[English]could, should, would, may 非單只是過去式
2013-07-04 22:30
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助動詞 could, should, would, may 的用法:(第三冊) |
Would you like to order now?
Could you open the door for me?
結 構:情態助動詞 (should, would, could)
(一)
could, should, would 這三個都是屬於「助動詞」,也就是以前所學過的助動詞 can 一樣,其後面的動詞須用「原形動詞」;形成「否定句」時,在該助動詞後直接加 not 即可;形成「疑問句」時,則將該助動詞移到句首,句尾加問號;「簡答句」則直接用 could/would/should (not)。除此外,could not 可以縮寫成 couldn't;should not 可以縮寫成 shouldn't;would not 可以縮寫成 wouldn't。
基本上,這三個「助動詞」都是另外三個「助動詞」的「過去式」形:
[align=center]原 形[/align] | [align=center]過去式[/align] |
[align=center]can[/align] | [align=center]could[/align] |
[align=center]shall[/align] | [align=center]should[/align] |
[align=center]will[/align] | [align=center]would[/align] |
但除了當做「過去式」外,它們還有其它的含意,若看文法書,你將會發現到,它們的用法還真不少,但這裡僅就國中生應懂的範圍,做以下的說明。先看底下的英、中文意思對應表:
[align=center]could[/align] | [align=left]能夠‧‧‧[/align] |
[align=center]should[/align] | [align=left]應該‧‧‧[/align] |
[align=center]would[/align] | [align=left]將會‧‧‧[/align] |
should 的用法: |
1. We should go to bed early.(我們應該要早睡。)
2. He should exercise every day.(他應該要每天運動。)
(主詞雖是 He,但因為助動詞 should 的關係,exercise 仍然用「原形動詞」。)
3. She should not (= shouldn't) go to school late.(她不應該上學遲到。)
(主詞雖是 She,但因為助動詞 should 的關係,go 仍然用「原形動詞」。)
4. 問:Should they go with him?(他們應該要和他一起去嗎?)
答:Yes, they should. 或 No, they shouldn't.
但 could 和 would 對於初學者來說,就有點困難,但你只要先知道底下這些:
could 的用法: |
(註:may/might 也是用來「請求允許」,但一般認知,may/might 比 can/could 要來得正式,也就是說,在向關係比較生疏的人,或是長輩等「請求允許」時,用 may/might 比較合適些。)
例:
5. 我可以問你一個有關 Mike 的問題嗎?
Can I ask you a question about Mike?
Could I ask you a question about Mike?(用 could 比較有禮貌、比較客氣)
上述兩句的回答句,不管是「肯定回答」、還是「否定回答」,都只能用 can:
肯定回答:Yes, of course you can.(是的,你當然可以。)
否定回答:No, you can't. 或 No, I'm afraid you can't.(哦,不可以。;不,恐怕不行。)
B. can 和 could 都可以用來「拜託對方做事」,但 could 比較有禮貌、比較客氣,或者是「比較不確定」的語氣:
6. 你可以幫我做數學功課嗎?
Can you help me with my math homework?
Could you help me with my math homework?
would 的用法: |
7. I'd like to go by train.(我想搭火車去。)
8. I'd like to speak to Tommy, please.(我想跟 Tommy 說一下話。)
B. 和 could 一樣,would 用於有禮貌、比較客氣的請求,如:
9. Would you close the window, please?(能否煩麻你關個窗戶?)
10. Would you like some oranges?(你想要來些柳丁嗎?)
[b](二)
may 和 might 的用法[/b]:may 也是「助動詞」,其後也是接「原形動詞」,「否定句」、「疑問句」、「簡答句」的用法,都和前述的三個「助動詞」一樣。
A. may 和 might 都可以用來「請求允許」,但 might 是一種很有禮貌、很客氣的用法,但並不普遍,且常見用於 if 引導的子句中:
(註:may/might 和 can/could 的差別,請參考 can/could。)
例:
11. May I sit down?(我可以坐下嗎?)
12. May I use your computer?(我可以用你的電腦嗎?)
回答時,都是用 may:
肯定回答:Yes, of course you may.(是的,你當然可以。)
否定回答:No, I'm afraid you may not.(不,恐怕不行。)
B. may 和 might 也可以用來表示「可能性」,而 might 表示「較不確定,希望比較小」:
例:
13. She may sleep at home.(她可能在家睡覺。)
14. They might help us.(他們可能會幫我們的忙。)──雖然很渺茫,但不無可能。
做個小整理:
▲ 「過去式」的形式,都表示「比較客氣」、「比較有禮貌」。
▲ 「過去式」的形式, 表示「可能性比較小」。
▲ 用來「表示客氣的請求」,常用到底下的句型:(也常見於考題中,務必背好。)
Would/Could you ...?
May I ...?
這些「助動詞」的用法,在綜合練習中,比較容易有整體的概念。
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