MySQL 5.5.35 单机多实例配置详解 推荐

一、前言
二、概述
三、环境准备
四、安装MySQL 5.5.35
五、新建支持多实例的配置文件（我这里配置的是四个实例）
六、初始化多实例数据库
七、提供管理脚本 mysqld_multi.server
八、整体备份方便后续迁移
九、管理MySQL多实例
十、登录MySQL多实例
十一、其它管理配置
十二、总结
注，测试环境 CentOS 6.4 x86_64，软件版本 MySQL 5.5.35，软件下载地址：http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/5.1.html#downloads。

一、前言
在前几篇博客中我们测试了MySQL 5.5的性能与重要指标，较MySQL 5.1性能与各指标有明显的提升，不清楚的博友可以参考一下这几篇博客：
MySQL 5.1.73升级为MySQL 5.5.35详解

MySQL5.5 MyISAM与InnoDB 引擎读写性能对比

MySQL5.1 MyISAM与InnoDB 引擎读写性能对比

MySQL 5.1 与 MySQL 5.5 性能测试对比

MySQL5.5 对多核CPU的支持测试

在这一篇博客中我们主要的大家讲解一下MySQL多实例的应用。

二、概述
1.应用场景
采用了数据伪分布式架构的原因，而项目启动初期又不一定有那多的用户量，为此先一组物理数据库服务器，但部署多个实例，方便后续迁移；

为规避mysql对SMP架构不支持的缺陷，使用多实例绑定处理器的办法，把不同的数据库分配到不同的实例上提供数据服务；

一台物理数据库服务器支撑多个数据库的数据服务，为提高mysql复制的从机的恢复效率，采用多实例部署；

已经为双主复制的mysql数据库服务器架构，想部分重要业务的数据多一份异地机房的热备份，而mysql复制暂不支持多主的复制模式，且不给用户提供服务，为有效控制成本，会考虑异地机房部署一台性能超好的物理服务器，甚至外加磁盘柜的方式，为此也会部署多实例；

传统游戏行业的MMO/MMORPG，以及Web Game，每一个服都对应一个数据库，而可能要做很多数据查询和数据订正的工作，为减少维护而出错的概率，也可能采用多实例部署的方式，按区的概念分配数据库；

上面的应用场景介绍主要参考这篇文章：http://www.zhdba.com/mysqlops/2011/07/30/multi-mysqld/，我们这里应用主要是基于前面三种场景。下面我们来说一下要注意的问题……
2.背景/需求、注意事项
(1).背景与需求
将所有的安装文件、配置文件、数据目录全部放存/data/mysql目录中，便于今后实现快速迁移、整体备份和快速复制；

在一台服务器上运行四个MySQL实例，分别绑定在3306、3307、3308、3309端口上；

四个实例都开启binlog日志，数据目录分别存放在/data/mysql/data、/data/mysql/data2、/data/mysql/data3、/data/mysql/data4

四个实例均采用InnoDB作为默认的存储引擎，字符编码采用UTF-8；

四个实例均采用相同的性能优化配置参数；

(2).注意事项
在编译安装时，将数据库的配置文件my.cnf以及data目录等均指向到/data/mysql目录中；

通过mysqld_multi的方式来管理四个不同的实例，采用相同的配置文件共享性能优化配置参数；

在同一个配置文件中，利用[mysqld1]、[mysqld2]、[mysqld3]、[mysqld4]标签实现不同实例的差异化配置；

三、环境准备
1.安装yum源

[root@node1 src]# wget http://mirrors.hustunique.com/epel/6/x86_64/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm [root@node1 src]# rpm -ivh epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm

2.同步时间

[root@node1 src]# yum install -y ntp
[root@node1 src]# ntpdate 202.120.2.101
[root@node1 src]# hwclock –w

3.安装mysql5.5依赖包

[root@node1 ~]# yum install -y autoconf* automake* zlib* libxml* ncurses-devel* libgcrypt* libtool* openssl*

4.安装cmake

[root@node1 ~]# yum install -y cmake

四、安装MySQL 5.5.35
1.创建安装目录与数据存放目录

[root@node1 ~]# mkdir /data/mysql
[root@node1 ~]# mkdir /data/mysql/data

2.创建mysql用户与组

[root@node1 ~]# useradd mysql
[root@node1 ~]# id mysql
uid=500(mysql) gid=500(mysql) 组=500(mysql)

3.授权安装目录与数据目录

[root@node1 ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /data/mysql/
[root@node1 ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /data/mysql/data

4.安装mysql

[root@node1 ~]# cd src/
[root@node1 src]# tar xf mysql-5.5.35.tar.gz
[root@node1 src]# cd mysql-5.5.35
[root@node1 mysql-5.5.35]# cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/data/mysql -DSYSCONFDIR=/data/mysql/etc -DMYSQL_DATADIR=/data/mysql/data -DMYSQL_TCP_PORT=3306 -DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/tmp/mysqld.sock -DMYSQL_USER=mysql -DEXTRA_CHARSETS=all -DWITH_READLINE=1 -DWITH_SSL=system -DWITH_EMBEDDED_SERVER=1 -DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 -DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1
[root@node1 mysql-5.5.35]# make && make install

好了，到这里我们的mysql就安装完成了，下面我们为mysql提供多实例配置文件。

五、新建支持多实例的配置文件（我这里配置的是四个实例）
1.删除默认的数据目录

[root@node1 ~]# cd /data/mysql/
[root@node1 mysql]# rm -rf data

2.创建多实例配置需要的目录

[root@node1 mysql]# mkdir etc tmp run log binlogs data data2 data3 data4
[root@node1 mysql]# chown -R mysql.mysql tmp run log binlogs data data2 data3 data4

3.提供配置文件

[root@node1 ~]# cd src/
[root@node1 src]# cd mysql-5.5.35
[root@node1 mysql-5.5.35]# cp support-files/my-small.cnf /data/mysql/etc/my.cnf
[root@node1 ~]# cd /data/mysql/etc/
[root@node1 etc]# vim my.cnf
# This server may run 4+ separate instances. So we use mysqld_multi to manage their services.
[client]
default-character-set = utf8
[mysqld_multi]
mysqld = /data/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe
mysqladmin = /data/mysql/bin/mysqladmin
log = /data/mysql/log/mysqld_multi.log
user = root
#password =

# This is the general purpose database.
# The locations are default.
# They are left in [mysqld] in case the server is started normally instead of by mysqld_multi.
[mysqld1]
socket = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.pid
datadir = /data/mysql/data
lc-messages-dir = /data/mysql/share/english

# These support master - master replication
#auto-increment-increment = 4
#auto-increment-offset = 1  # Since it is master 1
log-bin = /data/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld1
log-bin-index = /data/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld1.index
#binlog-do-db = # Leave this blank if you want to control it on slave
max_binlog_size = 1024M

# This is exlusively for mysqld2
# It is on 3307 with data directory /data/mysqld/data2
[mysqld2]
socket = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.sock2
port = 3307
pid-file = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.pid2
datadir = /data/mysql/data2
lc-messages-dir = /data/mysql/share/english

# Disable DNS lookups
#skip-name-resolve

# These support master - slave replication
log-bin = /data/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld2
log-bin-index = /data/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld2.index
#binlog-do-db =  # Leave this blank if you want to control it on slave
max_binlog_size = 1024M
# Relay log settings
#relay-log = /data/mysql/log/relay-log-mysqld2
#relay-log-index = /data/mysql/log/relay-log-mysqld2.index
#relay-log-space-limit = 4G

# Slow query log settings
#log-slow-queries = /data/mysql/log/slow-log-mysqld2
#long_query_time = 2
#log-queries-not-using-indexes

# This is exlusively for mysqld3
# It is on 3308 with data directory /data/mysqld/data3
[mysqld3]
socket = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.sock3
port = 3308
pid-file = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.pid3
datadir = /data/mysql/data3
lc-messages-dir = /data/mysql/share/english
#Disable DNS lookups
#skip-name-resolve
# These support master - slave replication
log-bin = /data/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld3
log-bin-index = /data/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld3.index
#binlog-do-db =  # Leave this blank if you want to control it on slave
max_binlog_size = 1024M
# This is exlusively for mysqld4
# It is on 3309 with data directory /data/mysqld/data4
[mysqld4]
socket = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.sock4
port = 3309
pid-file = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.pid4
datadir = /data/mysql/data4
lc-messages-dir = /data/mysql/share/english
# Disable DNS lookups
#skip-name-resolve
# These support master - slave replication
log-bin = /data/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld4
log-bin-index = /data/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld4.index
#binlog-do-db =  # Leave this blank if you want to control it on slave
max_binlog_size = 1024M
# The rest of the my.cnf is shared
# Here follows entries for some specific programs
# The MySQL server
[mysqld]
basedir = /data/mysql
tmpdir = /data/mysql/tmp
socket = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.pid
datadir = /data/mysql/data
lc-messages-dir = /data/mysql/share/english

skip-external-locking
key_buffer_size = 16K
max_allowed_packet = 1M
table_open_cache = 4
sort_buffer_size = 64K
read_buffer_size = 256K
read_rnd_buffer_size = 256K
net_buffer_length = 2K
thread_stack = 128K

# Increase the max connections
max_connections = 2

# The expiration time for logs, including binlogs
expire_logs_days = 14

# Set the character as utf8
character-set-server = utf8
collation-server = utf8_unicode_ci

# This is usually only needed when setting up chained replication
#log-slave-updates

# Enable this to make replication more resilient against server crashes and restarts
# but can cause higher I/O on the server
#sync_binlog = 1

# The server id, should be unique in same network
server-id = 1

# Set this to force MySQL to use a particular engine/table-type for new tables
# This setting can still be overridden by specifying the engine explicitly
# in the CREATE TABLE statement
default-storage-engine = INNODB

# Enable Per Table Data for InnoDB to shrink ibdata1
innodb_file_per_table = 1

# Uncomment the following if you are using InnoDB tables
#innodb_data_home_dir = /data/mysql/data
#innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
#innodb_log_group_home_dir = /data/mysql/data
# You can set .._buffer_pool_size up to 50 - 80 % of RAM
# but beware of setting memory usage too high
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 16M
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 2M
# Set .._log_file_size to 25 % of buffer pool size
innodb_log_file_size = 5M
innodb_log_buffer_size = 8M
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 50

[mysqldump]
quick
max_allowed_packet = 16M

[mysql]
no-auto-rehash

[myisamchk]
key_buffer_size = 8M
sort_buffer_size = 8M

[mysqlhotcopy]
interactive-timeout

[mysql.server]
user = mysql

[mysqld_safe]
log-error = /data/mysql/log/mysqld.log
pid-file = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.pid
open-files-limit = 8192

注，MySQL自带了几个不同的配置文件，放置在/data/mysql/support-files目录下，分别是my-huge.cnf,my-innodb-heavy-4G.cnf,my-large.cnf,my-medium.cnf,my-small.cnf，通过名称我们可以很直观的了解到他们是针对不同的服务器配置的，本文的配置文件是来自于my-small.cnf的，因为我是在虚拟机上进行的设置；在生产环境中，我们可以通过参考my-huge.cnf或my-innodb-heavy-4G.cnf中的部分参数配置，来对服务器进行优化；
4.修改my.cnf读写权限

[root@node1 etc]# chown -R root.root /data/mysql/etc
[root@node1 etc]# chmod 600 /data/mysql/etc/my.cnf

好了，到这里我们的配置文件就设置完成了，下面我们来初始化一下数据库。

六、初始化多实例数据库
1.切换到mysql的安装目录

[root@node1 ~]# cd /data/mysql/

2.初始化实例[mysqld1]

[root@node1 mysql]# scripts/mysql_install_db --basedir=/data/mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/data --user=mysql

3.初始化实例[mysqld2]

[root@node1 mysql]# scripts/mysql_install_db --basedir=/data/mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/data2 --user=mysql

4.初始化实例[mysqld3]

[root@node1 mysql]# scripts/mysql_install_db --basedir=/data/mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/data3 --user=mysql

5.初始化实例[mysqld4]

[root@node1 mysql]# scripts/mysql_install_db --basedir=/data/mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/data4 --user=mysql

好了，到这里我们初始化工作就完成了，下面我们来提供一下多实例的管理脚本。

七、提供管理脚本 mysqld_multi.server
1.创建管理脚本目录

[root@node1 mysql]# mkdir /data/mysql/init.d

2.提供管理脚本

[root@node1 mysql]# cp support-files/mysqld_multi.server init.d/

3.简单修改一下脚本

[root@node1 mysql]# cd init.d/
[root@node1 init.d]# vim mysqld_multi.server
#!/bin/sh
#
# A simple startup script for mysqld_multi by Tim Smith and Jani Tolonen.
# This script assumes that my.cnf file exists either in /etc/my.cnf or
# /root/.my.cnf and has groups [mysqld_multi] and [mysqldN]. See the
# mysqld_multi documentation for detailed instructions.
#
# This script can be used as /etc/init.d/mysql.server
#
# Comments to support chkconfig on RedHat Linux
# chkconfig: 2345 64 36
# description: A very fast and reliable SQL database engine.
#
# Version 1.0
#
basedir=/data/mysql
bindir=/data/mysql/bin
conf=/data/mysql/etc/my.cnf
export PATH=$PATH:$bindir
if test -x $bindir/mysqld_multi
then
mysqld_multi="$bindir/mysqld_multi";
else
echo "Can't execute $bindir/mysqld_multi from dir $basedir";
exit;
fi
case "$1" in
'start' )
"$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf start $2
;;
'stop' )
"$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf stop $2
;;
'report' )
"$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf report $2
;;
'restart' )
"$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf stop $2
"$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf start $2
;;
*)
echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|report|restart}" >&2
;;
esac

好了，到这里我们所有的配置就全部完成了，下面我们打包备份一下。

八、整体备份方便后续迁移

[root@node1 ~]# cd /data/
[root@node1 data]# tar czvf mysql-5.5.350-full.tar.gz /data/mysql/
[root@node1 data]# ll -h
总用量 128M
drwx------.  2 root  root   16K 8月  17 18:42 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x  22 mysql mysql 4.0K 1月   6 22:08 mysql
-rw-r--r--   1 root  root  128M 1月   7 00:25 mysql-5.5.350-full.tar.gz

注，备份完成后，直接将mysql-5.5.350-full.tar.gz拿到其他服务器上，解压后便可以直接启用。嘿嘿，方便吧……

九、管理MySQL多实例
1.同时启动四个mysql实例
(1).方法一：

[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server start 1,2,3,4

或方法二：

[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server start 3306,3307,3308,3309

(2).查看一下启动的实例

[root@node1 ~]# netstat -ntulp | grep mysqld
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:3307                0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      31416/mysqld
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:3308                0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      31414/mysqld
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:3309                0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      31420/mysqld
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:3306                0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      31413/mysqld

2.同时关闭四个mysql实例
(1).方法一：

[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server stop 1,2,3,4

或方法二：

[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server stop 3306,3307,3308,3309

3.单独启动或关闭mysql实例
(1).启动一个实例

[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server start 1
[root@node1 ~]# netstat -ntulp | grep mysqld
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:3306                0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      32221/mysqld

(2).关闭一个实例

[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server stop 1

注，启动或关闭两个或者三个实例方法的上面相同这里就不再演示。

十、登录MySQL多实例
注，我们同时启动四个实例，下面我们来演示一下怎么分别登录这四个实例。为了演示四个实例的区别，我们分别在四个实例中创建mydb1、mydb2、mydb3、mydb4。
1.登录[mysqld1]

[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1
Server version: 5.5.35-log Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> create database mydb1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mydb1              |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.登录[mysqld2]

[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3307 -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1
Server version: 5.5.35-log Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> create database mydb2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mydb2              |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.登录[mysqld3]

[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3308 -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1
Server version: 5.5.35-log Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> create database mydb3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mydb3              |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.登录[mysqld4]

[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3309 -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1
Server version: 5.5.35-log Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> create database mydb4;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mydb4              |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

好了，我们的MySQL多实例登录就演示到这里了，下面我们来设置一下mysql的root密码。

十一、其它管理配置
1.为mysql的root用户创建密码

[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 password '123456'
[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3307 password '123456'
[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3308 password '123456'
[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3309 password '123456'

2.删除匿名连接的空密码帐号
注，分别登录实例[mysqld1]、[mysqld2]、[mysqld3]、[mysqld4]，执行以下命令：

mysql>use mysql; #选择系统数据库mysql
mysql>select Host,User,Password from user; #查看所有用户
mysql>delete from user where password="";#删除无密码账户
mysql>flush privileges; #刷新权限
mysql>select Host,User,Password from user; #确认密码为空的用户是否已全部删除
mysql>exit;

十二、总结
1.采用源码编译安装MySQL，可能在第一次会花费较多的时间，但却是非常值得的，因为我们可以自己组织所有MySQL相关文件的位置；并且经过源码编译安装后的MySQL，可以直接复制到其它服务器上运行，大大方便了我们以后的迁移、备份和新服务器的配置。
2.本文中仅仅用了四个实例[mysqld1]、[mysqld2]、[mysqld3]、[mysqld4]来举例，实际上我们可以通过这样的方式，实现[mysqld5]、[mysqld6]...等更多的实例，前提是你的服务器硬件配置得根得 上，但是一般我们这边不会超过6个实例。
3.在单机运行多实例的情况下，切忌不要使用 mysql -hlocalhost 或 直接忽略-h参数登录服务器，这应该算是MySQL的一个bug，就是如果使用localhost或忽略-h参数，而不是指定127.0.0.1的话，即使选择的端口是3307，还是会登陆到3306中去，因此应尽量避免这种混乱的产生，统一用127.0.0.1绑定端口或采用socket来登录，在mysql5.5中你不指定-h127.0.0.1选项，你是无法登录的。

最后，希望大家有所收获吧^_^……