Piggy-Bank 完全背包问题

Piggy-Bank

Time Limit: 2000/1000 MS (Java/Others) Memory Limit: 65536/32768 K (Java/Others)

Total Submission(s): 6867 Accepted Submission(s): 3390



[align=left]Problem Description[/align]
Before ACM can do anything, a budget must be prepared and the necessary financial support obtained. The main income for this action comes from Irreversibly Bound Money (IBM). The idea behind is simple. Whenever some ACM member has
any small money, he takes all the coins and throws them into a piggy-bank. You know that this process is irreversible, the coins cannot be removed without breaking the pig. After a sufficiently long time, there should be enough cash in the piggy-bank to pay
everything that needs to be paid.

But there is a big problem with piggy-banks. It is not possible to determine how much money is inside. So we might break the pig into pieces only to find out that there is not enough money. Clearly, we want to avoid this unpleasant situation. The only possibility
is to weigh the piggy-bank and try to guess how many coins are inside. Assume that we are able to determine the weight of the pig exactly and that we know the weights of all coins of a given currency. Then there is some minimum amount of money in the piggy-bank
that we can guarantee. Your task is to find out this worst case and determine the minimum amount of cash inside the piggy-bank. We need your help. No more prematurely broken pigs!

[align=left]Input[/align]
The input consists of T test cases. The number of them (T) is given on the first line of the input file. Each test case begins with a line containing two integers E and F. They indicate the weight of an empty pig and of the pig filled
with coins. Both weights are given in grams. No pig will weigh more than 10 kg, that means 1 <= E <= F <= 10000. On the second line of each test case, there is an integer number N (1 <= N <= 500) that gives the number of various coins used in the given currency.
Following this are exactly N lines, each specifying one coin type. These lines contain two integers each, Pand W (1 <= P <= 50000, 1 <= W <=10000). P is the value of the coin in monetary units, W is it's weight in grams.

[align=left]Output[/align]
Print exactly one line of output for each test case. The line must contain the sentence "The minimum amount of money in the piggy-bank is X." where X is the minimum amount of money that can be achieved using coins with the given total
weight. If the weight cannot be reached exactly, print a line "This is impossible.".

[align=left]Sample Input[/align]

3
10 110
2
1 1
30 50
10 110
2
1 1
50 30
1 6
2
10 3
20 4

[align=left]Sample Output[/align]

The minimum amount of money in the piggy-bank is 60.
The minimum amount of money in the piggy-bank is 100.
This is impossible. 注释完全背包问题： 状态转移方程： dp[w]=max{dp[w],dp[v-w[i]]+c[i]} #include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int t;
cin>>t;
while(t--){
int m,n;
cin>>m>>n;
int w=n-m;
int num;
cin>>num;
int i;
int value[10002],weight[10002],dp[10002];
for(i=0;i<num;i++)
cin>>value[i]>>weight[i];
for(i=1;i<=w;i++)
dp[i]=500000000;
dp[0]=0;
for(i=0;i<num;i++)
for(int j=weight[i];j<=w;j++)
if(dp[j]>(dp[j-weight[i]]+value[i]))
dp[j]=dp[j-weight[i]]+value[i];
if(dp[w]==500000000)
cout<<"This is impossible."<<endl;
else
cout<<"The minimum amount of money in the piggy-bank is "<<dp[w]<<"."<<endl;
}
return 0;
} 完全背包问题：
P02: 完全背包问题
题目有N种物品和一个容量为V的背包，每种物品都有无限件可用。第i种物品的费用是c[i]，价值是w[i]。求解将哪些物品装入背包可使这些物品的费用总和不超过背包容量，且价值总和最大。基本思路这个问题非常类似于01背包问题，所不同的是每种物品有无限件。也就是从每种物品的角度考虑，与它相关的策略已并非取或不取两种，而是有取0件、取1件、取2件……等很多种。如果仍然按照解01背包时的思路，令f[i][v]表示前i种物品恰放入一个容量为v的背包的最大权值。仍然可以按照每种物品不同的策略写出状态转移方程，像这样：f[i][v]=max{f[i-1][v-k*c[i]]+k*w[i]|0<=k*c[i]<=v}这跟01背包问题一样有O(N*V)个状态需要求解，但求解每个状态的时间已经不是常数了，求解状态f[i][v]的时间是O(v/c[i])，总的复杂度是超过O(VN)的。将01背包问题的基本思路加以改进，得到了这样一个清晰的方法。这说明01背包问题的方程的确是很重要，可以推及其它类型的背包问题。但我们还是试图改进这个复杂度。一个简单有效的优化完全背包问题有一个很简单有效的优化，是这样的：若两件物品i、j满足c[i]<=c[j]且w[i]>=w[j]，则将物品j去掉，不用考虑。这个优化的正确性显然：任何情况下都可将价值小费用高得j换成物美价廉的i，得到至少不会更差的方案。对于随机生成的数据，这个方法往往会大大减少物品的件数，从而加快速度。然而这个并不能改善最坏情况的复杂度，因为有可能特别设计的数据可以一件物品也去不掉。这个优化可以简单的O(N^2)地实现，一般都可以承受。另外，针对背包问题而言，比较不错的一种方法是：首先将费用大于V的物品去掉，然后使用类似计数排序的做法，计算出费用相同的物品中价值最高的是哪个，可以O(V+N)地完成这个优化。这个不太重要的过程就不给出伪代码了，希望你能独立思考写出伪代码或程序。转化为01背包问题求解既然01背包问题是最基本的背包问题，那么我们可以考虑把完全背包问题转化为01背包问题来解。最简单的想法是，考虑到第i种物品最多选V/c[i]件，于是可以把第i种物品转化为V/c[i]件费用及价值均不变的物品，然后求解这个01背包问题。这样完全没有改进基本思路的时间复杂度，但这毕竟给了我们将完全背包问题转化为01背包问题的思路：将一种物品拆成多件物品。更高效的转化方法是：把第i种物品拆成费用为c[i]*2^k、价值为w[i]*2^k的若干件物品，其中k满足c[i]*2^k<=V。这是二进制的思想，因为不管最优策略选几件第i种物品，总可以表示成若干个2^k件物品的和。这样把每种物品拆成O(log(V/c[i]))件物品，是一个很大的改进。但我们有更优的O(VN)的算法。O(VN)的算法这个算法使用一维数组，先看伪代码：for i=1..N    for v=0..V        f[v]=max{f[v],f[v-cost]+weight}你会发现，这个伪代码与P01的伪代码只有v的循环次序不同而已。为什么这样一改就可行呢？首先想想为什么P01中要按照v=V..0的逆序来循环。这是因为要保证第i次循环中的状态f[i][v]是由状态f[i-1][v-c[i]]递推而来。换句话说，这正是为了保证每件物品只选一次，保证在考虑“选入第i件物品”这件策略时，依据的是一个绝无已经选入第i件物品的子结果f[i-1][v-c[i]]。而现在完全背包的特点恰是每种物品可选无限件，所以在考虑“加选一件第i种物品”这种策略时，却正需要一个可能已选入第i种物品的子结果f[i][v-c[i]]，所以就可以并且必须采用v=0..V的顺序循环。这就是这个简单的程序为何成立的道理。这个算法也可以以另外的思路得出。例如，基本思路中的状态转移方程可以等价地变形成这种形式：f[i][v]=max{f[i-1][v],f[i][v-c[i]]+w[i]}将这个方程用一维数组实现，便得到了上面的伪代码。最后抽象出处理一件完全背包类物品的过程伪代码，以后会用到：procedure CompletePack(cost,weight)    for v=cost..V        f[v]=max{f[v],f[v-c[i]]+w[i]}总结完全背包问题也是一个相当基础的背包问题，它有两个状态转移方程，分别在“基本思路”以及“O(VN)的算法“的小节中给出。希望你能够对这两个状态转移方程都仔细地体会，不仅记住，也要弄明白它们是怎么得出来的，最好能够自己想一种得到这些方程的方法。事实上，对每一道动态规划题目都思考其方程的意义以及如何得来，是加深对动态规划的理解、提高动态规划功力的好方法。