django 学习笔记 (五)
2014-05-01 20:20
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五、Writing your first Django app, part 5
自动测试的好处
节省开发时间避免错误
让别人能够接受你的代码,否则无法确认质量
帮助小组协同开发
第一个测试的例子
在前面的 polls 中有个小 bug : Poll.was_published_recently()在Poll的发布时间在未来的时候也返回 True
通过 admin页面可以很容易的验证,通过 Shell 也能够检测出这个bug。
python manage.py shell
>>> import datetime >>> from django.utils import timezone >>> from polls.models import Poll >>> # create a Poll instance with pub_date 30 days in the future >>> future_poll = Poll(pub_date=timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)) >>> # was it published recently? >>> future_poll.was_published_recently() True
1.写一个测试来暴露出这个bug
通常项目在建立的时候会自动建立一个模拟的tests.py文件,全部删除后改成这样。import datetime from django.utils import timezone from django.test import TestCase from polls.models import Poll class PollMethodTests(TestCase): def test_was_published_recently_with_future_poll(self): """ was_published_recently() should return False for polls whose pub_date is in the future """ future_poll = Poll(pub_date=timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)) self.assertEqual(future_poll.was_published_recently(), False)
建立一个 django.test.TestCase 的子类 PollMethodTests , 在其中建立了一个测试方法 test_was_published_recently_with_future_poll() ,使用 assertEqual() 来验证。
2.运行测试
python manage.py test polls
测试的执行流程
在polls内寻找tests.py
寻找django.test.TestCase的子类
建立用于测试的数据库
寻找以 test开头的方法
建立实例
使用 assertEqual() 检测结果
3.修复 bug
polls/models.pydef was_published_recently(self): now = timezone.now() return now - datetime.timedelta(days=1) <= self.pub_date < now
再次运行测试,通过
更复杂一点的测试
1天之内返回 True超过1天返回 False
def test_was_published_recently_with_old_poll(self): """ was_published_recently() should return False for polls whose pub_date is older than 1 day """ old_poll = Poll(pub_date=timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=30)) self.assertEqual(old_poll.was_published_recently(), False) def test_was_published_recently_with_recent_poll(self): """ was_published_recently() should return True for polls whose pub_date is within the last day """ recent_poll = Poll(pub_date=timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(hours=1)) self.assertEqual(recent_poll.was_published_recently(), True)
测试一个视图
通过工具来模拟web的行为1.测试工具 client
建立测试环境>>> from django.test.utils import setup_test_environment >>> setup_test_environment()
导入测试类
>>> from django.test.client import Client >>> client = Client()
系列测试
访问 / 返回404
>>> response = client.get('/') >>> response.status_code使用reverse方法访问视图
>>> from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse >>> response = client.get(reverse('polls:index')) >>> response.status_code >>> response.content访问 /polls/
>>> from polls.models import Poll 建立一个新Poll >>> from django.utils import timezone >>> p = Poll(question="Who is your favorite Beatle?", pub_date=timezone.now()) >>> p.save() >>> response = client.get('/polls/') >>> response.content >>> response.context['latest_poll_list']
2.改进视图
不显示未来发表的Poll,修改 view.py 中的get_queryset() 方法.from django.utils import timezone ... def get_queryset(self): """ Return the last five published polls (not including those set to be published in the future). """ return Poll.objects.filter( pub_date__lte=timezone.now() ).order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
通过使用
__lte的方式来筛选记录
3.测试改进后的新视图
可以使用浏览器测试,也可以通过增加 tests.py的方式测试。from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse def create_poll(question, days): """ Creates a poll with the given `question` published the given number of `days` offset to now (negative for polls published in the past, positive for polls that have yet to be published). """ return Poll.objects.create(question=question, pub_date=timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=days)) class PollViewTests(TestCase): def test_index_view_with_no_polls(self): """ If no polls exist, an appropriate message should be displayed. """ response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index')) self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200) self.assertContains(response, "No polls are available.") self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context['latest_poll_list'], []) def test_index_view_with_a_past_poll(self): """ Polls with a pub_date in the past should be displayed on the index page. """ create_poll(question="Past poll.", days=-30) response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index')) self.assertQuerysetEqual( response.context['latest_poll_list'], ['<Poll: Past poll.>'] ) def test_index_view_with_a_future_poll(self): """ Polls with a pub_date in the future should not be displayed on the index page. """ create_poll(question="Future poll.", days=30) response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index')) self.assertContains(response, "No polls are available.", status_code=200) self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context['latest_poll_list'], []) def test_index_view_with_future_poll_and_past_poll(self): """ Even if both past and future polls exist, only past polls should be displayed. """ create_poll(question="Past poll.", days=-30) create_poll(question="Future poll.", days=30) response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index')) self.assertQuerysetEqual( response.context['latest_poll_list'], ['<Poll: Past poll.>'] ) def test_index_view_with_two_past_polls(self): """ The polls index page may display multiple polls. """ create_poll(question="Past poll 1.", days=-30) create_poll(question="Past poll 2.", days=-5) response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index')) self.assertQuerysetEqual( response.context['latest_poll_list'], ['<Poll: Past poll 2.>', '<Poll: Past poll 1.>'] )
create_poll 用于构造数据
空Poll情况
test_index_view_with_no_polls
正常显示过去的Poll
test_index_view_with_a_past_poll
未来的不显示
test_index_view_with_a_future_poll
过去未来同时存在,只显示过去
test_index_view_with_future_poll_and_past_poll
显示多个polls
test_index_view_with_two_past_polls
4.测试 DetailView
防止猜测来直接访问未来的poll修改 DetailView方法
class DetailView(generic.DetailView): ... def get_queryset(self): """ Excludes any polls that aren't published yet. """ return Poll.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=timezone.now()) Poll.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=timezone.now())
增加测试
访问未来的poll
test_detail_view_with_a_future_poll
访问过去的poll
test_detail_view_with_a_past_poll
class PollIndexDetailTests(TestCase): def test_detail_view_with_a_future_poll(self): """ The detail view of a poll with a pub_date in the future should return a 404 not found. """ future_poll = create_poll(question='Future poll.', days=5) response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:detail', args=(future_poll.id,))) self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404) def test_detail_view_with_a_past_poll(self): """ The detail view of a poll with a pub_date in the past should display the poll's question. """ past_poll = create_poll(question='Past Poll.', days=-5) response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:detail', args=(past_poll.id,))) self.assertContains(response, past_poll.question, status_code=200)
如果设置 handler404, 状态返回始终是 200, 测试未来的始终报错
测试的原则
测试的名字包含功能的描述每个测试条件一个测试方法
每个 Model 或者 view 一个测试类
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