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for_each的用法

2014-05-25 12:05 197 查看
参考地址:http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/algorithm/for_each/

Abstract

之前在(原創) 如何使用for_each() algorithm? (C/C++)
(STL)
曾經討論過for_each(),不過當時功力尚淺,只談到了皮毛而已,這次看了effective STL的item 41、43後,對for_each()又有了更深入的了解,因此做了本篇心得報告。

Motivation

看到了eXile的C++中实现 foreach使用了巨集對foreach做改善,也看到了很多人對STL
style的for_each()做討論,使我想對STL的for_each()再做了一次研究。

Introduction

學習過STL的container後,想要存取每一個iterator,你一定寫過以下的程式


#include <vector>


#include <iostream>




using namespace std;




int main() {


int ia[] = {1, 2, 3};


vector<int> ivec(ia, ia + sizeof(ia) / sizeof(int));




for(vector<int>::const_iterator iter = ivec.begin(); iter != ivec.end(); ++iter) {


cout << *iter << endl;


}


}

執行結果




1


2


3

當時我覺得STL什麼都好,就是以下這一串又臭又長


for(vector<int>::const_iterator iter = ivec.begin(); iter != ivec.end(); ++iter) {



若不常寫,一時還會寫不出來,其實若配合container,C++其實不應該這樣寫迴圈,正確的方式該使用for_each(),語法會變的相當簡單。

for_each()事實上是個function template,其實做如下[effective STL item 41]


template<typename InputIterator, typename Function>


Function for_each(InputIterator beg, InputIterator end, Function f) {


while(beg != end)


f(*beg++);


}



由以上source可知,for_each()只能配合global function和function object。

以下我們將對procedure based、object oriented、generics三種paradigm與for_each()搭配做探討。

Procedure Based與for_each()搭配

1.不傳入參數


1

/*

2

(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com

3

Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_GlobalFunction.cpp

4

Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++

5

Description : Demo how to use for_each with global function

6

Release : 05/11/2007 1.0

7

*/

8

#include <iostream>

9

#include <vector>

10

#include <iostream>

11

#include <algorithm>

12


13

using namespace std;

14


15

void printElem(int& elem) {

16

cout << elem << endl;

17

}

18


19

int main() {

20

int ia[] = {1, 2, 3};

21

vector<int> ivec(ia, ia + sizeof(ia) / sizeof(int));

22


23

for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), printElem);

24

}

執行結果


1


2


3

23行


for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), printElem);

只需將vector::begin(),vector::end()和global function name傳給for_each()即可,再也不用for迴圈那種複雜的語法了。

2.傳入參數

若要傳參數給global function,就不能再只傳global function name而已,必須透過ptr_fun()這個function adapter將global function轉成function object,然後再用bind2nd()將參數bind成一個function object。

1

/*

2

(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com

3

Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_GlobalFunctionWithParameter.cpp

4

Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++

5

Description : Demo how to use for_each with global function with Parameter

6

Release : 05/11/2007 1.0

7

*/

8

#include <iostream>

9

#include <vector>

10

#include <iostream>

11

#include <algorithm>

12

#include <functional>

13


14

using namespace std;

15


16

void printElem(int elem, const char* prefix) {

17

cout << prefix << elem << endl;

18

}

19


20

int main() {

21

int ia[] = {1, 2, 3};

22

vector<int> ivec(ia, ia + sizeof(ia) / sizeof(int));

23


24

for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), bind2nd(ptr_fun(printElem), "Element:"));

25

}

執行結果


Element:1


Element:2


Element:3

Object Oriented與for_each()搭配

1.不傳入參數

使用function object

1

/*

2

(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com

3

Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_FunctionObject.cpp

4

Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++

5

Description : Demo how to use for_each with function object

6

Release : 05/11/2007 1.0

7

*/

8

#include <iostream>

9

#include <vector>

10

#include <iostream>

11

#include <algorithm>

12


13

using namespace std;

14


15

struct printElem {

16

void operator() (int elem) {

17

cout << elem << endl;

18

}

19

};

20


21

int main() {

22

int ia[] = {1, 2, 3};

23

vector<int> ivec(ia, ia + sizeof(ia) / sizeof(int));

24


25

for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), printElem());

26

}

執行結果


1


2


3

2.傳入參數

若使用function object,也可以將參數傳給printElem(),透過constructor的技巧接收參數。

1

/*

2

(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com

3

Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_FunctionObjectWithParameter.cpp

4

Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++

5

Description : Demo how to use for_each with function object with parameter

6

Release : 05/11/2007 1.0

7

*/

8

#include <iostream>

9

#include <vector>

10

#include <iostream>

11

#include <algorithm>

12


13

using namespace std;

14


15

struct printElem {

16

const char* _prefix;

17


18

printElem(const char* prefix) : _prefix(prefix) {}

19


20

void operator() (int elem) {

21

cout << _prefix << elem << endl;

22

}

23

};

24


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int main() {

26

int ia[] = {1, 2, 3};

27

vector<int> ivec(ia, ia + sizeof(ia) / sizeof(int));

28


29

for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), printElem("Element:"));

30

}

執行結果


Element:1


Element:2


Element:3

function object有很多種寫法,但只要是function object都可以跟for_each()合作。

3.member_function與for_each()搭配

3.1 不傳入參數

本文的重點來了,在物件導向世界裡,最常用的就是for_each()配合member function,這該怎麼寫呢?直覺會這樣子寫


for_each(_doorVec.begin(), _doorVec.end(),&Door::open);

由於global function name本身就是一個pointer,所以想藉由&Door::open傳進一個address,但這樣compile並不會過,正確解法是


for_each(_doorVec.begin(), _doorVec.end(), mem_fun_ref(&Door::open));

透過mem_fun_ref()這個function adapter將member function轉成function object。



1

/*

2

(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com

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Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_MemberFunctionObject.cpp

5

Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++

6

Description : Demo how to use for_each with member function with object

7

Release : 05/11/2007 1.0

8

*/

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#include <vector>

10

#include <iostream>

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#include <algorithm>

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#include <functional>

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using namespace std;

15


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class Door {

17

public:

18

void open() const {

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cout << "open door horizontally" << endl;

20

}

21


22

void close() const {

23

cout << "close door horizontally" << endl;

24

}

25

};

26


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class DoorController {

28

protected:

29

vector<Door> _doorVec;

30


31

public:

32

void addDoor(Door aDoor) {

33

_doorVec.push_back(aDoor);

34

}

35


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void openDoor() const {

37

for_each(_doorVec.begin(), _doorVec.end(), mem_fun_ref(&Door::open));

38

}

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};

40


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int main() {

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DoorController dc;

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dc.addDoor(Door());

44

dc.addDoor(Door());

45

dc.openDoor();

46

}

執行結果




open door horizontally


open door horizontally

37行


for_each(_doorVec.begin(), _doorVec.end(), mem_fun_ref(&Door::open));

值得注意的是,mem_fun_ref()用在object的member function。若要搭配多型,vector必須放pointer,也就是得使用object pointer的member function,此時得使用mem_fun()將member function轉成function object。



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/*

2

(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com

3


4

Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_MemberFunctionObjectPointer.cpp

5

Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++

6

Description : Demo how to use for_each with member function with object pointer

7

Release : 05/11/2007 1.0

8

*/

9

#include <vector>

10

#include <iostream>

11

#include <algorithm>

12

#include <functional>

13


14

using namespace std;

15


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class AbstractDoor {

17

public:

18

virtual void open() const {

19

cout << "open door horizontally" << endl;

20

}

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virtual void close() const {

23

cout << "close door horizontally" << endl;

24

}

25

};

26


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class HorizontalDoor : public AbstractDoor {

28

};

29


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class VerticalDoor : public AbstractDoor {

31

public:

32

void open() const {

33

cout << "open door vertically" << endl;

34

}

35


36

void close() const {

37

cout << "close door vertically" << endl;

38

}

39

};

40


41

class DoorController {

42

protected:

43

vector<AbstractDoor*> _doorVec;

44


45

public:

46

void addDoor(AbstractDoor& aDoor) {

47

_doorVec.push_back(&aDoor);

48

}

49


50

void openDoor() const {

51

for_each(_doorVec.begin(), _doorVec.end(), mem_fun(&AbstractDoor::open));

52

}

53

};

54


55

int main() {

56

DoorController dc;

57

dc.addDoor(HorizontalDoor());

58

dc.addDoor(VerticalDoor());

59

dc.openDoor();

60

}

執行結果




open door horizontally


open door vertically

51行


for_each(_doorVec.begin(), _doorVec.end(), mem_fun(&AbstractDoor::open));

使用了mem_fun()。

3.2傳入參數

問題又來了,若要使member function也傳入參數呢?這時得使用bind2nd將function object和參數bind在一起,變成另外一個新的function object。

1

/*

2

(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com

3


4

Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_MemberFunctionObjectPointerWithParameter.cpp

5

Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++

6

Description : Demo how to use for_each with member function with object pointer

7

Release : 05/11/2007 1.0

8

*/

9

#include <iostream>

10

#include <vector>

11

#include <algorithm>

12

#include <functional>

13


14

using namespace std;

15


16

class AbstractDoor {

17

public:

18

virtual void open() const {

19

cout << "open door horizontally" << endl;

20

}

21


22

virtual void close() const {

23

cout << "close door horizontally" << endl;

24

}

25


26

virtual void openDoorBy(const char* name) const {

27

cout << name << " ";

28

open();

29

}

30

};

31


32

class HorizontalDoor : public AbstractDoor {

33

};

34


35

class VerticalDoor : public AbstractDoor {

36

public:

37

void open() const {

38

cout << "open door vertically" << endl;

39

}

40


41

void close() const {

42

cout << "close door vertically" << endl;

43

}

44

};

45


46

class DoorController {

47

protected:

48

vector<AbstractDoor*> _doorVec;

49


50

public:

51

void addDoor(AbstractDoor& aDoor) {

52

_doorVec.push_back(&aDoor);

53

}

54


55

void openDoor() const {

56

for_each(_doorVec.begin(), _doorVec.end(), bind2nd(mem_fun(&AbstractDoor::openDoorBy), "John"));

57

}

58

};

59


60

int main() {

61

DoorController dc;

62

dc.addDoor(HorizontalDoor());

63

dc.addDoor(VerticalDoor());

64

dc.openDoor();

65

}

執行結果

1

John open door horizontally

2

John open door vertically

56行


for_each(_doorVec.begin(), _doorVec.end(), bind2nd(mem_fun(&AbstractDoor::openDoorBy), "John"));

透過了bind2nd將參數結合後,成為一個新的function object。

Generics與for_each()搭配

1.Function Template

1.1不傳入參數

在泛型世界裡,那for_each()該怎麼配合function template呢?

1

/*

2

(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com

3

Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_FunctionTemplate.cpp

4

Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++

5

Description : Demo how to use for_each with function template

6

Release : 05/11/2007 1.0

7

*/

8

#include <iostream>

9

#include <vector>

10

#include <iostream>

11

#include <algorithm>

12


13

using namespace std;

14


15

template<typename T>

16

void printElem(T elem) {

17

cout << elem << endl;

18

}

19


20

int main() {

21

int ia[] = {1, 2, 3};

22

vector<int> ivec(ia, ia + sizeof(ia) / sizeof(int));

23


24

for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), printElem<int>);

25

//for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), (void(*)(int))printElem);

26

}

執行結果


1


2


3

若使用function template,有兩種寫法

一種是


for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), printElem<int>);

由於template function需要在compile時確定型別,所以要加上<int>確定為int型別。

另外一種寫法


for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), (void(*)(int))printElem);

template function並沒有確定型別,但轉成function pointer時,並須明確轉成int型別的function pointer。

1.2 傳入參數

若要如function object那樣能傳參數呢?funtion template是可以,不過有些限制,若使用nontype parameter,只能使用以下三種型別

1.int或enum

2.pointer:pointer to object,pointer to function,pointer to member。

3.reference:reference to object,reference to function。

1

/*

2

(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com

3

Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_FunctionTemplateWithNontypeParameter.cpp

4

Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++

5

Description : Demo how to use for_each with function template with nontype parameter

6

Release : 05/11/2007 1.0

7

*/

8

#include <iostream>

9

#include <vector>

10

#include <iostream>

11

#include <algorithm>

12


13

using namespace std;

14


15

template<typename T, int i>

16

void printElem(T elem) {

17

cout << i << ":" << elem << endl;

18

}

19


20

int main() {

21

int ia[] = {1, 2, 3};

22

vector<int> ivec(ia, ia + sizeof(ia) / sizeof(int));

23


24

for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), printElem<int, 5>);

25

}

執行結果


5:1


5:2


5:3

所以無法如function object那樣可以傳入字串或任意型別,最少在目前ISO C++標準是做不到的。

既然討論了function template,那最具威力的class template是否也能搭配for_each()?

2.Class Template

2.1 不傳入參數


1

/*

2

(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com

3

Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_ClassTemplate.cpp

4

Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++

5

Description : Demo how to use for_each with class template

6

Release : 05/11/2007 1.0

7

*/

8

#include <iostream>

9

#include <vector>

10

#include <iostream>

11

#include <algorithm>

12

#include <functional>

13


14

using namespace std;

15


16

template<typename T>

17

class printElem : public unary_function<T, void> {

18

public:

19

void operator() (T elem) {

20

cout << elem << endl;

21

}

22

};

23


24

int main() {

25

int ia[] = {1, 2, 3};

26

vector<int> ivec(ia, ia + sizeof(ia) / sizeof(int));

27


28

for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), printElem<int>());

29

}

執行結果




1


2


3

17行


class printElem : public unary_function<T, void> {

因為printElem只接受for_each()所傳的參數,算是單參數而已,所以public繼承了unary_function<T,void>,因為for_each的定義


template <class InputIterator, class UnaryFunction>


UnaryFunction for_each(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, UnaryFunction f);

傳進去的是UnaryFunction型別,第一個type parameter T表示傳入的型別,第二個type parameter void,表示回傳的型別,最後重新定義operator()。

2.2 傳入參數

若要使class template也能傳入參數,一樣利用function object的技巧,借用constructor。

1

/*

2

(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com

3

Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_ClassTemplateWithParameter.cpp

4

Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++

5

Description : Demo how to use for_each with class template & parameter

6

Release : 05/11/2007 1.0

7

*/

8

#include <iostream>

9

#include <vector>

10

#include <iostream>

11

#include <algorithm>

12

#include <functional>

13


14

using namespace std;

15


16

template<typename T, typename U>

17

class printElem : public unary_function<T, void> {

18

private:

19

U _prefix;

20


21

public:

22

printElem(U prefix) : _prefix(prefix) {}

23


24

void operator() (T elem) {

25

cout << _prefix << elem << endl;

26

}

27

};

28


29

int main() {

30

int ia[] = {1, 2, 3};

31

vector<int> ivec(ia, ia + sizeof(ia) / sizeof(int));

32


33

for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), printElem<int, const char*>("Element:"));

34

}

執行結果




Element:1


Element:2


Element:3

Conclusion

STL的for_each()事實上很好用,不過由於限制很多,所以常令很多新手卻步,本文試著將所有會遇到問題的地方都提出來討論,包括procedure based、object oriented、generics三種paradigm與for_each()的搭配都涵蓋了,希望對各位有幫助。
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