第一章 第二节 动词的种类及其用法

完全不及物动词的判断方法

我...他（主动）

他被我...（被动）

任意放入一个英语动词，翻译后意思若无毛病，就是及物动词，否则就是不及物动词。

有些动词有两个或两个以上的意思，套用上述方法，可以判断出有些动词有时可当及物动词，有时亦可当不及物动词。

sing vt. 唱（一首歌）/vi. 唱歌

run vt. 经营（工厂）/vi. 跑步

study vt. /vi.

kill vt./vi.

不及物动词+同源名词：有些不及物动词，可变成及物动词，以同源名词做其宾语。

dream vi.

vt. dream a terrible

live vt.

vt. live a happy life

smile vi.

vt. smile a bright smile.

laught vi.

vt. laught a hearty laugh

sigh vi.

vt. sigh a deep sigh

sleep vi.

vt. sleep a sound sleep

完全及物动词：即加了宾语后，意思才完全的动词。 He killed her.

完全不及物动词：即不需要加宾语，意思就很完全的动词。He laughed.

完全及物动词出现的形态

1）主语+及物动词+宾语

2）主语+be+及物动词的现在分词+宾语 （本句型用以表示主动进行的概念）

3）主语+be+过去分词(Past Participle,p.p.) （本句型用以表示被动的概念）

4）主语+be+being+过去分词 （本句型用以表示被动进行的概念）

完全不及物动词出现的形态

1）主语+vi.

2）主语+be+不及物动词的现在分词（本句型用以表示“进行”的概念）

---------个人感悟：有时不确定是不是可以用be动词，注意，这个动词是不是完全不及物动词，不及物动词无被动语态------

注意：完全不及物动词之后，可接副词或副词对等语（如介词短语，副词从句等），以修饰该动词。

Something happened yesterday.

He died in an accident.

He left because he didn't want to see Mary again.

不完全不及物动词（Incomplete Intransitive Verb 简称i.vi. 在传统语法书中称为系动词）意思不完全，因而无法单独存在，之后要接名词、形容词的对等语（如代词、动名词、不定式、名词从句、名词短语等），以补充其意思的不足。此类补充语，同时修饰主语，故称为主语补语（Subjective Complement, 简称s.c. 亦称表语）

He looks happy. looks是i.vi. happy 是adj.做s.c

He became a good student. became 是i.vi. 名词做s.c.

My trouble is that I have no money. is是i.vi. 名词从句做s.c.

He is in danger now. is是i.vi. 介词短语做s.c.

不完全不及物动词的判断方法

我...他

他被我...

下面以became(变成)做示范

1）放在上面空格中翻译，得知become是不及物动词

2）确知become为不及物动词后，利用完全不及物动词的造句法（即完全不及物动词的出现形态）

主语+vi.

主语+be+vi.的现在分词

3）翻译得知，语意不全，故知become是意思不完全的不及物动词，不能单独存在，之后要接补充语。

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不完全不及物动词的种类及其补语的用法：将不完全不及物动词分成六大类：（what?）

1、be动词

be动词之后可用名词（含名词对等语如名词从句，名词短语，动名词，不定式等）或形容词（含做形容词的现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、地点副词或地点副词短语等）做补语。

注意：用名词做补语时，be动词译成“是”；用形容词做补语时，be动词不必译出；用地点副词或地点副词短语做补语时，be动词译成“在”。

be动词之后有11种补语：

（1）名词 He is a great hero.

（2）名词从句 The trouble with me is that I lack money.

（3）名词短语 The question is when to set off.

（4）做名词用的动名词短语 My hobby is collecting stamps.

（5）做名词用的不定式短语 My purpose is to see him.

（6）形容词 She is beautiful.

（7）做形容词用的现在分词 The question is interesting.

（8）做形容词用的过去分词 I am interested in the question.

（9）做形容词用的介词短语（由“of + 抽象名词”构成）

The book is of much value = The book is valuable

The machine is of no use = The machine is useless.

（10）地点副词 She is there. They are upstairs. Is he home now?

（11）地点副词短语（由“介词 + 地方名词”构成）She is in town. They are at home now. She is in danger.

注意：be动词之后的现在分词有两种词性：一做形容词，一做动词进行时现在分词。换言之，遇到V-ing;可译成"....的"时，就是做形容词的现在分词，否则就是表“进行状态”的现在分词，要译成“正在......”，而不视为形容词。

The girl is charming.

！！！！27页缺失！！！！！！

2、become （变成）

3、turn（变成）

4、get（变成）

5、seem(=appear)（似乎）

6、感官动词

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不完全不及物动词重要相关短语

Things will come right in the end.

He soon fell asleep.

Provisions ran short.

I don't know how he came to be so popular.

The document proved to be a forgery.

完全及物动词就是加了宾语后意思很完整的动词，有主动及被动两个语态。

完全及物动词在主动语态中，用法极为简单，句型：主语+完全及物动词+宾语（object，简称o.）

Peter loves music. They want to go dancing. He thinks that the book is good.

完全及物动词用法

完全及物动词的宾语有名词、代词、不定式、动名词、名词从句及名词短语等。

1、名词充当及物动词的宾语 He didn't buy that car.

2、代词充当及物动词的宾语 I don't like John. Indeed, I hate him.

3、动名词充当及物动词的宾语：

并非所有及物动词均可用动名词做宾语。常以动名词做宾语的动词有下列几个：

He considered studying abroad.

I once imagined going to the beach with them.

I just can't fancy getting along with them.

He risked doing it.

I avoided seeing him again.

He escaped being killed in the accident.

They suggested putting off the game.

He recommended traveling abroad.

I enjoy dancing.

I resent having to do so much work.

I practiced playing the piano.

He stopped smoking.

He quit smoking.

Would you mind opening the window for me?

注意： resist + V-ing = refuse + to + 原形动词 拒绝

I refused to do it

I couldn't resist crying when I heard the sad news.

注意： expect + to + 原形动词 = anticipate + V-ing 期望... ...

I expect to travel around the world with him

= I anticipate travelling around the world with him.

注意： stop + V-ing = quit + V-ing = ( cease + V-ing = cease + to + 原形动词 ) 停止

He stopped writing when he saw me.

He decided to quit smoking.

He ceased to talk to her after he knew she was so bad.

He ceased talking to her after he knew she was so bad.

注意: stop + to + 原形动词 停下来而去... ...

He stopped to talk to me when he saw me.

= He stopped (what he was doing) to talk to me when he saw me.

注意：continue（继续） start（开始） begin（开始） like（喜欢） love（爱） dislike（不喜欢） hate（恨） 可用不定式或动名词做宾语，意思不变。

He continued trying/to try it.

They started building/to build the house.

I (like/love/hate/dislike) listening/to listen to music.

4、名词从句充当及物动词的宾语

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名词从句有三种：

（1）that he can't do it

（2）whether he will com

（3）疑问词引导的名词从句

when he will do it

what he is doing

how he'll handle it

I believe that he is a man of his word.

I wonder whether he can do it.

I don't know where he lives.

注意：that从句做及物动词的宾语时，名词从句连接词that通常予以省略。

They fell (that) it is hard to do the job.

He thinks (that) the book is worthy of reading.

注意：whether 从句做及物动词的宾语时，名词从句连接词whether亦可被if取代。

I don't know whether the typhoon will com.

= I don't know if the typhoon will come.

I doubt whether the man is competent enough to handle it.

= I doubt if the man is competent enough to handle it.

但：whether 从句若做主语、介词的宾语或be动词的补语，则whether不可被if取代。

(1)、whether从句做主语： Whether he can go is not yet known.

(2)、whether从句做介词的宾语：He is worried about whether he can join them.

(3)、whether从句做be动词的补语：The problem is whether he has enough money for the trip.

5、名词短语（构成方式见第一节第5项）充当及物动词的宾语

I know how to handle the problem.

I don't know whom to talk to.

不完全及物动词：此类动词加了宾语之后，意思并不完整，需要加补语，以补充意思之不足。以make 为例

1.make 当“制造”解时，为完全及物动词。 He made a car.

2.但make若做“使”或“叫”解时，则为不完全及物动词。

He made Mary happy.

He made Mary clean the window.

不完全及物动词的分类及用法

1.使役动词

（1）叫... ... (make / have / bid) + 宾语 + 原形动词（做补语）

I made him wash the car.

I had John report to me.

I bade him send the letter quickly.

I bade him to send the letter quickly.

注意：bid之后可用不定式短语或原形动词做宾语

注意：get亦可表“叫... ...”之意，但只能用不定式短语做宾语补语。

I got him to wash the car.

注意：make 及bid 可使用在被动语态中，但have及get则不可。

主动语态: I (made /bade/had) him wash the car. = I got him to wash to car.

被动语态：He was (made /bidden) to wash the car.

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变被动语态时，原形动词wash就要变成不定式短语to wash，而成to wash the car

（2）让... ...

表“让... ...”的动词只有let一个。

用法：(1) let + 宾语 + 原形动词（做宾语补语）

I let him wash the car

I let Peter try it.

(2) let + 宾语 + 做副词用的介词(in, out, down)（做宾语补语）

He let me in

Don't let him out

His performance let me down.

注意：介词由于之后无宾语，可单独存在做副词用，因此称为介副词。与地点副词一样，有形容词的功能，可做be动词之后的补语.

He is in.

He is out.

He is there.

He is here.

He is home.

He is downtown.

He is in the house.

注意：在let之后，只能用介副词做补语，而不可用地点副词或地点副词短语做补语。

He let me in.

注意：let之后若用原形动词做补语，变被动语态时，该原形动词要变成不定式短语。

I let him wash the car. -> He was let to wash the car.

（3）强迫/要求/怂恿/催促... ...

此类动词+宾语+不定式短语（做宾语补语）

I forced him to recite the lesson.

I asked him to write the letter.

I urged him to work harder.

He compelled me to do it against my will.

He told me to finish the work by ten.

此类动词尚有许多种，下面将常出现的此类动词列举如下：

push one to

seduce one to

entice one to

wish one to

want one to

此类动词变被动词语态时，仍用不定式短语做补语。

I asked him to write the letter.

-> He was asked to write the letter.

（4） 使... ...成为

此类动词只有make一个，加了宾语之后，要用形容词或名词做补语，句型如下：

主语+make+宾语+（形容词/名词） 做宾语补语

His teacher made him a good student.他老师使他成为好学生。

The trip made him happy. （形容词做宾语补语）这次旅行使他很愉快。

由于make之后的宾语可直接接名词或形容词做补语，故不必造成下面的句子：

His teacher made him become a good student. (X)

The trip made him be happy.(X)

2.知觉动词

此类动词有三类：

看：see, observe(观察),watch(看),look at(注视)

听：hear, listen to

感觉：feel

(1)此类动词可做完全及物动词，加了宾语之后无需另加补语。

Did you see him?

He was listening to music.

I felt pain in my back.

(2)但此类动词亦可做不完全及物动词，加了宾语之后，需另加宾语补语。用法如下

表事实时，用原形动词做补语，译成“... ...了”。

I saw him dance.

I heard him sing

I felt him move.

表进行状态时，用现在分词做补语，译成“... ...正在... ..."

I saw him dancing when I walked in.

As I pushed the door open, I heard him singing.

When the door bell rang, I felt my legs trembling.

表被动的概念时，要用过去分词做补语，译成"... ...被... ..."

I saw him killed.

I heard the door closed.

I felt myself lifted.

以上三种补语变被动语态时，除原形动词要变成不定式短语之外，其余不变。

I saw him do it -> He was seen to do it

I saw him dancing -> He was seen dancing.

I saw the dog run over by a car. -> The dog was seen run over by a car.

3.任命动词

此类动词多表“选举”，“指派”之意，其宾语之后用表职位的名词做补语，通常该名词之前要省略冠词。此类动词通常有两个elect（选举），assign（指派）

We elected him chairman of the committee.

We assigned him platoon leader.

4.认定动词

此类动词均表“视... ...为”之意，加了宾语之后，用名词或形容词做宾语补语。

(1) 与介词并用者

We (regard/refer to/look upon/think of/see/view) him (as a genius/as nice).

= We take him (for a genius/for nice).

(2)与to be并用者

We (consider/deem/think) him (to be a genius/to be nice).

惟to be 通常均予省略

介词之后只能接名词或动名词为其宾语。

I am sick of his rude attitude.

I am sick of associating with him.

但凡表“视... ...为”的动词与介词as或for并用时，该介词之后省了动名词being，而直接接形容词于其后。

I regard him as [being] nice

I take his success for [being] granted.

注意：think,believe,find,deem(认为),consider等五个动词做不完全及物动词时，不得直接用不定式短语做宾语，一定要用虚宾语（注：相当于传统语法中的形式宾语）it取代。

句型如下：

主语+(think/believe/find/deem/consider) + it(虚宾语)+ 宾语补语(n./adj.) + to V (真宾语)

I think it interesting to climb mountains.

I find it necessary to do the work.

I believe it worthwhile to study hard.

I deem it an honor to give this speech.

但find,believe,think,deem,comsider也可以做完全及物动词，此时要用that引导的名词从句做宾语。

I think that it is interesting to climb mountains.

I believe that it is worthwhile to study hard.

由于that从句做及物动词的宾语时，that可省略，

现在我们便可清楚得知下列两种结构虽不一样，但表达的意思却完全相同。

不完全及物动词：

I think it interesting to climb mountans.

I believe it worthwhile to study hard.

完全及物动词：

I think it is interesting to climb mountains.

I believe it is worthwhile to study hard.

注意：make 表"使... ...成为"时，为不完全及物动词，不得用不定式短语做宾语，一定要用虚宾语it取代

句型如：主语+make+it(虚宾语)+宾语补语(n.adj.)+ to V(真宾语)

He made it a rule to get up early.

Hard work made it possible for him to win the honor.

注意：find,believe,think,deem,consider做不完全及物动词时，不得直接用that引导的名词从句做宾语，一定要用虚宾语it取代。

I find it wonderful that he sings so well.

I believe it necessary that he should work hard.

The difficulty of the mission made it necessary that he should do it with care.

5.转变动词

此类动词均表“使... ...变成"之意，常用的有change与turn两个。通常要与介词into并用。

The experience (turned/changed) him into a good student.

6.其他重要的不完全及物动词

They set him free.

I painted the door green.

The sight struck him dump.

The baby cried itself to sleep

His assistance will render(=make) success certain.

The misfortune nearly drove hijm mad.

They named the baby Tom.

They call him a liar.

Don't leave the door open

You must keep you teeth clean.

I want the job done no later than five.

Help me [to] find my watch.

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十六、授予动词

此类动词为及物动词的一种，需接两个宾语。第一个宾语叫做间接宾语（i.o.）表授予的对象；第二个宾语叫直接宾语（d.o.），表授予的东西。

I will give you this watch.

Please lend me your book.

I bought him a car.

I asked him a question.

以上结构上，you,me,him均为间接宾语，this watch,your book,a car,a question均为直接宾语

十七、间接与直接宾语倒置原则

1.表“给予”的概念，要用to

I gave him the book. = I gave the book to him.

I sent him the letter. = I sent the letter to him.

I told him the story. = I told the story to him.

I teach them English. = I teach English to them.

2.表“代劳”的概念，要用for

I bought him the book. = I bought the book for him.

I made him a chair. = I made a chair for him.

3.表“从... ...中”的概念，要用of

I asked him a question. = I asked a question of him.

I expected much (of/from) him.

He required nothing of me.

He demanded little of me.

惟使用此三个动词，不得像ask一样可将间接宾语置于前面。

I expected him much (X) He required me nothing.(X) He demanded me little.(X)

十八、与of并用的授予动词

下列动词也可与of并用，但是与上述不同的是of之后是以表“东西”的名词为宾语，而非以表“对象”的名词为宾语。

1. rob 抢夺

He robbed my money (X) -> He robbed me of my money.

I was robbed of my money. (O) My money was robbed.(X)

2.deprive/strip 剥夺

The regime (deprived/stripped) all his civil rights.(X) -> The regime (deprived/stripped) him of all his civil rights(O)

He was (deprived/stripped) of all his civil rights.(O) All his civil rights were (deprived/stripped). (X)

3.ease减轻

He eased me of my burden.

4.relieve解除

The medicine relieved him of his pain.

5.rid解除

I cannot rid myself of the painful memory. = I cannot get rid of the painful memory.

注意：rid myself of 中的rid是动词原形；get rid of 中的rid是过去分词，get则等于be,即：cannot get rid of = cannot be rid of

然而get rid of 已成词组，故不可用be rid of 取代。

6.break戒除

You should (break/rid) yourself of the bad habit of smoking.

7.cure医治

The doctor cured him of his disease.

十九、表“提供”的授予动词

常用的此类动词有offer,provide,supply,furnish,present数个。除offer以外，其余要与介词with并用。

He offered me all I needed.

= He (provided/supplied/furnished) me with all I needed.

注意：He offered me all I needed. = He offered all I needed to me.

He provided me with all I needed. = He provided all I needed for me.

注意：offer + to + 原形动词 = be willing to V 愿意... ...

After he heard of my situation, he offered to help me.

注意：present（赠予）的用法与provide相似，不同的是将间接宾语置于句尾时，要与介词to 并用。

He presented me with a watch. = He presented a watch to me .

二十、要点补充

1.表“给予”的概念，要与介词to并用

I gave him a book. = I gave a book to him.

I wrote him a letter. = I wrote a letter to him.

但explain（解释）,introduce（介绍）,propose（提议）,recommend（建议）,express（表示）等动词，不论间接或直接宾语的位置是否颠倒，均要与to并用。

He explained the reason to me. = He explained to me the reason.

He introduced the girl to me. = He introduced to me the girl.

He recommended the method to me . = He recommended to me the method.

He proposed a motion to the committee. = He proposed to the committee a motion.

2.比较下列两句的不同

I took a picture of him.

I took a picture for him.