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.NET的堆和栈03,引用类型对象拷贝以及内存分配

2014-07-16 12:23 411 查看
在" .NET的堆和栈01,基本概念、值类型内存分配"中,了解了"堆"和"栈"的基本概念,以及值类型的内存分配。我们知道:当执行一个方法的时候,值类型实例会在"栈"上分配内存,而引用类型实例会在"堆"上分配内存,当方法执行完毕,"栈"上的实例由操作系统自动释放,"堆"上的实例由.NET Framework的GC进行回收。

在" .NET的堆和栈02,值类型和引用类型参数传递以及内存分配"中,我们了解了值类型参数和引用类型参数在传递时的内存分配情况。

而本篇的重点要放在:引用类型对象拷贝以及内存分配。

主要包括:
引用类型对象拷贝 成员都是值类型
引用类型对象拷贝 包含引用类型成员

引用类型对象拷贝 成员都是值类型

public struct Shoe{
public string Color;
}

public class Dude
{
public string Name;
public Shoe RightShoe;
public Shoe LeftShoe;

public Dude CopyDude()
{
Dude newPerson = new Dude();
newPerson.Name = Name;
newPerson.LeftShoe = LeftShoe;
newPerson.RightShoe = RightShoe;

return newPerson;
}

public override string ToString()
{
return (Name + " : Dude!, I have a " + RightShoe.Color  +
" shoe on my right foot, and a " +
LeftShoe.Color + " on my left foot.");
}

}

public static void Main()
{
Dude Bill = new Dude();
Bill.Name = "Bill";
Bill.LeftShoe = new Shoe();
Bill.RightShoe = new Shoe();
Bill.LeftShoe.Color = Bill.RightShoe.Color = "Blue";

Dude Ted =  Bill.CopyDude();
Ted.Name = "Ted";
Ted.LeftShoe.Color = Ted.RightShoe.Color = "Red";

Console.WriteLine(Bill.ToString());
Console.WriteLine(Ted.ToString());
}


输出结果:
Bill : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot
Ted : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot

以上,当引用类型的属性、成员都是值类型的时候,拷贝是完全拷贝。





引用类型对象拷贝 包含引用类型成员

把Shoe由struct值类型改成引用类型class。

public class Shoe{
public string Color;
}


再次运行,输出结果:
Bill : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot
Ted : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot

当Dude类包含引用类型属性Shoe的时候,在托管堆上的情况是这样的:




拷贝后,2个Dude的Shoe类型的属性指向了同一个托管堆内的Shoe实例,改变Shoe的值会同时影响到2个Dude。

很显然,这不是我们期望的完全拷贝,如何做到完全拷贝呢?
--实现ICloneable接口

ICloneable接口的Clone()方法,允许我们在拷贝的时候,进行一些自定义设置。

让引用类Shoe实现ICloneable接口。

public class Shoe : ICloneable
{
public string Color;

public object Clone()
{
Shoe newShoe = new Shoe();
newShoe.Color = Color.Clone() as string;
return newShoe;
}
}


以上,Shoe的string类型属性Color之所以可以使用Color.Clone()方法,是因为string也实现了ICloneable接口;又由于Clone()返回类型是object,所以,在使用Color.Clone()方法之后,需要把object转换成string类型。

现在,在Dude类的CopyDude()方法中,当拷贝Shoe类型属性的时候,就可以使用Shoe独有的拷贝方法Clone()。

public Dude CopyDude()
{
Dude newPerson = new Dude();
newPerson.Name = Name;
newPerson.LeftShoe = LeftShoe.Clone() as Shoe;
newPerson.RightShoe = RightShoe.Clone() as Shoe;

return newPerson;
}


客户端程序。

public static void Main()
{
Dude Bill = new Dude();
Bill.Name = "Bill";
Bill.LeftShoe = new Shoe();
Bill.RightShoe = new Shoe();
Bill.LeftShoe.Color = Bill.RightShoe.Color = "Blue";

Dude Ted =  Bill.CopyDude();
Ted.Name = "Ted";
Ted.LeftShoe.Color = Ted.RightShoe.Color = "Red";

Console.WriteLine(Bill.ToString());
Console.WriteLine(Ted.ToString());

}


输出结果:
Bill : Dude!, I have a Blue shoe on my right foot, and a Blue on my left foot
Ted : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot

这正是我们期望的完全拷贝!

完全拷贝,托管堆上的情况是这样的:




当然也可以让同时包含值类型和引用类型成员,同时需要拷贝的类实现ICloneable接口。

public class Dude: ICloneable
{
public string Name;
public Shoe RightShoe;
public Shoe LeftShoe;

public override string ToString()
{
return (Name + " : Dude!, I have a " + RightShoe.Color  +
" shoe on my right foot, and a " +
LeftShoe.Color + " on my left foot.");
}
#region ICloneable Members

public object Clone()
{
Dude newPerson = new Dude();
newPerson.Name = Name.Clone() as string;
newPerson.LeftShoe = LeftShoe.Clone() as Shoe;
newPerson.RightShoe = RightShoe.Clone() as Shoe;

return newPerson;
}

#endregion
}


客户端调用。

public static void Main()
{
Class1 pgm = new Class1();

Dude Bill = new Dude();
Bill.Name = "Bill";
Bill.LeftShoe = new Shoe();
Bill.RightShoe = new Shoe();
Bill.LeftShoe.Color = Bill.RightShoe.Color = "Blue";

Dude Ted =  Bill.Clone() as Dude;
Ted.Name = "Ted";
Ted.LeftShoe.Color = Ted.RightShoe.Color = "Red";

Console.WriteLine(Bill.ToString());
Console.WriteLine(Ted.ToString());

}


输出结果:
Bill : Dude!, I have a Blue shoe on my right foot, and a Blue on my left foot.
Ted : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot.

也是我们期望的完全拷贝!

参考资料:
C# Heap(ing) Vs Stack(ing) in .NET: Part III

".NET的堆和栈"系列包括:

.NET的堆和栈01,基本概念、值类型内存分配

.NET的堆和栈02,值类型和引用类型参数传递以及内存分配

.NET的堆和栈03,引用类型对象拷贝以及内存分配

.NET的堆和栈04,对托管和非托管资源的垃圾回收以及内存分配

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