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Effective Objective-C

2014-02-17 19:37 288 查看
http://esoftmobile.com/2013/08/10/effective-objective-c/

本文是针对 《Effective Objective-C》 一书的代码解读,笔者并没有看过原书,只是通过阅读该书的 代码 ,并结合相应的主题,来臆测作者可能要表达的内容并用自己的语言来描述出来。


Chapter 1: Accustoming Yourself to Objective-C


Item 1: Familiarize Yourself with Objective-C's Roots


Item 2: Minimize Importing Headers in Headers

减少头文件中引入(
#import
)文件的数量,大部分情况下我们应该在头文件中用
@class
申明要引用的类,在实现文件中涉及到对该类的操作时才
#import


Item 3: Prefer Literal Syntax over the Equivalent Methods

尽可能使用对象字面量的形式来创建或操作基础对象(NSString、NSNumber、NSArray、NSDictionary 等),这种形式不仅使用方便,代码看起来也更清晰。
NSString *someString = @"Effective Objective-C";

NSNumber *someNumber = @1;
NSNumber *intNumber = @10;
NSNumber *floatNumber = @2.5f
NSNumber *doubleNumber = @3.14159;
NSNumber *boolNumber = @YES;
NSNumber *charNumber = @'a';

NSArray *array = @[ object1, object2, object3 ];
NSDictionary *dict = @{ @"name": @"TracyYih",
@"blog": @"http://esoftmobile.com"
};

NSMutableArray *mutableArray = [@[ object1, object2 ] mutableCopy];
mutableArray[2] = object3;

NSMutableDictionary *mutableDict = [@{ @"name": @"TracyYih" } mutableCopy];
mutableDict[@"age"] = @25;


Item 4: Prefer Typed Constants to Preprocessor #define

尽量用类型化的常量来代替使用
#define
定义的常量。
//In head file.
extern const NSTimeInterval EOCAnimatedViewAnimationDuration;
extern NSString *const EOCLoginManagerDidLoginNotification;

//In implmentation file.
const NSTimeInterval EOCAnimatedViewAnimationDuration = 0.3;
NSString *const EOCLoginManagerDidLoginNotification = @"EOCLoginManagerDidLoginNotification";


Item 5: Use Enumerations for States, Options, and Status Codes

使用枚举来表示各种状态,选项。其中申明枚举类型推荐使用 Apple 的
NS_ENUM
NS_OPTIONS

typedef NS_ENUM(NSUInteger, EOCConnectionState) {
EOCConnectionStateDisconnected,
EOCConnectionStateConnecting,
EOCConnectionStateConnected,
};

switch (_currentState) {
case EOCConnectionStateDisconnected:
break;
case EOCConnectionStateConnecting:
break;
case EOCConnectionStateConnected:
break;
}

使用枚举表示状态使代码的可读性大大增强,对比下面的代码你就知道了:
switch (_currentState) {
case 0:
break;
case 1:
break;
case 2:
break;
}


Chapter 2: Objects, Messaging, and the Runtime


Item 6: Understand Properties

《Ry’s Objective-C Tutorial》# Properties


Item 7: Access Instance Variables Primarily Directly When Accessing Them Internally


Item 8: Understand Object Equality

在自定义类中,我们可以通过实现
-(BOOL)isEqual:(id)object;
-(NSUInteger)hash;
两个方法来对该类的对象进行比较。


Item 9: Use the Class Cluster Pattern to Hide Implementation Detail

必要时通过工厂模式来隐藏一些实现的细节。
@implementation Employee
+ (Employee *)employeeWithType:(EmployeeType)type {
switch (type) {
case EmployeeTypeDeveloper:
return [[EmployeeDeveloper alloc] init];
break;
case EmployeeTypeDesigner:
return [[EmployeeDesigner new] init];
break;
case EmployeeTypeFinance:
return [[EmployeeFinance new] init];
break;
}
}
@end


Item 10: Use Associated Objects to Attach Custom Data to Existing Classes

代码内容与该主题看不出来关联,先说主题吧,应该是必要时使用
objc_setAssociatedObject
objc_getAssociatedObject
两个方法将一些自定义的数据与已有的类相关联,通常在分类(Category)中添加属性时会用到,后面会涉及到。
代码部分是可以通过函数指针来延迟函数的绑定。
void printHello() {
printf("Hello, world!\n");
}
void printGoodbye() {
printf("Goodbye, world!\n");
}

void doTheThing(int type) {
void (*fnc)();	//here.
if (type == 0) {
fnc = printHello;
} else {
fnc = printGoodbye;
}
fnc();
return 0;
}


Item 11: Understand the Role of objc_msgSend

该主题没有对应代码,详见 《Objective-C
Runtime Programming Guide》 。


Item 12: Understand Message Forwarding

必要时我们可以通过实现
+
(BOOL)resolveClassMethod:(SEL)sel
+
(BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel
方法来动态的为选择器(selector)提供对应的实现(implementation)。
+ (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)selector {
NSString *selectorString = NSStringFromSelector(selector);
if (/* selector is from a @dynamic property */) {
if ([selectorString hasPrefix:@"set"]) {
class_addMethod(self, selector, (IMP)autoDictionarySetter, "v@:@");
} else {
class_addMethod(self, selector, (IMP)autoDictionaryGetter, "@@:");
}
return YES;
}
return [super resolveInstanceMethod:selector];
}


Item 13: Consider Method Swizzling to Debug Opaque Methods

我们可以通过 runtime 提供的
method_exchangeImplementations
方法来交换两个方法的实现。
// Exchanging methods
Method originalMethod =
class_getInstanceMethod([NSString class],
@selector(lowercaseString));
Method swappedMethod =
class_getInstanceMethod([NSString class],
@selector(uppercaseString));
method_exchangeImplementations(originalMethod, swappedMethod);

这里例子比较有意思,实现了以上代码后,你再使用
-(NSString
*)lowercaseString;
-(NSString
*)uppercaseString;
时得到的结果和你预期的相反。


Item 14: Understand What a Class Object Is

借助于 Objective-C 强大的 runtime 系统,我们可以在代码中判断一个对象是属于什么类型。

isMemberOfClass
:判断一个对象是否为某类的实例。

isKindOfClass
:判断一个对象是否为某类或该类的子类的实例。
// Class hierarchy checking
NSMutableDictionary *dict = [NSMutableDictionary new];
[dict isMemberOfClass:[NSDictionary class]]; ///< NO
[dict isMemberOfClass:[NSMutableDictionary class]]; ///< YES
[dict isKindOfClass:[NSDictionary class]]; ///< YES
[dict isKindOfClass:[NSArray class]]; ///< NO


Chapter 3: Interface and API Design


Item 15: Use Prefix Names to Avoid Namespace Clashes

在类名(Class)、协议名 (Protocal)、分类名 (Category) 等加上自己的前缀避免与其他库或代码发生命名冲突。


Item 16: Have a Designated Initializer

初始化方法是一个类的入口,所以我们需要精心的设计(其实每个方法都得用心设计),我个人习惯初始化方法中一般不会超过两个参数,尽量让初始化方法更简单,同时我们也需要照顾到继承来的初始化方法:
-(id)init;
-(id)initWithCode:

// Designated initialiser
- (id)initWithWidth:(float)width
andHeight:(float)height
{
if ((self = [super init])) {
_width = width;
_height = height;
}
return self;
}

// Super-class’s designated initialiser
- (id)init {
return [self initWithWidth:5.0f andHeight:10.0f];
}

// Initialiser from NSCoding
- (id)initWithCoder:(NSCoder*)decoder {
// Call through to super’s designated initialiser
if ((self = [super init])) {
_width = [decoder decodeFloatForKey:@"width"];
_height = [decoder decodeFloatForKey:@"height"];
}
return self;
}


Item 17: Implement the description Method

我们可以在自己的类中实现
description
方法,返回关于该对象关键信息,这样在打印(Log)该对象时可以看到更多信息,否则默认就是该对象的类名和地址。
@implementation EOCPerson
...
// Description method for EOCPerson
- (NSString*)description {
return [NSString stringWithFormat:@"<%@: %p, \"%@ %@\">",
[self class], self, _firstName, _lastName];
}
...
@end


Item 18: Prefer Immutable Objects

很多情况下我们申明一个属性只是为了让外部能够获取一些信息(get),并不需要对这些信息作修改(set),所以这种情况下最好不要让外部能够修改,我们可以在申明该属性时加上
readonly

或者我们还一可以在实现文件中申明 " 私有 " 的成员变量,并开放一个方法来获取该变量的一些信息。


Item 19: Use Clear and Consistent Naming

该部分应该讲的 Objective-C 编码规范,这里推荐 Apple 的 《Coding Guidelines
for Cocoa》 。


Item 20: Prefix Private Method Names

该部分建议给“私有方法”(只在当前类的实现文件中使用的方法) 加上前缀以便和其他方法区分开,这里建议的命名形式为:
-
(void)_privateMethod;
,即加上下杠符
_


Item 21: Understand the Objective-C Error Model

在 Objective-C 中,错误处理可以有两种形式:NSException 和 NSError 。
// Throwing exception
id someResource = …;
if ( /* check for error */ ) {
@throw [NSException exceptionWithName:@"ExceptionName"
reason:@"There was an error"
userInfo:nil];
}
[someResource doSomething];
[someResource release];

// Returning the error
- (BOOL)doSomethingError:(NSError**)error {
// Do something

NSError *returnError = nil;
if (/* there was an error */) {
if (error) {
*error = [NSError errorWithDomain:domain
code:code
userInfo:userInfo];
}
return YES;
} else {
return NO;
}
}

其实在 Objective-C 中后一种更常见,我们可以结合前面提到的使用枚举类表示一些错误码类型。
typedef NS_ENUM(NSUInteger, EOCError) {
EOCErrorUnknown               = −1,
EOCErrorInternalInconsistency = 100,
EOCErrorGeneralFault          = 105,
EOCErrorBadInput              = 500,
};


Item 22: Understand the NSCopying Protocol

我们知道大部分系统的类(UI & NS)可以调用
-(id)copy;
方法来获得该对象的一份拷贝,如果是自定义的类我们也想使用该方法,必须遵循
NSCopying
协议,并实现
-(id)copyWithZone:(NSZone
*)zone);
方法。
//Support the NSCopying protocol.
@interface EOCPerson : NSObject <NSCopying>
@end

@implementation EOCPerson
// NSCopying implementation
- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone*)zone {
Person *copy = [[[self class] allocWithZone:zone]
initWithFirstName:_firstName
andLastName:_lastName];
return copy;
}
@end

我们也可以在该方法中控制是深拷贝还是浅拷贝,区别就是是否将当前对象的所有信息(所有成员变量)赋给拷贝后的对象。


Chapter 4: Protocols and Categories


Item 23: Use Delegate and Data Source Protocols for Interobject Communication

《Ry’s Objective-C Tutorial》# Protocols


Item 24: Use Categories to Break Class Implementations into Manageable Segments

当我们要实现一个功能丰富的类时,我们可以使用分类 (Category) 将该类分割成相对独立一些的块,这样代码结构会比所有东西都放在一起实现要清晰的多。
//RenderObject.h
@class CXMLNode;
@interface RenderObject : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) NSString *name;
@property (nonatomic, weak, readonly) CXMLNode *node;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) UIView *view;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) NSDictionary *style;
- (instancetype)initWithNode:(CXMLNode *)node style:(NSDictionary *)style;
//...
@end

//RenderObject+RenderTree.h
@interface RenderObject (RenderTree)
@property (nonatomic, weak, readonly) RenderObject *parent;
@property (nonatomic, weak, readonly) RenderObject *firstChild;
@property (nonatomic, weak, readonly) RenderObject *lastChild;
@property (nonatomic, weak, readonly) RenderObject *nextSibling;
@property (nonatomic, weak, readonly) RenderObject *previousSibling;
@end

//RenderObject+Layout.h
@interface RenderObject (Layout)
- (void)layout;
- (void)loadView;
- (void)paint;
//...
@end


以上代码并非该书所附代码,为笔者开发的一商业浏览器项目代码。


Item 25: Always Prefix Category Names on Third-Party Classes

这个感觉与之前(Item 15)内容相似,给自己创建的所有分类(不管是基于 Cocoa 类还是第三方类)加上自己的前缀。
// Namespacing the category
@interface NSString (ABC_HTTP)

// Encode a string with URL encoding
- (NSString*)abc_urlEncodedString;

// Decode a URL encoded string
- (NSString*)abc_urlDecodedString;

@end


Item 26: Avoid Properties in Categories

Objective-C 分类中是不允许增加成员变量的(Instance variables may not be placed in categories),我们可以通过运行时函数
objc_setAssociatedObject
objc_getAssociatedObject
来让分类支持保存和获取一些数据,从而支持属性。
//EOCPerson+FriendShip.h
@interface EOCPerson (FriendShip)
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSArray *friends;
@end

//EOCPerson+FriendShip.m
static const char* kFriendsPropertyKey = "kFriendsPropertyKey";
@implementation EOCPerson (Friendship)
- (NSArray*)friends {
return objc_getAssociatedObject(self, kFriendsPropertyKey);
}

- (void)setFriends:(NSArray*)friends {
objc_setAssociatedObject(self, kFriendsPropertyKey, friends, OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN_NONATOMIC);
}
@end


Item 27: Use the Class-Continuation Category to Hide Implementation Detail

我们可以在实现文件中利用拓展(Class Extension)将不需要外界了解的成员变量移到拓展中,也就是所有我们应该在头文件中申明为
@private
的成员变量都可以移到拓展中,这样能够保证头文件只出现外界关心的东西。
//EOCClass.h
@class EOCSuperSecretClass

@interface EOCClass : NSObject {
@private
EOCSuperSecretClass *_secretInstance;
}
@end

其中
_secretInstance
既不会被子类继承,也不会在类外被访问,就不需要留在头文件中了。
//EOCClass.h
@interface EOCClass : NSObject
@end

// EOCClass.m
#import "EOCClass.h"
#import "EOCSuperSecretClass.h"

@interface EOCClass () {
EOCSuperSecretClass *_secretInstance;
}
@end

@implementation EOCClass
// Methods here
@end

在新版本编译器中,实现(
@implmentation
)中也支持申明成员变量了,所以我们还可以这样写:
@implementation EOCClass {
EOCSuperSecretClass *_secretInstance;
}
// Methods here
@end


Item 28: Use a Protocol to Provide Anonymous Objects

我们可以通过协议来提供匿名对象来调用一些方法或获取一些信息。
// Database connection protocol
@protocol EOCDatabaseConnection
- (void)connect;
- (void)disconnect;
- (BOOL)isConnected;
- (NSArray*)performQuery:(NSString*)query;
@end

// Database manager class
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@protocol EOCDatabaseConnection;

@interface EOCDatabaseManager : NSObject
+ (id)sharedInstance;
- (id<EOCDatabaseConnection>)connectionWithIdentifier:(NSString*)identifier;
@end

这种用法在 CoreData 中也可以遇到:
// Fetched results controller with section info
NSFetchedResultsController *controller = /* some controller */;
NSUInteger section = /* section index to query */;

NSArray *sections = controller.sections;
id <NSFetchedResultsSectionInfo> sectionInfo = sections[section];
NSUInteger numberOfObjects = sectionInfo.numberOfObjects;


Chapter 5: Memory Management


Item 29: Understand Reference Counting

《Ry’s Objective-C Tutorial》#Memory Management


Item 30: Use ARC to Make Reference Counting Easier

《Ry’s Objective-C Tutorial》#Memory Management


Item 31: Release References and Clean Up Observation State Only in dealloc

在 ARC 模式下,dealloc 方法中一般只应该出现两种操作:释放非 Cocoa 对象和移除观察者。
// Releasing CF objects and removing observer in `dealloc'
- (void)dealloc {
CFRelease(coreFoundationObject);
[[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter] removeObserver:self];
}


Item 32: Beware of Memory Management with Exception-Safe Code

在 MRR(Manual Retain Release)下,需要特别留意异常情况下的内存管理问题。
// @try/@catch block under manual reference counting
@try {
EOCSomeClass *object = [[EOCSomeClass alloc] init];
[object doSomethingThatMayThrow];
[object release];
}
@catch (...) {
NSLog(@"Whoops, there was an error. Oh well, it wasn’t important.");
}

// Fixing the potential leak
EOCSomeClass *object;
@try {
object = [[EOCSomeClass alloc] init];
[object doSomethingThatMayThrow];
}
@catch (...) {
NSLog(@"Whoops, there was an error. Oh well, it wasn’t important.");
}
@finally {
[object release];
}

其实同样需要注意的还有在 switch-case 或 if-else 条件下,避免 return 前必要的对象没释放问题。


Item 33: Use Weak References to Avoid Retain Cycles


Item 34: Use Autorelease Pool Blocks to Reduce High-Memory Waterline

// Reducing high memory waterline with appropriately places @autoreleasepool
NSArray *databaseRecords = …;
NSMutableArray *people = [NSMutableArray new];
for (NSDictionary *record in databaseRecords) {
@autoreleasepool {
EOCPerson *person = [[EOCPerson alloc] initWithRecord:record];
[people addObject:person];
}
}


Item 35: Use Zombies to Help Debug Memory-Management Problems


Item 36: Avoid Using retainCount

// Never do this
while ([object retainCount]) {
[object release];
}

Posted by TracyYih - 8月 10 2013

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