（wait）情况
SELECTv$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count count, SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value
FROMv$waitstat, v$sysstat WHERE v$sysstat.name IN ('db block gets',
'consistentgets') group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count
18。查看sga情况
SELECT NAME,BYTES FROM SYS.V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC
19。查看catched object
SELECTowner, name, db_link, namespace,
type, sharable_mem, loads, executions,
locks, pins, kept FROM v$db_object_cache
20。查看V$SQLAREA
SELECTSQL_TEXT, SHARABLE_MEM, PERSISTENT_MEM, RUNTIME_MEM, SORTS,
VERSION_COUNT,LOADED_VERSIONS, OPEN_VERSIONS, USERS_OPENING, EXECUTIONS,
USERS_EXECUTING,LOADS, FIRST_LOAD_TIME, INVALIDATIONS, PARSE_CALLS, DISK_READS,
BUFFER_GETS,ROWS_PROCESSED FROM V$SQLAREA
21。查看object分类数量
select decode(o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 ,
'SYNONYM' , 6, 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) object_type , count(*) quantity from
sys.obj$ owhere o.type# > 1 group by decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3
, 'CLUSTER' ,4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) union select
'COLUMN' ,count(*) from sys.col$ union select 'DB LINK' , count(*) from
22。按用户查看object种类
select u.nameschema, sum(decode(o.type#, 1, 1,NULL)) indexes,
sum(decode(o.type#,2, 1, NULL)) tables, sum(decode(o.type#, 3, 1, NULL))
clusters, sum(decode(o.type#, 4, 1, NULL)) views, sum(decode(o.type#, 5, 1,
NULL))synonyms, sum(decode(o.type#, 6, 1,NULL)) sequences,
sum(decode(o.type#,1, NULL, 2, NULL, 3, NULL, 4, NULL, 5, NULL, 6, NULL, 1))
others from sys.obj$ o, sys.user$ u where o.type# >= 1 and u.user# =
o.owner#and u.name <> 'PUBLIC' group by u.name order by
sys.link$union select 'CONSTRAINT' , count(*) from sys.con$
23。有关connection的相关信息
1）查看有哪些用户连接
selects.osuser os_user_name, decode(sign(48- command), 1, to_char(command),
'Action Code#' || to_char(command) ) action, p.program oracle_process,
statussession_status, s.terminalterminal, s.program program,
s.usernameuser_name, s.fixed_table_sequenceactivity_meter, '' query,
0memory, 0 max_memory, 0 cpu_usage, s.sid, s.serial# serial_num
fromv$session s, v$process p where s.paddr=p.addr and s.type = 'USER'
order bys.username, s.osuser
2）根据v.sid查看对应连接的资源占用等情况
selectn.name,
v.value,
n.class,
n.statistic#
from v$statname n,
v$sesstat v
where v.sid =71 and
v.statistic# = n.statistic#
order byn.class, n.statistic#
3）根据sid查看对应连接正在运行的sql
select /*+PUSH_SUBQ */
command_type,
sql_text,
sharable_mem,
persistent_mem,
runtime_mem,
sorts,
version_count,
loaded_versions,
open_versions,
users_opening,
executions,
users_executing,
loads,
first_load_time,
invalidations,
parse_calls,
disk_reads,
buffer_gets,
rows_processed,
sysdate start_time,
sysdate finish_time,
'>' || address sql_address,
'N' status
fromv$sqlarea
where address= (select sql_address from v$session where sid = 71)
24．查询表空间使用情况
selecta.tablespace_name "表空间名称",
100-round((nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/a.bytes_alloc)*100,2)"占用率(%)",
round(a.bytes_alloc/1024/1024,2)"容量(M)",
round(nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/1024/1024,2)"空闲(M)",
round((a.bytes_alloc-nvl(b.bytes_free,0))/1024/1024,2)"使用(M)",
Largest"最大扩展段(M)",
to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-ddhh24:mi:ss') "采样时间"
from (select f.tablespace_name,
sum(f.bytes) bytes_alloc,
sum(decode(f.autoextensible,'YES',f.maxbytes,'NO',f.bytes)) maxbytes
fromdba_data_files f
group bytablespace_name) a,
(select f.tablespace_name,
sum(f.bytes) bytes_free
fromdba_free_space f
group bytablespace_name) b,
(selectround(max(ff.length)*16/1024,2) Largest,
ts.name tablespace_name
from sys.fet$ff, sys.file$ tf,sys.ts$ ts
wherets.ts#=ff.ts# and ff.file#=tf.relfile# and ts.ts#=tf.ts#
group byts.name, tf.blocks) c
wherea.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name and a.tablespace_name = c.tablespace_name
25. 查询表空间的碎片程度
selecttablespace_name,count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group bytablespace_name
havingcount(tablespace_name)>10;
altertablespace name coalesce;
alter tablename deallocate unused;
create orreplace view ts_blocks_v as
selecttablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,'free space' segment_name fromdba_free_space
union all
selecttablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,segment_name from dba_extents;
select * fromts_blocks_v;
selecttablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id) from dba_free_space
group bytablespace_name;
26。查询有哪些数据库实例在运行
selectinst_name from v$active_instances;
===========================================================
######### 创建数据库----look$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/buildall.sql #############
createdatabase db01
maxlogfiles10
maxdatafiles1024
maxinstances2
logfile
GROUP 1('/u01/oradata/db01/log_01_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
GROUP 2('/u01/oradata/db01/log_02_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
GROUP 3('/u01/oradata/db01/log_03_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
datafile'u01/oradata/db01/system_01_db01.dbf') SIZE 100M,
undotablespace UNDO
datafile'/u01/oradata/db01/undo_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 40M
defaulttemporary tablespace TEMP
tempfile'/u01/oradata/db01/temp_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 20M
extentmanagement local uniform size 128k
character setAL32UTE8
nationalcharacter set AL16UTF16
settime_zone='America/New_York';
###############数据字典##########
set wrap off
select * fromv$dba_users;
grant selecton table_name to user/rule;
select * fromuser_tables;
select * fromall_tables;
select * fromdba_tables;
revoke dbafrom user_name;
shutdownimmediate
startupnomount
select * fromv$instance;
select * fromv$sga;
select * fromv$tablespace;
alter sessionset nls_language=american;
alterdatabase mount;
select * fromv$database;
alterdatabase open;
descdictionary
select * fromdict;
descv$fixed_table;
select * fromv$fixed_table;
setoracle_sid=foxconn
select * fromdba_objects;
setserveroutput on
executedbms_output.put_line('sfasd');
#############控制文件###########
select * fromv$database;
select * fromv$tablespace;
select * fromv$logfile;
select * fromv$log;
select * fromv$backup;
/*备份用户表空间*/
altertablespace users begin backup;
select * fromv$archived_log;
select * fromv$controlfile;
alter systemset control_files='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl',
'$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl'scope=spfile;
cp$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl
startuppfile='../initSID.ora'
select * fromv$parameter where name like 'control%' ;
showparameter control;
select * fromv$controlfile_record_section;
select * fromv$tempfile;
/*备份控制文件*/
alterdatabase backup controlfile to '../filepath/control.bak';
/*备份控制文件，并将二进制控制文件变为了asc 的文本文件*/
alterdatabase backup controlfile to trace;
###############redo log ##############
archive loglist;
alter systemarchive log start;--启动自动存档
alter systemswitch logfile;--强行进行一次日志switch
alter systemcheckpoint;--强制进行一次checkpoint
altertablspace users begin backup;
altertablespace offline;
/*checkpoint 同步频率参数FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET,同步频率越高，系统恢复所需时间越短*/
showparameter fast;
showparameter log_checkpoint;
/*加入一个日志组*/
alterdatabase add logfile group 3 ('/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' size10M);
/*加入日志组的一个成员*/
alterdatabase add logfile member '/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to group3;
/*删除日志组:当前日志组不能删；活动的日志组不能删；非归档的日志组不能删*/
alterdatabase drop logfile group 3;
/*删除日志组中的某个成员，但每个组的最后一个成员不能被删除*/
alter databsedrop logfile member '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';
/*清除在线日志*/
alterdatabase clear logfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';
alterdatabase clear logfile group 3;
/*清除非归档日志*/
alterdatabase clear unarchived logfile group 3;
/*重命名日志文件*/
alterdatabase rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to'$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo';
show parameterdb_create;
alter systemset db_create_online_log_dest_1='path_name';
select * fromv$log;
select * fromv$logfile;
/*数据库归档模式到非归档模式的互换,要启动到mount状态下才能改变;startup mount;然后再打开数据库.*/
alterdatabase noarchivelog/archivelog;
achive logstart;---启动自动归档
alter systemarchive all;－－手工归档所有日志文件
select * fromv$archived_log;
showparameter log_archive;
###### 分析日志文件logmnr ##############
1) 在init.ora中set utl_file_dir 参数
2) 重新启动oracle
3) create 目录文件
descdbms_logmnr_d;
dbms_logmnr_d.build;
4) 加入日志文件 add/remove log file
dhms_logmnr.add_logfile
dbms_logmnr.removefile
5) startlogmnr
dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr
6) 分析出来的内容查询 v$logmnr_content--sqlredo/sqlundo
实践：
descdbms_logmnr_d;
/*对数据表做一些操作，为恢复操作做准备*/
update 表 set qty=10 where stor_id=6380;
delete 表 where stor_id=7066;
/***********************************/
utl_file_dir的路径
executedbms_logmnr_d.build('foxdict.ora','$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump');
executedbms_logmnr.add_logfile('$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.log',dbms_logmnr.newfile);
executedbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump/foxdict.ora');
#########tablespace ##############
select * formv$tablespace;
select * fromv$datafile;
/*表空间和数据文件的对应关系*/
selectt1.name,t2.name from v$tablespace t1,v$datafile t2 where t1.ts#=t2.ts#;
altertablespace users add datafile 'path' size 10M;
select * fromdba_rollback_segs;
/*限制用户在某表空间的使用限额*/
alter useruser_name quota 10m on tablespace_name;
create tablespacexxx [datafile 'path_name/datafile_name'] [size xxx] [extent managementlocal/dictionary] [default storage(xxx)];
exmple:create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size100M AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5M MAXSIZE 200M;
createtablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100Mextent management dictionary default storage(initial 100k next 100k pctincrease10) offline;
/*9i以后，oracle建议使用local管理，而不使用dictionary管理，因为local采用bitmap管理表空间 ，不会产生系统表空间的自愿争用;*/
createtablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100Mextent management local uniform size 1m;
createtablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100Mextent management local autoallocate;
/*在创建表空间时，设置表空间内的段空间管理模式，这里用的是自动管理*/
createtablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100Mextent management local uniform size 1m segment space management auto;
altertablespace userdata mininum extent 10;
altertablespace userdata default storage(initial 1m next 1m pctincrease 20);
/*undotablespace(不能被用在字典管理模下)*/
create undotablespace undo1 datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 40M extentmanagement local;
showparameter undo;
/*temporarytablespace*/
createtemporary tablespace userdata tempfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size10m extent management local;
/*设置数据库缺省的临时表空间*/
alterdatabase default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;
/*系统/临时/在线的undo表空间不能被offline*/
altertablespace tablespace_name offline/online;
altertablespace tablespace_name read only;
/*重命名用户表空间*/
altertablespace tablespace_name rename datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf'to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf';
/*重命名系统表空间 ,但在重命名前必须将数据库shutdown,并重启到mount状态*/
alterdatabase rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system01.dbf' to'$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system02.dbf';
droptablespace userdata including contents and datafiles;---drop tablespce
/*resizetablespace,autoextend datafile space*/
alterdatabase datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' autoextend on next 10mmaxsize 500M;
/*resizedatafile*/
alterdatabase datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' resize 50m;
/*给表空间扩展空间*/
altertablespace userdata add datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' size 10m;
/*将表空间设置成OMF状态*/
alter systemset db_create_file_dest='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata';
createtablespace userdata;---use OMF status to create tablespace;
drop tablespaceuserdata;---user OMF status to drop tablespace;
select * fromdba_tablespace/v$tablespace/dba_data_files;
/*将表的某分区移动到另一个表空间*/
alter tabletable_name move partition partition_name tablespace tablespace_name;
###### ORACLEstorage structure and relationships #########
/*手工分配表空间段的分区(extend)大小*/
alter tablekong.test12 allocate extent(size 1m datafile'$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf');
alter tablekong.test12 deallocate unused; ---释放表中没有用到的分区
showparameter db;
alter systemset db_8k_cache_size=10m; ---配置8k块的内存空间块参数
select * fromdba_extents/dba_segments/data_tablespace;
select * fromdba_free_space/dba_data_file/data_tablespace;
/*数据对象所占用的字节数*/
selectsum(bytes) from dba_extents where onwer='kong' and segment_name ='table_name';
############UNDO Data ################
showparameter undo;
altertablespace users offline normal;
altertablespace users offline immediate;
recoverdatafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf';
altertablespace users online ;
select * fromdba_rollback_segs;
alter systemset undo_tablespace=undotbs1;
/*忽略回滚段的错误提示*/
alter systemset undo_suppress_errors=true;
/*在自动管理模式下,不会真正建立rbs1;在手工管理模式则可以建立,且是私有回滚段*/
createrollback segment rbs1 tablespace undotbs;
descdbms_flashback;
/*在提交了修改的数据后,9i提供了旧数据的回闪操作,将修改前的数据只读给用户看,但这部分数据不会又恢复在表中,而是旧数据的一个映射*/
executedbms_flashback.enable_at_time('26-JAN-04:12:17:00 pm');
executedbms_flashback.disable;
/*回滚段的统计信息*/
selectend_time,begin_time,undoblks from v$undostat;
/*undo表空间的大小计算公式: UndoSpace=[UR * (UPS *DBS)] + (DBS * 24)
UR:UNDO_RETENTION 保留的时间(秒)
UPS :每秒的回滚数据块
DBS:系统EXTENT和FILE SIZE(也就是db_block_size)*/
select * fromdba_rollback_segs/v$rollname/v$rollstat/v$undostat/v$session/v$transaction;
showparameter transactions;
showparameter rollback;
/*在手工管理模式下,建立公共的回滚段*/
create publicrollback segment prbs1 tablespace undotbs;
alterrollback segment rbs1 online;----在手工管理模式
/*在手工管理模式中,initSID.ora中指定 undo_management=manual 、rollback_segment=('rbs1','rbs2',...)、
transactions=100、transactions_per_rollback_segment=10
然后 shutdown immediate ,startup pfile=....\???.ora */
##########Managing Tables ###########
/*char typemaxlen=2000;varchar2 type maxlen=4000 bytes
rowid 是18位的64进制字符串 (10个bytes 80 bits)
rowid组成: object#(对象号)--32bits,6位
rfile#(相对文件号)--10bits,3位
block#(块号)--22bits,6位
row#(行号)--16bits,3位
64进制: A-Z,a-z,0-9,/,+ 共64个符号
dbms_rowid 包中的函数可以提供对rowid的解释*/
selectrowid,dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid),dbms_rowid.rowid_row_number(rowid)from table_name;
create tabletest2
(
id int,
lnamevarchar2(20) not null,
fnamevarchar2(20) constraint ck_1 check(fname like 'k%'),
empdate datedefault sysdate)
) tablespacetablespace_name;
create globaltemporary table test2 on commit delete/preserve rows as select * fromkong.authors;
create tableuser.table(...) tablespace tablespace_name storage(...) pctfree10 pctused 40;
alter tableuser.tablename pctfree 20 pctused 50 storage(...);---changing table storage
/*手工分配分区,分配的数据文件必须是表所在表空间内的数据文件*/
alter tableuser.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile '...');
/*释放表中没有用到的空间*/
alter tabletable_name deallocate unused;
alter tabletable_name deallocate unused keep 8k;
/*将非分区表的表空间搬到新的表空间,在移动表空间后，原表中的索引对象将会不可用，必须重建*/
alter tableuser.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name;
create indexindex_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users;
alter indexindex_name rebuild;
drop tabletable_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS];
alter table user.table_namedrop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column
/*给表中不用的列做标记*/
alter tableuser.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;
/*drop表中不用的做了标记列*/
alter tableuser.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
/*当在drop col是出现异常，使用CONTINUE，防止重删前面的column*/
ALTER TABLEUSER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000;
select * fromdba_tables/dba_objects;
########managing indexes ##########
/*createindex*/
example:
/*创建一般索引*/
create indexindex_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*创建位图索引*/
create bitmapindex index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespacetablespace_name;
/*索引中不能用pctused*/
create[bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_namepctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ;
/*大数据量的索引最好不要做日志*/
create[bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace_namepctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging;
/*创建反转索引*/
create indexindex_name on table_name(column_name) reverse;
/*创建函数索引*/
create indexindex_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespacetablespace_name;
/*建表时创建约束条件*/
create tableuser.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name primary keydeferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespacetablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint constraint_name notnull,column_name3 number(7))
tablespace tablespace_name;
/*给创建bitmap index分配的内存空间参数，以加速建索引*/
showparameter create_bit;
/*改变索引的存储参数*/
alter indexindex_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k);
/*给索引手工分配一个分区*/
alter indexindex_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile '$ORACLE/oradata/..');
/*释放索引中没用的空间*/
alter indexindex_name deallocate unused;
/*索引重建*/
alter indexindex_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name;
/*普通索引和反转索引的互换*/
alter indexindex_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse;
/*重建索引时，不锁表*/
alter indexindex_name rebuild online;
/*给索引整理碎片*/
alter indexindex_name COALESCE;
/*分析索引,事实上是更新统计的过程*/
analyze indexindex_name validate structure;
descindex_state;
drop indexindex_name;
alter indexindex_name monitoring usage;-----监视索引是否被用到
alter indexindex_name nomonitoring usage;----取消监视
/*有关索引信息的视图*/
select * fromdba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage;
########## 数据完整性的管理(Maintaining data integrity)##########
alter tabletable_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop 约束
alter tabletable_name add constraint constraint_name primarykey(column_name1,column_name2);-----创建主键
alter tabletable_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---创建唯一约束
/*创建外键约束*/
alter tabletable_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) referencestable_name(column_name1);
/*不效验老数据，只约束新的数据[enable/disable：约束/不约束新数据;novalidate/validate:不对/对老数据进行验证]*/
alter tabletable_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like 'B%')enable/disable novalidate/validate;
/*修改约束条件，延时验证，commit时验证*/
alter tabletable_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred;
/*修改约束条件，立即验证*/
alter tabletable_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate;
alter sessionset constraints=deferred/immediate;
/*drop一个有外键的主键表,带cascade constraints参数级联删除*/
drop tabletable_name cascade constraints;
/*当truncate外键表时，先将外键设为无效，再truncate;*/
truncatetable table_name;
/*设约束条件无效*/
alter tabletable_name disable constraint constraint_name;
alter tabletable_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name;
/*将无效约束的数据行放入exception的表中，此表记录了违反数据约束的行的行号；在此之前，要先建exceptions表*/
alter tabletable_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enablevalidate exceptions into exceptions;
/*运行创建exceptions表的脚本*/
start$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql;
/*获取约束条件信息的表或视图*/
select * fromuser_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns;
##################managing password security and resources ####################
alter useruser_name account unlock/open;----锁定/打开用户;
alter useruser_name password expire;---设定口令到期
/*建立口令配置文件,failed_login_attempts口令输多少次后锁，password_lock_times指多少天后口令被自动解锁*/
createprofile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440;
/*创建口令配置文件*/
createprofile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time unlimitedpassword_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_functionverify_function password_grace_time 5;
/*建立资源配置文件*/
createprofile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60connect_time 480;
alter useruser_name profile profile_name;
/*设置口令解锁时间*/
alter profileprofile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24;
/*password_life_time指口令文件多少时间到期，password_grace_time指在第一次成功登录后到口令到期有多少天时间可改变口令*/
alter profileprofile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3;
/*password_reuse_time指口令在多少天内可被重用,password_reuse_max口令可被重用的最大次数*/
alter profileprofile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3];
alter useruser_name identified by input_password;-----修改用户口令
drop profileprofile_name;
/*建立了profile后，且指定给某个用户，则必须用CASCADE才能删除*/
drop profileprofile_name CASCADE;
alter systemset resource_limit=true;---启用自愿限制,缺省是false
/*配置资源参数*/
alter profileprofile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5;
/*资源参数(session级)
cpu_per_session每个session占用cpu的时间单位1/100秒
sessions_per_user允许每个用户的并行session数
connect_time 允许连接的时间 单位分钟
idle_time 连接被空闲多少时间后，被自动断开 单位分钟
logical_reads_per_session读块数
private_sga 用户能够在SGA中使用的私有的空间数 单位bytes
(call级)
cpu_per_call 每次(1/100秒)调用cpu的时间
logical_reads_per_call每次调用能够读的块数
*/
alter profileprofile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10;
descdbms_resouce_manager;---资源管理器包
/*获取资源信息的表或视图*/
select * fromdba_users/dba_profiles;
######Managing users ############
showparameter os;
create usertestuser1 identified by kxf_001;
grantconnect,createtable to testuser1;
alter usertestuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name;
/*创建用户*/
create useruser_name identified by password default tablespace tablespace_name temporarytablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire;
/*数据库级设定缺省临时表空间*/
alterdatabase default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;
/*制定数据库级的缺省表空间*/
alterdatabase default tablespace tablespace_name;
/*创建os级审核的用户，需知道os_authent_prefix，表示oracle和os口令对应的前缀,'OPS$'为此参数的值，此值可以任意设置*/
create useruser_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name tablespace_nametemporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name passwordexpire;
/*修改用户使用表空间的限额,回滚表空间和临时表空间不允许授予限额*/
alter useruser_name quota 5m on tablespace_name;
/*删除用户或删除级联用户(用户对象下有对象的要用CASCADE，将其下一些对象一起删除)*/
drop useruser_name [CASCADE];
/*每个用户在哪些表空间下有些什么限额*/
descdba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username='...';
/*改变用户的缺省表空间*/
alter useruser_name default tablespace tablespace_name;
#########Managing Privileges #############
grant createtable,create session to user_name;
grant createany table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name;
/*授予权限语法,public 标识所有用户,with admin option允许能将权限授予第三者的权限*/
grantsystem_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option];
select * fromv$pwfile_users;
/*当 O7_dictionary_accessiblity参数为True时，标识select any table时，包括系统表也能select ,否则，不包含系统表;缺省为false*/
showparameter O7;
/*由于 O7_dictionary_accessiblity为静态参数，不能动态改变，故加scope=spfile,下次启动时才生效*/
alter systemset O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile;
/*授予对象中的某些字段的权限，如select 某表中的某些字段的权限*/
grant[object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... withgrant option;
/*oracle不允许授予select某列的权限,但可以授insert ,update某列的权限*/
grantinsert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grantoption;
select * fromdba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs;
/*db/os/none 审计被记录在 数据库/操作系统/不审计 缺省是none*/
showparameter audit_trail;
/*启动对表的select动作*/
audit selecton user.table_name by session;
/*by session在每个session中发出command只记录一次，by access则每个command都记录*/
audit [createtable][select/update/insert on object by session/access][wheneversuccessful/not successful];
descdbms_fga;---进一步设计，则可使用dbms_fgs包
/*取消审计*/
noaudit selecton user.table_name;
/*查被审计信息*/
select * fromall_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts;
/*获取审计记录*/
select * fromdba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement;
###########Managing Role #################
create rolerole_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name touser_name; set role role_name;
create rolerole_name;
create rolerole_name identified by password;
create rolerole_name identified externally;
set rolerole_name ; ----激活role
set rolerole_name identified by password;
alter rolerole_name not identified;
alter rolerole_name identified by password;
alter rolerole_name identified externally;
grantpriv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION];
grantupdate(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name;
grantrole_name1 to role_name2;
/*建立default role,用户登录时，缺省激活default role*/
alter useruser_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...;
alter useruser_name default role all;
alter useruser_name default role all except role_name1,...;
alter useruser_name default role none;
set rolerole1 [identified by password],role2,....;
set role all;
set roleexcept role1,role2,...;
set rolenone;
revoke role_namefrom user_name;
revokerole_name from public;
drop rolerole_name;
select * fromdba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles;
###########Basic SQL SELECT ################
select col_nameas col_alias from table_name ;
selectcol_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_'匹配单个字符
/*使用字符函数(右边截取,字段中包含某个字符,左边填充某字符到固定位数,右边填充某字符到固定位数)*/
selectsubstr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') fromtable_name;
/*使用数字函数(往右/左几位四舍五入,取整,取余)*/
selectround(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ;
/*使用日期函数(计算两个日期间相差几个星期,两个日期间相隔几个月,在某个月份上加几个月,某个日期的下一个日期,
某日期所在月的最后的日期,对某个日期的月分四舍五入，对某个日期的月份进行取整)*/
select(sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate),
round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH')from table_name;
/*使用NULL函数(当expr1为空取expr2/当expr1为空取expr2,否则取expr3/当expr1=expr2返回空)*/
selectnvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name;
selectcolumn1,column2,column3, case column2 when '50' then column2*1.1
when '30'then column2*2.1
when '10'then column3/20
else column3
end as ttt
fromtable_name ; ------使用case函数
selecttable1.col1,table2.col2 from table1
[CROSS JOINtable2] | -----笛卡儿连接
[NATURAL JOINtable2] | -----用两个表中的同名列连接
[JOIN table2USING (column_name)] | -----用两个表中的同名列中的某一列或几列连接
[JOIN table2
ON(table1.col1=table2.col2)] |
[LEFT|RIGHT|FULLOUTER JOIN table2 ------相当于(+)=,=(+)连接,全外连接
ON(table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999中的JOIN语法;
example:
selectcol1,col2 from table1 t1
join table2t2
ont1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1
join table3t3
ont2.col1=t3.col3;
select * fromtable_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continuegroup by col3);
select * fromtable_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continuegroup by col3);
insert into(select col1,col2,col3 form table_name where col1> 50 with check option)values (value1,value2,value3);
MERGE INTOtable_name table1
USINGtable_name2 table2
ON(table1.col1=table2.col2)
WHEN MATCHEDTHEN
UPDATE SET
table1.col1=table2.col2,
table1.col2=table2.col3,
...
WHEN NOTMATCHED THEN
INSERTVALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----合并语句
#####################CREATE/ALTER TABLE #######################
alter tabletable_name drop column column_name ;---drop column
alter tabletable_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----设置列无效，这个比较快。
alter tabletable_name drop unused columns;---删除被设为无效的列
renametable_name1 to table_name2; ---重命名表
comment ontable table_name is 'comment message';----给表放入注释信息
create tabletable_name
(col1 int notnull,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20),
constraintuk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----定义表中的约束条件
alter tabletable_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----创建主键
/*建立外键*/
create tabletable_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid)references other_table_name(id));
alter tabletable_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%');
alter tabletable_name drop constraint constraint_name;
alter tabletable_name drop primary key cascade;----级联删除主键
alter tabletable_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----使约束暂时无效
/*删除列，并级联删除此列下的约束条件*/
alter tabletable_name drop column column_name cascade constraint;
select * fromuser_constraints/user_cons_columns;---约束条件相关视图
##############Create Views #####################
CREATE [ORREPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)]
AS subquery
[WITH CHECKOPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]
[WITH READONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------创建视图的语法
example:Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name;------创建视图
/*使用别名*/
Create orreplace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name;
/*创建复杂视图*/
Create viewview_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as selectd.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),avg(e.col1) from table_name1 e,table_name2 dwhere e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1;
/*当用update修改数据时，必须满足视图的col1>10的条件，不满足则不能被改变.*/
Create orreplace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with checkoption;
/*改变视图的值.对于简单视图可以用update语法修改表数据，但复杂视图则不一定能改。如使用了函数，group by,distinct等的列*/
updateview_name set col1=value1;
/*TOP-N分析*/
select[column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order byTop-N_column) where rownum<=N;
/*找出某列三条最大值的记录*/
example:select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name orderby col2 desc) where rownum<=3;
#############Other database Object ###############
CREATESEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n]
[START WITHn]
[{MAXVALUE n| NOMAXVALUE}]
[{MINVALUE n| NOMINVALUE}]
[{CYCEL |NOCYCLE}]
[{CACHE n |NOCACHE}]; -----创建SEQUENCE
example:
CREATESEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10
START WITH120
MAXVALUE 9999
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE;
select * fromuser_sequences ;---当前用户下记录sequence的视图
selectsequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence的引用
altersequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20
MAXVALUE999999
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE;-----修改sequence,不能改变起始序号
drop sequencesequence_name; ----删除sequence
CREATE[PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------创建同义词
DROP [PUBLIC]SYNONYM synonym_name;----删除同义词
CREATE PUBLICDATABASE LINK link_name USEING OBJECT;----创建DBLINK
select * fromobject_name@link_name; ----访问远程数据库中的对象
/*union 操作，它将两个集合的交集部分压缩，并对数据排序*/
selectcol1,col2,col3 from table1_name union select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*union all 操作，两个集合的交集部分不压缩，且不对数据排序*/
selectcol1,col2,col3 from table1_name union all select col1,col2,col3 fromtable2_name;
/*intersect 操作，求两个集合的交集,它将对重复数据进行压缩，且排序*/
selectcol1,col2,col3 from table1_name intersect select col1,col2,col3 fromtable2_name;
/*minus 操作，集合减,它将压缩两个集合减后的重复记录, 且对数据排序*/
selectcol1,col2,col3 from table1_name minus select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*EXTRACT 抽取时间函数. 此例是抽取当前日期中的年*/
selectEXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) from dual;
/*EXTRACT 抽取时间函数. 此例是抽取当前日期中的月*/
selectEXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) from dual;
##########################增强的 group by 子句 #########################
select[column,] group_function(column)...
from table
[WHEREcondition]
[GROUP BY[ROLLUP] group_by_expression]
[HAVINGhaving_expression];
[ORDER BYcolumn]; -------ROLLUP操作字，对group by子句的各字段从右到左进行再聚合
example:
/*其结果看起来象对col1做小计*/
selectcol1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup(col1,col2);
/*复合rollup表达式*/
selectcol1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup((col1,col2));
select[column,] group_function(column)...
from table
[WHEREcondition]
[GROUP BY[CUBE] group_by_expression]
[HAVINGhaving_expression];
[ORDER BYcolumn]; -------CUBE操作字，除完成ROLLUP的功能外，再对ROLLUP后的结果集从右到左再聚合
example:
/*其结果看起来象对col1做小计后，再对col2做小计，最后算总计*/
selectcol1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2);
/*复合rollup表达式*/
selectcol1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2));
/*混合rollup,cube表达式*/
selectcol1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3);
/*GROUPING(expr)函数，查看select语句种以何字段聚合，其取值为0或1*/
select[column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr)
from table
[WHEREcondition]
[GROUP BY[ROLLUP] group_by_expression]
[HAVINGhaving_expression];
[ORDER BYcolumn];
example:
selectcol1,col2,sum(col3),grouping(col1),grouping(col2) from table group bycube(col1,col2);
/*groupingsets操作，对group by结果集先对col1求和，再对col2求和，最后将其结果集并在一起*/
selectcol1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by grouping sets((col1),(col2));
常用SQL查询：
1、查看表空间的名称及大小
selectt.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size
fromdba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d
wheret.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name
group byt.tablespace_name;
2、查看表空间物理文件的名称及大小
select tablespace_name,file_id, file_name,
round(bytes/(1024*1024),0)total_space
fromdba_data_files
order bytablespace_name;
3、查看回滚段名称及大小
selectsegment_name, tablespace_name, r.status,
(initial_extent/1024)InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent,
max_extents,v.curext CurExtent
Fromdba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v
Wherer.segment_id = v.usn(+)
order bysegment_name;
4、查看控制文件
select namefrom v$controlfile;
5、查看日志文件
select memberfrom v$logfile;
6、查看表空间的使用情况
selectsum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name
fromdba_free_space
group bytablespace_name;
SELECTA.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE,
(B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES"% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE"
FROMSYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C
WHEREA.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME;
7、查看数据库库对象
select owner,object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner,object_type, status;
8、查看数据库的版本
Selectversion FROM Product_component_version
WhereSUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle';
9、查看数据库的创建日期和归档方式
SelectCreated, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database;
10、捕捉运行很久的SQL
columnusername format a12
column opnameformat a16
columnprogress format a8
selectusername,sid,opname,
round(sofar*100 / totalwork,0) || '%' asprogress,
time_remaining,sql_text
fromv$session_longops , v$sql
wheretime_remaining <> 0
andsql_address = address
andsql_hash_value = hash_value
/
11。查看数据表的参数信息
SELECT partition_name, high_value,high_value_length, tablespace_name,
pct_free, pct_used, ini_trans,max_trans, initial_extent,
next_extent, min_extent, max_extent,pct_increase, FREELISTS,
freelist_groups, LOGGING, BUFFER_POOL,num_rows, blocks,
empty_blocks, avg_space, chain_cnt,avg_row_len, sample_size,
last_analyzed
FROM dba_tab_partitions
--WHERE table_name = :tname AND table_owner =:towner
ORDER BYpartition_position
12.查看还没提交的事务
select * fromv$locked_object;
select * fromv$transaction;
13。查找object为哪些进程所用
select
p.spid,
s.sid,
s.serial#serial_num,
s.usernameuser_name,
a.type object_type,
s.osuseros_user_name,
a.owner,
a.objectobject_name,
decode(sign(48- command),
1,
to_char(command),'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,
p.programoracle_process,
s.terminalterminal,
s.programprogram,
s.statussession_status
fromv$session s, v$access a, v$process p
where s.paddr= p.addr and
s.type = 'USER' and
a.sid = s.sid and
a.object='SUBSCRIBER_ATTR'
order bys.username, s.osuser
14。回滚段查看
selectrownum, sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name, v$rollstat.extents
Extents,v$rollstat.rssize Size_in_Bytes, v$rollstat.xacts XActs,
v$rollstat.getsGets, v$rollstat.waits Waits, v$rollstat.writes Writes,
sys.dba_rollback_segs.statusstatus from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs,
v$rollnamewhere v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name and
v$rollstat.usn(+) = v$rollname.usn order by rownum
15。耗资源的进程（top session）
selects.schemaname schema_name, decode(sign(48 - command), 1,
to_char(command),'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action, status
session_status, s.osuser os_user_name, s.sid, p.spid , s.serial# serial_num,
nvl(s.username,'[Oracle process]') user_name, s.terminal terminal,
s.programprogram, st.value criteria_value from v$sesstat st, v$session s , v$process p
where st.sid= s.sid and st.statistic# =to_number('38') and ('ALL' = 'ALL'
or s.status ='ALL') and p.addr = s.paddr order by st.value desc, p.spid asc, s.username asc, s.osuser asc
16。查看锁（lock）情况
select /*+RULE */ ls.osuser os_user_name, ls.username user_name,
decode(ls.type,'RW', 'Row wait enqueue lock', 'TM', 'DML enqueue lock', 'TX',
'Transactionenqueue lock', 'UL', 'User supplied lock') lock_type,
o.object_nameobject, decode(ls.lmode, 1, null, 2,'Row Share', 3,
'RowExclusive', 4, 'Share', 5, 'Share Row Exclusive', 6, 'Exclusive', null)
lock_mode, o.owner, ls.sid, ls.serial#serial_num, ls.id1, ls.id2
from sys.dba_objectso, ( select s.osuser, s.username, l.type,
l.lmode, s.sid, s.serial#, l.id1, l.id2 from v$session s,
v$lock l where s.sid = l.sid ) ls where o.object_id = ls.id1 and o.owner
<>'SYS' order by o.owner, o.object_name
17。查看等待（wait）情况
SELECTv$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count count, SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value
FROMv$waitstat, v$sysstat WHERE v$sysstat.name IN ('db block gets',
'consistentgets') group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count
18。查看sga情况
SELECT NAME,BYTES FROM SYS.V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC
19。查看catched object
SELECTowner, name, db_link, namespace,
type, sharable_mem, loads, executions,
locks, pins, kept FROM v$db_object_cache
20。查看V$SQLAREA
SELECTSQL_TEXT, SHARABLE_MEM, PERSISTENT_MEM, RUNTIME_MEM, SORTS,
VERSION_COUNT,LOADED_VERSIONS, OPEN_VERSIONS, USERS_OPENING, EXECUTIONS,
USERS_EXECUTING,LOADS, FIRST_LOAD_TIME, INVALIDATIONS, PARSE_CALLS, DISK_READS,
BUFFER_GETS,ROWS_PROCESSED FROM V$SQLAREA
21。查看object分类数量
select decode(o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 ,
'SYNONYM' , 6, 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) object_type , count(*) quantity from
sys.obj$ owhere o.type# > 1 group by decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3
, 'CLUSTER' ,4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) union select
'COLUMN' ,count(*) from sys.col$ union select 'DB LINK' , count(*) from
22。按用户查看object种类
select u.nameschema, sum(decode(o.type#, 1, 1,NULL)) indexes,
sum(decode(o.type#,2, 1, NULL)) tables, sum(decode(o.type#, 3, 1, NULL))
clusters, sum(decode(o.type#, 4, 1, NULL)) views, sum(decode(o.type#, 5, 1,
NULL))synonyms, sum(decode(o.type#, 6, 1,NULL)) sequences,
sum(decode(o.type#,1, NULL, 2, NULL, 3, NULL, 4, NULL, 5, NULL, 6, NULL, 1))
others from sys.obj$ o, sys.user$ u where o.type# >= 1 and u.user# =
o.owner#and u.name <> 'PUBLIC' group by u.name order by
sys.link$union select 'CONSTRAINT' , count(*) from sys.con$
23。有关connection的相关信息
1）查看有哪些用户连接
selects.osuser os_user_name, decode(sign(48- command), 1, to_char(command),
'Action Code#' || to_char(command) ) action, p.program oracle_process,
statussession_status, s.terminalterminal, s.program program,
s.usernameuser_name, s.fixed_table_sequenceactivity_meter, '' query,
0memory, 0 max_memory, 0 cpu_usage, s.sid, s.serial# serial_num
fromv$session s, v$process p where s.paddr=p.addr and s.type = 'USER'
order bys.username, s.osuser
2）根据v.sid查看对应连接的资源占用等情况
selectn.name,
v.value,
n.class,
n.statistic#
from v$statname n,
v$sesstat v
where v.sid =71 and
v.statistic# = n.statistic#
order byn.class, n.statistic#
3）根据sid查看对应连接正在运行的sql
select /*+PUSH_SUBQ */
command_type,
sql_text,
sharable_mem,
persistent_mem,
runtime_mem,
sorts,
version_count,
loaded_versions,
open_versions,
users_opening,
executions,
users_executing,
loads,
first_load_time,
invalidations,
parse_calls,
disk_reads,
buffer_gets,
rows_processed,
sysdate start_time,
sysdate finish_time,
'>' || address sql_address,
'N' status
fromv$sqlarea
where address= (select sql_address from v$session where sid = 71)
24．查询表空间使用情况
selecta.tablespace_name "表空间名称",
100-round((nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/a.bytes_alloc)*100,2)"占用率(%)",
round(a.bytes_alloc/1024/1024,2)"容量(M)",
round(nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/1024/1024,2)"空闲(M)",
round((a.bytes_alloc-nvl(b.bytes_free,0))/1024/1024,2)"使用(M)",
Largest"最大扩展段(M)",
to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-ddhh24:mi:ss') "采样时间"
from (select f.tablespace_name,
sum(f.bytes) bytes_alloc,
sum(decode(f.autoextensible,'YES',f.maxbytes,'NO',f.bytes)) maxbytes
fromdba_data_files f
group bytablespace_name) a,
(select f.tablespace_name,
sum(f.bytes) bytes_free
fromdba_free_space f
group bytablespace_name) b,
(selectround(max(ff.length)*16/1024,2) Largest,
ts.name tablespace_name
from sys.fet$ff, sys.file$ tf,sys.ts$ ts
wherets.ts#=ff.ts# and ff.file#=tf.relfile# and ts.ts#=tf.ts#
group byts.name, tf.blocks) c
wherea.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name and a.tablespace_name = c.tablespace_name
25. 查询表空间的碎片程度
selecttablespace_name,count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group bytablespace_name
havingcount(tablespace_name)>10;
altertablespace name coalesce;
alter tablename deallocate unused;
create orreplace view ts_blocks_v as
selecttablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,'free space' segment_name fromdba_free_space
union all
selecttablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,segment_name from dba_extents;
select * fromts_blocks_v;
selecttablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id) from dba_free_space
group bytablespace_name;
26。查询有哪些数据库实例在运行
selectinst_name from v$active_instances;
===========================================================
######### 创建数据库----look$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/buildall.sql #############
createdatabase db01
maxlogfiles10
maxdatafiles1024
maxinstances2
logfile
GROUP 1('/u01/oradata/db01/log_01_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
GROUP 2('/u01/oradata/db01/log_02_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
GROUP 3('/u01/oradata/db01/log_03_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
datafile'u01/oradata/db01/system_01_db01.dbf') SIZE 100M,
undotablespace UNDO
datafile'/u01/oradata/db01/undo_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 40M
defaulttemporary tablespace TEMP
tempfile'/u01/oradata/db01/temp_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 20M
extentmanagement local uniform size 128k
character setAL32UTE8
nationalcharacter set AL16UTF16
settime_zone='America/New_York';
###############数据字典##########
set wrap off
select * fromv$dba_users;
grant selecton table_name to user/rule;
select * fromuser_tables;
select * fromall_tables;
select * fromdba_tables;
revoke dbafrom user_name;
shutdownimmediate
startupnomount
select * fromv$instance;
select * fromv$sga;
select * fromv$tablespace;
alter sessionset nls_language=american;
alterdatabase mount;
select * fromv$database;
alterdatabase open;
descdictionary
select * fromdict;
descv$fixed_table;
select * fromv$fixed_table;
setoracle_sid=foxconn
select * fromdba_objects;
setserveroutput on
executedbms_output.put_line('sfasd');
#############控制文件###########
select * fromv$database;
select * fromv$tablespace;
select * fromv$logfile;
select * fromv$log;
select * fromv$backup;
/*备份用户表空间*/
altertablespace users begin backup;
select * fromv$archived_log;
select * fromv$controlfile;
alter systemset control_files='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl',
'$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl'scope=spfile;
cp$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl
startuppfile='../initSID.ora'
select * fromv$parameter where name like 'control%' ;
showparameter control;
select * fromv$controlfile_record_section;
select * fromv$tempfile;
/*备份控制文件*/
alterdatabase backup controlfile to '../filepath/control.bak';
/*备份控制文件，并将二进制控制文件变为了asc 的文本文件*/
alterdatabase backup controlfile to trace;
###############redo log ##############
archive loglist;
alter systemarchive log start;--启动自动存档
alter systemswitch logfile;--强行进行一次日志switch
alter systemcheckpoint;--强制进行一次checkpoint
altertablspace users begin backup;
altertablespace offline;
/*checkpoint 同步频率参数FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET,同步频率越高，系统恢复所需时间越短*/
showparameter fast;
showparameter log_checkpoint;
/*加入一个日志组*/
alterdatabase add logfile group 3 ('/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' size10M);
/*加入日志组的一个成员*/
alterdatabase add logfile member '/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to group3;
/*删除日志组:当前日志组不能删；活动的日志组不能删；非归档的日志组不能删*/
alterdatabase drop logfile group 3;
/*删除日志组中的某个成员，但每个组的最后一个成员不能被删除*/
alter databsedrop logfile member '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';
/*清除在线日志*/
alterdatabase clear logfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';
alterdatabase clear logfile group 3;
/*清除非归档日志*/
alterdatabase clear unarchived logfile group 3;
/*重命名日志文件*/
alterdatabase rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to'$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo';
show parameterdb_create;
alter systemset db_create_online_log_dest_1='path_name';
select * fromv$log;
select * fromv$logfile;
/*数据库归档模式到非归档模式的互换,要启动到mount状态下才能改变;startup mount;然后再打开数据库.*/
alterdatabase noarchivelog/archivelog;
achive logstart;---启动自动归档
alter systemarchive all;－－手工归档所有日志文件
select * fromv$archived_log;
showparameter log_archive;
###### 分析日志文件logmnr ##############
1) 在init.ora中set utl_file_dir 参数
2) 重新启动oracle
3) create 目录文件
descdbms_logmnr_d;
dbms_logmnr_d.build;
4) 加入日志文件 add/remove log file
dhms_logmnr.add_logfile
dbms_logmnr.removefile
5) startlogmnr
dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr
6) 分析出来的内容查询 v$logmnr_content--sqlredo/sqlundo
实践：
descdbms_logmnr_d;
/*对数据表做一些操作，为恢复操作做准备*/
update 表 set qty=10 where stor_id=6380;
delete 表 where stor_id=7066;
/***********************************/
utl_file_dir的路径
executedbms_logmnr_d.build('foxdict.ora','$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump');
executedbms_logmnr.add_logfile('$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.log',dbms_logmnr.newfile);
executedbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump/foxdict.ora');
#########tablespace ##############
select * formv$tablespace;
select * fromv$datafile;
/*表空间和数据文件的对应关系*/
selectt1.name,t2.name from v$tablespace t1,v$datafile t2 where t1.ts#=t2.ts#;
altertablespace users add datafile 'path' size 10M;
select * fromdba_rollback_segs;
/*限制用户在某表空间的使用限额*/
alter useruser_name quota 10m on tablespace_name;
create tablespacexxx [datafile 'path_name/datafile_name'] [size xxx] [extent managementlocal/dictionary] [default storage(xxx)];
exmple:create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size100M AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5M MAXSIZE 200M;
createtablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100Mextent management dictionary default storage(initial 100k next 100k pctincrease10) offline;
/*9i以后，oracle建议使用local管理，而不使用dictionary管理，因为local采用bitmap管理表空间 ，不会产生系统表空间的自愿争用;*/
createtablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100Mextent management local uniform size 1m;
createtablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100Mextent management local autoallocate;
/*在创建表空间时，设置表空间内的段空间管理模式，这里用的是自动管理*/
createtablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100Mextent management local uniform size 1m segment space management auto;
altertablespace userdata mininum extent 10;
altertablespace userdata default storage(initial 1m next 1m pctincrease 20);
/*undotablespace(不能被用在字典管理模下)*/
create undotablespace undo1 datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 40M extentmanagement local;
showparameter undo;
/*temporarytablespace*/
createtemporary tablespace userdata tempfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size10m extent management local;
/*设置数据库缺省的临时表空间*/
alterdatabase default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;
/*系统/临时/在线的undo表空间不能被offline*/
altertablespace tablespace_name offline/online;
altertablespace tablespace_name read only;
/*重命名用户表空间*/
altertablespace tablespace_name rename datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf'to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf';
/*重命名系统表空间 ,但在重命名前必须将数据库shutdown,并重启到mount状态*/
alterdatabase rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system01.dbf' to'$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system02.dbf';
droptablespace userdata including contents and datafiles;---drop tablespce
/*resizetablespace,autoextend datafile space*/
alterdatabase datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' autoextend on next 10mmaxsize 500M;
/*resizedatafile*/
alterdatabase datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' resize 50m;
/*给表空间扩展空间*/
altertablespace userdata add datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' size 10m;
/*将表空间设置成OMF状态*/
alter systemset db_create_file_dest='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata';
createtablespace userdata;---use OMF status to create tablespace;
drop tablespaceuserdata;---user OMF status to drop tablespace;
select * fromdba_tablespace/v$tablespace/dba_data_files;
/*将表的某分区移动到另一个表空间*/
alter tabletable_name move partition partition_name tablespace tablespace_name;
###### ORACLEstorage structure and relationships #########
/*手工分配表空间段的分区(extend)大小*/
alter tablekong.test12 allocate extent(size 1m datafile'$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf');
alter tablekong.test12 deallocate unused; ---释放表中没有用到的分区
showparameter db;
alter systemset db_8k_cache_size=10m; ---配置8k块的内存空间块参数
select * fromdba_extents/dba_segments/data_tablespace;
select * fromdba_free_space/dba_data_file/data_tablespace;
/*数据对象所占用的字节数*/
selectsum(bytes) from dba_extents where onwer='kong' and segment_name ='table_name';
############UNDO Data ################
showparameter undo;
altertablespace users offline normal;
altertablespace users offline immediate;
recoverdatafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf';
altertablespace users online ;
select * fromdba_rollback_segs;
alter systemset undo_tablespace=undotbs1;
/*忽略回滚段的错误提示*/
alter systemset undo_suppress_errors=true;
/*在自动管理模式下,不会真正建立rbs1;在手工管理模式则可以建立,且是私有回滚段*/
createrollback segment rbs1 tablespace undotbs;
descdbms_flashback;
/*在提交了修改的数据后,9i提供了旧数据的回闪操作,将修改前的数据只读给用户看,但这部分数据不会又恢复在表中,而是旧数据的一个映射*/
executedbms_flashback.enable_at_time('26-JAN-04:12:17:00 pm');
executedbms_flashback.disable;
/*回滚段的统计信息*/
selectend_time,begin_time,undoblks from v$undostat;
/*undo表空间的大小计算公式: UndoSpace=[UR * (UPS *DBS)] + (DBS * 24)
UR:UNDO_RETENTION 保留的时间(秒)
UPS :每秒的回滚数据块
DBS:系统EXTENT和FILE SIZE(也就是db_block_size)*/
select * fromdba_rollback_segs/v$rollname/v$rollstat/v$undostat/v$session/v$transaction;
showparameter transactions;
showparameter rollback;
/*在手工管理模式下,建立公共的回滚段*/
create publicrollback segment prbs1 tablespace undotbs;
alterrollback segment rbs1 online;----在手工管理模式
/*在手工管理模式中,initSID.ora中指定 undo_management=manual 、rollback_segment=('rbs1','rbs2',...)、
transactions=100、transactions_per_rollback_segment=10
然后 shutdown immediate ,startup pfile=....\???.ora */
##########Managing Tables ###########
/*char typemaxlen=2000;varchar2 type maxlen=4000 bytes
rowid 是18位的64进制字符串 (10个bytes 80 bits)
rowid组成: object#(对象号)--32bits,6位
rfile#(相对文件号)--10bits,3位
block#(块号)--22bits,6位
row#(行号)--16bits,3位
64进制: A-Z,a-z,0-9,/,+ 共64个符号
dbms_rowid 包中的函数可以提供对rowid的解释*/
selectrowid,dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid),dbms_rowid.rowid_row_number(rowid)from table_name;
create tabletest2
(
id int,
lnamevarchar2(20) not null,
fnamevarchar2(20) constraint ck_1 check(fname like 'k%'),
empdate datedefault sysdate)
) tablespacetablespace_name;
create globaltemporary table test2 on commit delete/preserve rows as select * fromkong.authors;
create tableuser.table(...) tablespace tablespace_name storage(...) pctfree10 pctused 40;
alter tableuser.tablename pctfree 20 pctused 50 storage(...);---changing table storage
/*手工分配分区,分配的数据文件必须是表所在表空间内的数据文件*/
alter tableuser.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile '...');
/*释放表中没有用到的空间*/
alter tabletable_name deallocate unused;
alter tabletable_name deallocate unused keep 8k;
/*将非分区表的表空间搬到新的表空间,在移动表空间后，原表中的索引对象将会不可用，必须重建*/
alter tableuser.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name;
create indexindex_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users;
alter indexindex_name rebuild;
drop tabletable_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS];
alter table user.table_namedrop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column
/*给表中不用的列做标记*/
alter tableuser.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;
/*drop表中不用的做了标记列*/
alter tableuser.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
/*当在drop col是出现异常，使用CONTINUE，防止重删前面的column*/
ALTER TABLEUSER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000;
select * fromdba_tables/dba_objects;
########managing indexes ##########
/*createindex*/
example:
/*创建一般索引*/
create indexindex_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*创建位图索引*/
create bitmapindex index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespacetablespace_name;
/*索引中不能用pctused*/
create[bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_namepctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ;
/*大数据量的索引最好不要做日志*/
create[bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace_namepctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging;
/*创建反转索引*/
create indexindex_name on table_name(column_name) reverse;
/*创建函数索引*/
create indexindex_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespacetablespace_name;
/*建表时创建约束条件*/
create tableuser.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name primary keydeferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespacetablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint constraint_name notnull,column_name3 number(7))
tablespace tablespace_name;
/*给创建bitmap index分配的内存空间参数，以加速建索引*/
showparameter create_bit;
/*改变索引的存储参数*/
alter indexindex_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k);
/*给索引手工分配一个分区*/
alter indexindex_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile '$ORACLE/oradata/..');
/*释放索引中没用的空间*/
alter indexindex_name deallocate unused;
/*索引重建*/
alter indexindex_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name;
/*普通索引和反转索引的互换*/
alter indexindex_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse;
/*重建索引时，不锁表*/
alter indexindex_name rebuild online;
/*给索引整理碎片*/
alter indexindex_name COALESCE;
/*分析索引,事实上是更新统计的过程*/
analyze indexindex_name validate structure;
descindex_state;
drop indexindex_name;
alter indexindex_name monitoring usage;-----监视索引是否被用到
alter indexindex_name nomonitoring usage;----取消监视
/*有关索引信息的视图*/
select * fromdba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage;
########## 数据完整性的管理(Maintaining data integrity)##########
alter tabletable_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop 约束
alter tabletable_name add constraint constraint_name primarykey(column_name1,column_name2);-----创建主键
alter tabletable_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---创建唯一约束
/*创建外键约束*/
alter tabletable_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) referencestable_name(column_name1);
/*不效验老数据，只约束新的数据[enable/disable：约束/不约束新数据;novalidate/validate:不对/对老数据进行验证]*/
alter tabletable_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like 'B%')enable/disable novalidate/validate;
/*修改约束条件，延时验证，commit时验证*/
alter tabletable_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred;
/*修改约束条件，立即验证*/
alter tabletable_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate;
alter sessionset constraints=deferred/immediate;
/*drop一个有外键的主键表,带cascade constraints参数级联删除*/
drop tabletable_name cascade constraints;
/*当truncate外键表时，先将外键设为无效，再truncate;*/
truncatetable table_name;
/*设约束条件无效*/
alter tabletable_name disable constraint constraint_name;
alter tabletable_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name;
/*将无效约束的数据行放入exception的表中，此表记录了违反数据约束的行的行号；在此之前，要先建exceptions表*/
alter tabletable_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enablevalidate exceptions into exceptions;
/*运行创建exceptions表的脚本*/
start$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql;
/*获取约束条件信息的表或视图*/
select * fromuser_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns;
##################managing password security and resources ####################
alter useruser_name account unlock/open;----锁定/打开用户;
alter useruser_name password expire;---设定口令到期
/*建立口令配置文件,failed_login_attempts口令输多少次后锁，password_lock_times指多少天后口令被自动解锁*/
createprofile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440;
/*创建口令配置文件*/
createprofile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time unlimitedpassword_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_functionverify_function password_grace_time 5;
/*建立资源配置文件*/
createprofile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60connect_time 480;
alter useruser_name profile profile_name;
/*设置口令解锁时间*/
alter profileprofile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24;
/*password_life_time指口令文件多少时间到期，password_grace_time指在第一次成功登录后到口令到期有多少天时间可改变口令*/
alter profileprofile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3;
/*password_reuse_time指口令在多少天内可被重用,password_reuse_max口令可被重用的最大次数*/
alter profileprofile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3];
alter useruser_name identified by input_password;-----修改用户口令
drop profileprofile_name;
/*建立了profile后，且指定给某个用户，则必须用CASCADE才能删除*/
drop profileprofile_name CASCADE;
alter systemset resource_limit=true;---启用自愿限制,缺省是false
/*配置资源参数*/
alter profileprofile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5;
/*资源参数(session级)
cpu_per_session每个session占用cpu的时间单位1/100秒
sessions_per_user允许每个用户的并行session数
connect_time 允许连接的时间 单位分钟
idle_time 连接被空闲多少时间后，被自动断开 单位分钟
logical_reads_per_session读块数
private_sga 用户能够在SGA中使用的私有的空间数 单位bytes
(call级)
cpu_per_call 每次(1/100秒)调用cpu的时间
logical_reads_per_call每次调用能够读的块数
*/
alter profileprofile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10;
descdbms_resouce_manager;---资源管理器包
/*获取资源信息的表或视图*/
select * fromdba_users/dba_profiles;
######Managing users ############
showparameter os;
create usertestuser1 identified by kxf_001;
grantconnect,createtable to testuser1;
alter usertestuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name;
/*创建用户*/
create useruser_name identified by password default tablespace tablespace_name temporarytablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire;
/*数据库级设定缺省临时表空间*/
alterdatabase default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;
/*制定数据库级的缺省表空间*/
alterdatabase default tablespace tablespace_name;
/*创建os级审核的用户，需知道os_authent_prefix，表示oracle和os口令对应的前缀,'OPS$'为此参数的值，此值可以任意设置*/
create useruser_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name tablespace_nametemporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name passwordexpire;
/*修改用户使用表空间的限额,回滚表空间和临时表空间不允许授予限额*/
alter useruser_name quota 5m on tablespace_name;
/*删除用户或删除级联用户(用户对象下有对象的要用CASCADE，将其下一些对象一起删除)*/
drop useruser_name [CASCADE];
/*每个用户在哪些表空间下有些什么限额*/
descdba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username='...';
/*改变用户的缺省表空间*/
alter useruser_name default tablespace tablespace_name;
#########Managing Privileges #############
grant createtable,create session to user_name;
grant createany table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name;
/*授予权限语法,public 标识所有用户,with admin option允许能将权限授予第三者的权限*/
grantsystem_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option];
select * fromv$pwfile_users;
/*当 O7_dictionary_accessiblity参数为True时，标识select any table时，包括系统表也能select ,否则，不包含系统表;缺省为false*/
showparameter O7;
/*由于 O7_dictionary_accessiblity为静态参数，不能动态改变，故加scope=spfile,下次启动时才生效*/
alter systemset O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile;
/*授予对象中的某些字段的权限，如select 某表中的某些字段的权限*/
grant[object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... withgrant option;
/*oracle不允许授予select某列的权限,但可以授insert ,update某列的权限*/
grantinsert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grantoption;
select * fromdba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs;
/*db/os/none 审计被记录在 数据库/操作系统/不审计 缺省是none*/
showparameter audit_trail;
/*启动对表的select动作*/
audit selecton user.table_name by session;
/*by session在每个session中发出command只记录一次，by access则每个command都记录*/
audit [createtable][select/update/insert on object by session/access][wheneversuccessful/not successful];
descdbms_fga;---进一步设计，则可使用dbms_fgs包
/*取消审计*/
noaudit selecton user.table_name;
/*查被审计信息*/
select * fromall_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts;
/*获取审计记录*/
select * fromdba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement;
###########Managing Role #################
create rolerole_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name touser_name; set role role_name;
create rolerole_name;
create rolerole_name identified by password;
create rolerole_name identified externally;
set rolerole_name ; ----激活role
set rolerole_name identified by password;
alter rolerole_name not identified;
alter rolerole_name identified by password;
alter rolerole_name identified externally;
grantpriv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION];
grantupdate(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name;
grantrole_name1 to role_name2;
/*建立default role,用户登录时，缺省激活default role*/
alter useruser_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...;
alter useruser_name default role all;
alter useruser_name default role all except role_name1,...;
alter useruser_name default role none;
set rolerole1 [identified by password],role2,....;
set role all;
set roleexcept role1,role2,...;
set rolenone;
revoke role_namefrom user_name;
revokerole_name from public;
drop rolerole_name;
select * fromdba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles;
###########Basic SQL SELECT ################
select col_nameas col_alias from table_name ;
selectcol_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_'匹配单个字符
/*使用字符函数(右边截取,字段中包含某个字符,左边填充某字符到固定位数,右边填充某字符到固定位数)*/
selectsubstr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') fromtable_name;
/*使用数字函数(往右/左几位四舍五入,取整,取余)*/
selectround(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ;
/*使用日期函数(计算两个日期间相差几个星期,两个日期间相隔几个月,在某个月份上加几个月,某个日期的下一个日期,
某日期所在月的最后的日期,对某个日期的月分四舍五入，对某个日期的月份进行取整)*/
select(sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate),
round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH')from table_name;
/*使用NULL函数(当expr1为空取expr2/当expr1为空取expr2,否则取expr3/当expr1=expr2返回空)*/
selectnvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name;
selectcolumn1,column2,column3, case column2 when '50' then column2*1.1
when '30'then column2*2.1
when '10'then column3/20
else column3
end as ttt
fromtable_name ; ------使用case函数
selecttable1.col1,table2.col2 from table1
[CROSS JOINtable2] | -----笛卡儿连接
[NATURAL JOINtable2] | -----用两个表中的同名列连接
[JOIN table2USING (column_name)] | -----用两个表中的同名列中的某一列或几列连接
[JOIN table2
ON(table1.col1=table2.col2)] |
[LEFT|RIGHT|FULLOUTER JOIN table2 ------相当于(+)=,=(+)连接,全外连接
ON(table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999中的JOIN语法;
example:
selectcol1,col2 from table1 t1
join table2t2
ont1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1
join table3t3
ont2.col1=t3.col3;
select * fromtable_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continuegroup by col3);
select * fromtable_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continuegroup by col3);
insert into(select col1,col2,col3 form table_name where col1> 50 with check option)values (value1,value2,value3);
MERGE INTOtable_name table1
USINGtable_name2 table2
ON(table1.col1=table2.col2)
WHEN MATCHEDTHEN
UPDATE SET
table1.col1=table2.col2,
table1.col2=table2.col3,
...
WHEN NOTMATCHED THEN
INSERTVALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----合并语句
#####################CREATE/ALTER TABLE #######################
alter tabletable_name drop column column_name ;---drop column
alter tabletable_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----设置列无效，这个比较快。
alter tabletable_name drop unused columns;---删除被设为无效的列
renametable_name1 to table_name2; ---重命名表
comment ontable table_name is 'comment message';----给表放入注释信息
create tabletable_name
(col1 int notnull,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20),
constraintuk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----定义表中的约束条件
alter tabletable_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----创建主键
/*建立外键*/
create tabletable_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid)references other_table_name(id));
alter tabletable_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%');
alter tabletable_name drop constraint constraint_name;
alter tabletable_name drop primary key cascade;----级联删除主键
alter tabletable_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----使约束暂时无效
/*删除列，并级联删除此列下的约束条件*/
alter tabletable_name drop column column_name cascade constraint;
select * fromuser_constraints/user_cons_columns;---约束条件相关视图
##############Create Views #####################
CREATE [ORREPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)]
AS subquery
[WITH CHECKOPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]
[WITH READONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------创建视图的语法
example:Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name;------创建视图
/*使用别名*/
Create orreplace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name;
/*创建复杂视图*/
Create viewview_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as selectd.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),avg(e.col1) from table_name1 e,table_name2 dwhere e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1;
/*当用update修改数据时，必须满足视图的col1>10的条件，不满足则不能被改变.*/
Create orreplace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with checkoption;
/*改变视图的值.对于简单视图可以用update语法修改表数据，但复杂视图则不一定能改。如使用了函数，group by,distinct等的列*/
updateview_name set col1=value1;
/*TOP-N分析*/
select[column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order byTop-N_column) where rownum<=N;
/*找出某列三条最大值的记录*/
example:select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name orderby col2 desc) where rownum<=3;
#############Other database Object ###############
CREATESEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n]
[START WITHn]
[{MAXVALUE n| NOMAXVALUE}]
[{MINVALUE n| NOMINVALUE}]
[{CYCEL |NOCYCLE}]
[{CACHE n |NOCACHE}]; -----创建SEQUENCE
example:
CREATESEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10
START WITH120
MAXVALUE 9999
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE;
select * fromuser_sequences ;---当前用户下记录sequence的视图
selectsequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence的引用
altersequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20
MAXVALUE999999
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE;-----修改sequence,不能改变起始序号
drop sequencesequence_name; ----删除sequence
CREATE[PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------创建同义词
DROP [PUBLIC]SYNONYM synonym_name;----删除同义词
CREATE PUBLICDATABASE LINK link_name USEING OBJECT;----创建DBLINK
select * fromobject_name@link_name; ----访问远程数据库中的对象
/*union 操作，它将两个集合的交集部分压缩，并对数据排序*/
selectcol1,col2,col3 from table1_name union select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*union all 操作，两个集合的交集部分不压缩，且不对数据排序*/
selectcol1,col2,col3 from table1_name union all select col1,col2,col3 fromtable2_name;
/*intersect 操作，求两个集合的交集,它将对重复数据进行压缩，且排序*/
selectcol1,col2,col3 from table1_name intersect select col1,col2,col3 fromtable2_name;
/*minus 操作，集合减,它将压缩两个集合减后的重复记录, 且对数据排序*/
selectcol1,col2,col3 from table1_name minus select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*EXTRACT 抽取时间函数. 此例是抽取当前日期中的年*/
selectEXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) from dual;
/*EXTRACT 抽取时间函数. 此例是抽取当前日期中的月*/
selectEXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) from dual;
##########################增强的 group by 子句 #########################
select[column,] group_function(column)...
from table
[WHEREcondition]
[GROUP BY[ROLLUP] group_by_expression]
[HAVINGhaving_expression];
[ORDER BYcolumn]; -------ROLLUP操作字，对group by子句的各字段从右到左进行再聚合
example:
/*其结果看起来象对col1做小计*/
selectcol1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup(col1,col2);
/*复合rollup表达式*/
selectcol1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup((col1,col2));
select[column,] group_function(column)...
from table
[WHEREcondition]
[GROUP BY[CUBE] group_by_expression]
[HAVINGhaving_expression];
[ORDER BYcolumn]; -------CUBE操作字，除完成ROLLUP的功能外，再对ROLLUP后的结果集从右到左再聚合
example:
/*其结果看起来象对col1做小计后，再对col2做小计，最后算总计*/
selectcol1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2);
/*复合rollup表达式*/
selectcol1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2));
/*混合rollup,cube表达式*/
selectcol1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3);
/*GROUPING(expr)函数，查看select语句种以何字段聚合，其取值为0或1*/
select[column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr)
from table
[WHEREcondition]
[GROUP BY[ROLLUP] group_by_expression]
[HAVINGhaving_expression];
[ORDER BYcolumn];
example:
selectcol1,col2,sum(col3),grouping(col1),grouping(col2) from table group bycube(col1,col2);
/*groupingsets操作，对group by结果集先对col1求和，再对col2求和，最后将其结果集并在一起*/
selectcol1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by grouping sets((col1),(col2));
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