转载--linux filesystem structures
2013-08-28 09:37
337 查看
In this article, let us review the Linux filesystem structures and understand the meaning of individual high-level directories.
Only root user has write privilege under this directory.
Please note that /root is root user’s home directory, which is not same as /.
Common linux commands you need to use in single-user modes are located under this directory.
Commands used by all the users of the system are located here.
For example: ps, ls, ping, grep, cp.
But, the linux commands located under this directory are used typically by system aministrator, for system maintenance purpose.
For example: iptables, reboot, fdisk, ifconfig, swapon
This also contains startup and shutdown shell scripts used to start/stop individual programs.
For example: /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/logrotate.conf
These include terminal devices, usb, or any device attached to the system.
For example: /dev/tty1, /dev/usbmon0
This is a pseudo filesystem contains information about running
process. For example: /proc/{pid} directory contains information about
the process with that particular pid.
This is a virtual filesystem with text information about system resources. For example: /proc/uptime
Content of the files that are expected to grow can be found under this directory.
This includes — system log files (/var/log); packages and
database files (/var/lib); emails (/var/mail); print queues
(/var/spool); lock files (/var/lock); temp files needed across reboots
(/var/tmp);
Files under this directory are deleted when system is rebooted.
/usr/bin contains binary files for user programs. If you can’t
find a user binary under /bin, look under /usr/bin. For example: at,
awk, cc, less, scp
/usr/sbin contains binary files for system administrators. If
you can’t find a system binary under /sbin, look under /usr/sbin. For
example: atd, cron, sshd, useradd, userdel
/usr/lib contains libraries for /usr/bin and /usr/sbin
/usr/local contains users programs that you install from source.
For example, when you install apache from source, it goes under
/usr/local/apache2
For example: /home/john, /home/nikita
Kernel initrd, vmlinux, grub files are located under /boot
For example: initrd.img-2.6.32-24-generic, vmlinuz-2.6.32-24-generic
Library filenames are either ld* or lib*.so.*
For example: ld-2.11.1.so, libncurses.so.5.7
Contains add-on applications from individual vendors.
add-on applications should be installed under either /opt/ or /opt/ sub-directory.
For examples, /media/cdrom for CD-ROM; /media/floppy for floppy drives; /media/cdrecorder for CD writer
Contains server specific services related data.
For example, /srv/cvs contains CVS related data.
1. / – Root
Every single file and directory starts from the root directory.Only root user has write privilege under this directory.
Please note that /root is root user’s home directory, which is not same as /.
2. /bin – User Binaries
Contains binary executables.Common linux commands you need to use in single-user modes are located under this directory.
Commands used by all the users of the system are located here.
For example: ps, ls, ping, grep, cp.
3. /sbin – System Binaries
Just like /bin, /sbin also contains binary executables.But, the linux commands located under this directory are used typically by system aministrator, for system maintenance purpose.
For example: iptables, reboot, fdisk, ifconfig, swapon
4. /etc – Configuration Files
Contains configuration files required by all programs.This also contains startup and shutdown shell scripts used to start/stop individual programs.
For example: /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/logrotate.conf
5. /dev – Device Files
Contains device files.These include terminal devices, usb, or any device attached to the system.
For example: /dev/tty1, /dev/usbmon0
6. /proc – Process Information
Contains information about system process.This is a pseudo filesystem contains information about running
process. For example: /proc/{pid} directory contains information about
the process with that particular pid.
This is a virtual filesystem with text information about system resources. For example: /proc/uptime
7. /var – Variable Files
var stands for variable files.Content of the files that are expected to grow can be found under this directory.
This includes — system log files (/var/log); packages and
database files (/var/lib); emails (/var/mail); print queues
(/var/spool); lock files (/var/lock); temp files needed across reboots
(/var/tmp);
8. /tmp – Temporary Files
Directory that contains temporary files created by system and users.Files under this directory are deleted when system is rebooted.
9. /usr – User Programs
Contains binaries, libraries, documentation, and source-code for second level programs./usr/bin contains binary files for user programs. If you can’t
find a user binary under /bin, look under /usr/bin. For example: at,
awk, cc, less, scp
/usr/sbin contains binary files for system administrators. If
you can’t find a system binary under /sbin, look under /usr/sbin. For
example: atd, cron, sshd, useradd, userdel
/usr/lib contains libraries for /usr/bin and /usr/sbin
/usr/local contains users programs that you install from source.
For example, when you install apache from source, it goes under
/usr/local/apache2
10. /home – Home Directories
Home directories for all users to store their personal files.For example: /home/john, /home/nikita
11. /boot – Boot Loader Files
Contains boot loader related files.Kernel initrd, vmlinux, grub files are located under /boot
For example: initrd.img-2.6.32-24-generic, vmlinuz-2.6.32-24-generic
12. /lib – System Libraries
Contains library files that supports the binaries located under /bin and /sbinLibrary filenames are either ld* or lib*.so.*
For example: ld-2.11.1.so, libncurses.so.5.7
13. /opt – Optional add-on Applications
opt stands for optional.Contains add-on applications from individual vendors.
add-on applications should be installed under either /opt/ or /opt/ sub-directory.
14. /mnt – Mount Directory
Temporary mount directory where sysadmins can mount filesystems.15. /media – Removable Media Devices
Temporary mount directory for removable devices.For examples, /media/cdrom for CD-ROM; /media/floppy for floppy drives; /media/cdrecorder for CD writer
16. /srv – Service Data
srv stands for service.Contains server specific services related data.
For example, /srv/cvs contains CVS related data.
相关文章推荐
- 转载--linux filesystem structures
- Linux filesystem structures.
- RH033 Unit16 The Linux Filesystem In-Depth
- linux系统启动报错:An error occurred during the file system check(linux学习记录)
- Peeking into Linux kernel-land using /proc filesystem for quick’n’dirty troubleshooting
- Linux挂载U盘:mount: unknown filesystem type 'ntfs'
- Linux USB subsystem --- USB Debug File System Initialize
- running 7 Linux Filesystem In-Depth
- Linux proc file system for module development
- linux file system
- Linux Filesystem Hierarchy(block)
- Redhat Enterprise Linux securely mount remote Linux / UNIX directory or file system using SSHFS
- Macintosh HFSPlus Filesystem for Linux
- Understanding UNIX / Linux filesystem Superblock
- Linux File System brief intro
- Linux挂载U盘报错:mount: unknown filesystem type 'ntfs'
- 奇怪的一件事情linux系统变为read-only file system
- Linux Filesystem Hierarchy
- linux系统启动报错:[contains a file system with errors, check forced]的解决方法参考
- linux 挂载光盘:mount: you must specify the filesystem type