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关于Javascript的内存泄漏问题的整理稿

2014-07-11 08:51 267 查看
写了好长时间javascript小功能模块,从来没有关注过内存泄漏问题。记得以前写C++程序的时候,内存泄漏是个严重的问题,我想是时候关注一下了。网上找了篇文章,Mark一下。原文地址:http://www.blogjava.net/tim-wu/archive/2006/05/29/48729.html

常规循环引用内存泄漏和Closure内存泄漏

要了解javascript的内存泄漏问题,首先要了解的就是javascript的GC原理。

我记得原来在犀牛书《JavaScript: The Definitive Guide》中看到过,IE使用的GC算法是计数器,因此只碰到循环 引用就会造成memory leakage。后来一直觉得和观察到的现象很不一致,直到看到Eric的文章,才明白犀牛书的说法没有说得很明确,估计该书成文后IE升级过算法吧。 在IE 6中,对于javascript object内部,jscript使用的是mark-and-sweep算法,而对于javascript object与外部object(包括native object和vbscript object等等)的引用时,IE 6使用的才是计数器的算法。

Eric Lippert在http://blogs.msdn.com/ericlippert/archive/2003/09/17/53038.aspx一文中提到IE 6中JScript的GC算法使用的是nongeneration mark-and-sweep。对于javascript对算法的实现缺陷,文章如是说:
"The benefits of this approach are numerous, but the principle benefit is that circular references are not leaked unless the circular reference involves an object not owned by JScript. "
也就是说,IE 6对于纯粹的Script Objects间的Circular References是可以正确处理的,可惜它处理不了的是JScript与Native Object(例如Dom、ActiveX Object)之间的Circular References。
所以,当我们出现Native对象(例如Dom、ActiveX Object)与Javascript对象间的循环引用时,内存泄露的问题就出现了。当然,这个bug在IE 7中已经被修复了[http://www.quirksmode.org/blog/archives/2006/04/ie_7_and_javasc.html]。
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/IETechCol/dnwebgen/ie_leak_patterns.asp 中有个示意图和简单的例子体现了这个问题:

Html代码


< html >

< head >

< script language = " JScript " >

var myGlobalObject;

function SetupLeak() // 产生循环引用,因此会造成内存泄露

{

// First set up the script scope to element reference

myGlobalObject =

document.getElementById( " LeakedDiv " );

// Next set up the element to script scope reference

document.getElementById( " LeakedDiv " ).expandoProperty =

myGlobalObject;

}

function BreakLeak() // 解开循环引用,解决内存泄露问题

{

document.getElementById( " LeakedDiv " ).expandoProperty =

null ;

}

</ script >

</ head >

< body onload = " SetupLeak() " onunload = " BreakLeak() " >

< div id = " LeakedDiv " ></ div >

</ body >

</ html >

上面这个例子,看似很简单就能够解决内存泄露的问题。可惜的是,当我们的代码中的结构复杂了以后,造成循环引用的原因开始变得多样,我们就没法那么容易观察到了,这时候,我们必须对代码进行仔细的检查。
尤其是当碰到Closure,当我们往Native对象(例如Dom对象、ActiveX Object)上绑定事件响应代码时,一个不小心,我们就会制造出Closure Memory Leak。其关键原因,其实和前者是一样的,也是一个跨javascript object和native object的循环引用。只是代码更为隐蔽,这个隐蔽性,是由于javascript的语言特性造成的。但在使用类似内嵌函数的时候,内嵌的函数有拥有一 个reference指向外部函数的scope,包括外部函数的参数,因此也就很容易造成一个很隐蔽的循环引用,例如:
DOM_Node.onevent ->function_object.[ [ scope ] ] ->scope_chain ->Activation_object.nodeRef ->DOM_Node。

[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/IETechCol/dnwebgen/ie_leak_patterns.asp]有个例子极深刻地显示了该隐蔽性:

Html代码


< html >

< head >

< script language = " JScript " >

function AttachEvents(element)

{

// This structure causes element to ref ClickEventHandler //element有个引用指向函数ClickEventHandler()

element.attachEvent( " onclick " , ClickEventHandler);

function ClickEventHandler()

{

// This closure refs element //该函数有个引用指向AttachEvents(element)调用Scope,也就是执行了参数element。

}

}

function SetupLeak()

{

// The leak happens all at once

AttachEvents(document.getElementById( " LeakedDiv " ));

}

</ script >

</ head >

< body onload = " SetupLeak() " onunload = " BreakLeak() " >

< div id = " LeakedDiv " ></ div >

</ body >

</ html >

还有这个例子在IE 6中同样原因会引起泄露

Html代码


function leakmaybe() {

var elm = document.createElement( " DIV " );

elm.onclick = function () {

return 2 + 2 ;

}

}

for ( var i = 0 ; i 10000 ; i ++ ) {

leakmaybe();

}

btw:
关于Closure的知识,大家可以看看http://jibbering.com/faq/faq_notes/closures.html这篇文章,习惯中文也可以看看zkjbeyond的blog,他对Closure这篇文章进行了简要的翻译:http://www.blogjava.net/zkjbeyond/archive/2006/05/19/47025.html。 之所以会有这一系列的问题,关键就在于javascript是种函数式脚本解析语言,因此javascript中“函数中的变量的作用域是定义作用域,而 不是动态作用域”,这点在犀牛书《JavaScript: The Definitive Guide》中的“Funtion”一章中有所讨论。 http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=KB;EN-US;830555中也对这个问题举了很详细的例子。
一些 简单的解决方案

目前大多数ajax前端的javascript framework都利用对事件的管理,解决了该问题。

如果你需要自己解决这个问题,可以参考以下的一些方法:
http://outofhanwell.com/ieleak/index.php?title=Main_Page:有个不错的检测工具 http://youngpup.net/2005/0221010713 中提到:可以利用递归Dom树,解除event绑定,从而解除循环引用:

Html代码


if (window.attachEvent) {

var clearElementProps = [

'data',

'onmouseover',

'onmouseout',

'onmousedown',

'onmouseup',

'ondblclick',

'onclick',

'onselectstart',

'oncontextmenu'

];

window.attachEvent("onunload", function() {

var el;

for(var d = document.all.length;d--;){

el = document.all[d];

for(var c = clearElementProps.length;c--;){

el[clearElementProps[c]] = null;

}

}

});

}

而http://novemberborn.net/javascript/event-cache一文中则通过增加EventCache,从而给出一个相对结构化的解决方案

Html代码


/* EventCache Version 1.0

Copyright 2005 Mark Wubben

Provides a way for automagically removing events from nodes and thus preventing memory leakage.

See <http://novemberborn.net/javascript/event-cache> for more information.

This software is licensed under the CC-GNU LGPL <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/LGPL/2.1/>

*/

/* Implement array.push for browsers which don't support it natively.

Please remove this if it's already in other code */

if (Array.prototype.push == null ){

Array.prototype.push = function (){

for ( var i = 0 ; i < arguments.length; i ++ ){

this [ this .length] = arguments[i];

};

return this .length;

};

};

/* Event Cache uses an anonymous function to create a hidden scope chain.

This is to prevent scoping issues. */

var EventCache = function (){

var listEvents = [];

return {

listEvents : listEvents,

add : function (node, sEventName, fHandler, bCapture){

listEvents.push(arguments);

},

flush : function (){

var i, item;

for (i = listEvents.length - 1 ; i >= 0 ; ii = i - 1 ){

item = listEvents[i];

if (item[ 0 ].removeEventListener){

item[ 0 ].removeEventListener(item[ 1 ], item[ 2 ], item[ 3 ]);

};

/* From this point on we need the event names to be prefixed with 'on" */

if (item[ 1 ].substring( 0 , 2 ) != " on " ){

item[ 1 ] = " on " + item[ 1 ];

};

if (item[ 0 ].detachEvent){

item[ 0 ].detachEvent(item[ 1 ], item[ 2 ]);

};

item[ 0 ][item[ 1 ]] = null ;

};

}

};

}();

使用方法也很简单:

Html代码


<script type="text/javascript">

function addEvent(oEventTarget, sEventType, fDest){

if(oEventTarget.attachEvent){

oEventTarget.attachEvent("on" + sEventType, fDest);

} elseif(oEventTarget.addEventListener){

oEventTarget.addEventListener(sEventType, fDest, true);

} elseif(typeof oEventTarget[sEventType] == "function"){

var fOld = oEventTarget[sEventType];

oEventTarget[sEventType] = function(e){ fOld(e); fDest(e); };

} else {

oEventTarget[sEventType] = fDest;

};

/* Implementing EventCache for all event systems */

EventCache.add(oEventTarget, sEventType, fDest, true);

};

function createLeak(){

var body = document.body;

function someHandler(){

return body;

};

addEvent(body, "click", someHandler);

};

window.onload = function(){

var i = 500;

while(i > 0){

createLeak();

ii = i - 1;

}

};

window.onunload = EventCache.flush;

</script>
http://talideon.com/weblog/2005/03/js-memory-leaks.cfm 一文中的方法类似:

Html代码


/*

* EventManager.js

* by Keith Gaughan

*

* This allows event handlers to be registered unobtrusively, and cleans

* them up on unload to prevent memory leaks.

*

* Copyright (c) Keith Gaughan, 2005.

*

* All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials

* are made available under the terms of the Common Public License v1.0

* (CPL) which accompanies this distribution, and is available at

* http://www.opensource.org/licenses/cpl.php
*

* This software is covered by a modified version of the Common Public License

* (CPL), where Keith Gaughan is the Agreement Steward, and the licensing

* agreement is covered by the laws of the Republic of Ireland.

*/

// For implementations that don't include the push() methods for arrays.

if ( ! Array.prototype.push) {

Array.prototype.push = function (elem) {

this [ this .length] = elem;

}

}

var EventManager = {

_registry: null ,

Initialise: function () {

if ( this ._registry == null ) {

this ._registry = [];

// Register the cleanup handler on page unload.

EventManager.Add(window, " unload " , this .CleanUp);

}

},

/* *

* Registers an event and handler with the manager.

*

* @param obj Object handler will be attached to.

* @param type Name of event handler responds to.

* @param fn Handler function.

* @param useCapture Use event capture. False by default.

* If you don't understand this, ignore it.

*

* @return True if handler registered, else false.

*/

Add: function (obj, type, fn, useCapture) {

this .Initialise();

// If a string was passed in, it's an id.

if ( typeof obj == " string " ) {

obj = document.getElementById(obj);

}

if (obj == null || fn == null ) {

return false ;

}

// Mozilla/W3C listeners?

if (obj.addEventListener) {

obj.addEventListener(type, fn, useCapture);

this ._registry.push({obj: obj, type: type, fn: fn, useCapture: useCapture});

return true ;

}

// IE-style listeners?

if (obj.attachEvent && obj.attachEvent( " on " + type, fn)) {

this ._registry.push({obj: obj, type: type, fn: fn, useCapture: false });

return true ;

}

return false ;

},

/* *

* Cleans up all the registered event handlers.

*/

CleanUp: function () {

for ( var i = 0 ; i < EventManager._registry.length; i ++ ) {

with (EventManager._registry[i]) {

// Mozilla/W3C listeners?

if (obj.removeEventListener) {

obj.removeEventListener(type, fn, useCapture);

}

// IE-style listeners?

else if (obj.detachEvent) {

obj.detachEvent( " on " + type, fn);

}

}

}

// Kill off the registry itself to get rid of the last remaining

// references.

EventManager._registry = null ;

}

};

使用起来也很简单

Html代码


<html>

<head>

<script type=text/javascript src=EventManager.js></script>

<script type=text/javascript>

function onLoad() {

EventManager.Add(document.getElementById(testCase),click,hit );

returntrue;

}

function hit(evt) {

alert(click);

}

</script>

</head>

<body onload='javascript: onLoad();'>

<div id='testCase' style='width:100%; height: 100%; yellow;'>

<h1>Click me!</h1>

</div>

</body>

</html>

google map api同样提供了一个类似的函数用在页面的unload事件中,解决Closure带来的内存泄露问题。
当然,如果你不嫌麻烦,你也可以为每个和native object有关的就阿vascript object编写一个destoryMemory函数,用来手动调用,从而手动解除Dom对象的事件绑定。

还有一种就是不要那么OO,抛弃Dom的一些特性,用innerHTML代替appendChild,避开循环引用。详细见http://birdshome.cnblogs.com/archive/2005/02/16/104967.html中的讨论贴。

Cross-Page Leaks

Cross-Page Leaks和下一节提到的Pseudo-Leaks在我看来,就是IE的bug, 虽然MS死皮赖脸不承认:)

大家可以看看这段例子代码:

Html代码


< html >

< head >

< script language = " JScript " >

function LeakMemory() // 这个函数会引发Cross-Page Leaks

{

var hostElement = document.getElementById( " hostElement " );

// Do it a lot, look at Task Manager for memory response

for (i = 0 ; i < 5000 ; i ++ )

{

var parentDiv =

document.createElement( " <div onClick='foo()'> " );

var childDiv =

document.createElement( " <div onClick='foo()'> " );

// This will leak a temporary object

parentDiv.appendChild(childDiv);

hostElement.appendChild(parentDiv);

hostElement.removeChild(parentDiv);

parentDiv.removeChild(childDiv);

parentDiv = null ;

childDiv = null ;

}

hostElement = null ;

}

function CleanMemory() // 而这个函数不会引发Cross-Page Leaks

{

var hostElement = document.getElementById( " hostElement " );

// Do it a lot, look at Task Manager for memory response

for (i = 0 ; i < 5000 ; i ++ )

{

var parentDiv = document.createElement( " <div onClick='foo()'> " );

var childDiv = document.createElement( " <div onClick='foo()'> " );

// Changing the order is important, this won't leak

hostElement.appendChild(parentDiv);

parentDiv.appendChild(childDiv);

hostElement.removeChild(parentDiv);

parentDiv.removeChild(childDiv);

parentDiv = null ;

childDiv = null ;

}

hostElement = null ;

}

</ script >

</ head >

< body >

< button onclick = " LeakMemory() " > Memory Leaking Insert </ button >

< button onclick = " CleanMemory() " > Clean Insert </ button >

< div id = " hostElement " ></ div >

</ body >

</ html >

LeakMemory和CleanMemory这两段函数的唯一区别就在于他们的代码的循序,从代码上看,两段代码的逻辑都没有错。

但LeakMemory却会造成泄露。原因是LeakMemory()会先建立起parentDiv和childDiv之间的连接,这时候,为了让 childDiv能够获知parentDiv的信息,因此IE需要先建立一个临时的scope对象。而后parentDiv建立了和 hostElement对象的联系,parentDiv和childDiv直接使用页面document的scope。可惜的是,IE不会释放刚才那个临 时的scope对象的内存空间,直到我们跳转页面,这块空间才能被释放。而CleanMemory函数不同,他先把parentDiv和 hostElement建立联系,而后再把childDiv和parentDiv建立联系,这个过程不需要单独建立临时的scope,只要直接使用页面 document的scope就可以了, 所以也就不会造成内存泄露了

详细原因,大家可以看看http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/IETechCol/dnwebgen/ie_leak_patterns.asp这篇文章。

btw:
IE 6中垃圾回收算法,就是从那些直接"in scope"的对象开始进行mark清除的:
Every variable which is "in scope" is called a "scavenger". A scavenger may refer to a number, an object, a string, whatever. We maintain a list of scavengers – variables are moved on to the scav list when they come into scope and off the scav list when they go out of scope.

Pseudo-Leaks

这个被称为“秀逗泄露”真是恰当啊:)
看看这个例子:

Html代码


< html >

< head >

< script language = " JScript " >

function LeakMemory()

{

// Do it a lot, look at Task Manager for memory response

for (i = 0 ; i < 5000 ; i ++ )

{

hostElement.text = " function foo() { } " ;//看内存会不断增加

}

}

</ script >

</ head >

< body >

< button onclick = " LeakMemory() " > Memory Leaking Insert </ button >

< script id = " hostElement " > function foo() { } </ script >

</ body >

</ html >

MS是这么解释的,这不是内存泄漏。如果您创建了许多无法获得也无法释放的对象,那才是内存泄漏。在这里,您将创建许多元素,Internet Explorer 需要保存它们以正确呈现页面。Internet Explorer 并不知道您以后不会运行操纵您刚刚创建的所有这些对象的脚本。当页面消失时(当您浏览完,离开浏览器时)会释放内存。它不会泄漏。当销毁页面时,会中断循 环引用。

唉~~~

详细原因,大家可以看看http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/IETechCol/dnwebgen/ie_leak_patterns.asp这篇文章。

其它一些琐碎的注意点

变量定义一定要用var,否则隐式声明出来的变量都是全局变量,不是局部变量;
全局变量没用时记得要置null;
注意正确使用delete,删除没用的一些函数属性;
注意正确使用try...cache,确保去处无效引用的代码能被正确执行;
open出来的窗口即使close了,它的window对象还是存在的,要记得删除引用;
frame和iframe的情况和窗口的情况类似。

参考资料
http://jibbering.com/faq/faq_notes/closures.html http://javascript.weblogsinc.com/2005/03/07/javascript-memory-leaks/ http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/IETechCol/dnwebgen/ie_leak_patterns.asp http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:V9Bt4_HBzQ8J:jgwebber.blogspot.com/2005/01/dhtml-leaks-like-sieve.html+DHTML+Leaks+Like+a+Sieve+&hl=zh-CN&ct=clnk&cd=9 (这是DHTML Leaks Like a Sieve)一文在google上的cache,原文已经连不上了) http://spaces.msn.com/siteexperts/Blog/cns!1pNcL8JwTfkkjv4gg6LkVCpw!338.entry http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=KB;EN-US;830555 http://www.ajaxtopics.com/leakpatterns.html http://blogs.msdn.com/ericlippert/archive/2003/09/17/53028.aspx http://www.quirksmode.org/blog/archives/2005/02/javascript_memo.html http://youngpup.net/2005/0221010713 http://blogs.msdn.com/ericlippert/archive/2003/09/17/53038.aspx = http://support.microsoft.com/kb/266071/EN-US ==>IE 5.0至5.5一些版本中的GC bug http://www.quirksmode.org/blog/archives/2006/04/ie_7_and_javasc.html ==>ie 7的改进 http://erik.eae.net/archives/2006/04/26/23.23.02/ ==>ie 7的改进 http://www.feedbackarchive.com/spamvampire/today.html ==> Try this script for memory leaks - it leaked 50 megabytes in 15 minutes with firefox on linux: http://birdshome.cnblogs.com/archive/2005/02/15/104599.html http://www.quirksmode.org/dom/innerhtml.html http://www.crockford.com/javascript/memory/leak.html 《JavaScript: The Definitive Guide》4th Edition http://outofhanwell.com/ieleak/index.php?title=Main_Page
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