大脑的语言
2013-02-16 13:49
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The language of the brain
The EEG (electroencephalograph) measures brainwaves of different frequencies within the brain. Electrodes are placed on specific sites on the scalp to detect and record the electrical impulses within the brain. A frequency is the
number of times a wave repeats itself within a second. It can be compared to the frequencies that you tune into on your radio. If any of these frequencies are deficient, excessive, or difficult to access, our mental performance can suffer.
The raw EEG has usually been described in terms of frequency bands: Gamma
greater than 30(Hz) BETA (13-30Hz), ALPHA
(8-12 Hz), THETA (4-8 Hz), and DELTA(less than 4 Hz).
For example: Our brain uses 13Hz (high alpha or low beta) for "active" intelligence. Often we find individuals who exhibit
learning disabilities and attention problems having a deficiency of 13Hz activity in certain brain regions that affects the ability to easily
perform sequencing tasks and math calculations.
The lowest frequencies are delta. These are less than 4 Hz and occur in deep sleep and in
some abnormal processes. It is the dominant rhythm in infants up to one year of age and it is present in stages 3 and 4 of sleep. It tends to be the highest in amplitude and the slowest waves. We increase Delta waves in order
to decrease our awareness of the physical world. We also
access information in our unconscious mind through Delta. Peak performers decrease Delta waves when high focus and peak performance are required. However, most individuals diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder, naturally increase rather than decrease
Delta activity when trying to focus. The inappropriate Delta response often severely restricts the ability to focus and maintain attention. It is as if the brain is locked into a perpetual drowsy state.Another way to look at Delta is to imagine you are driving
in a car and you shift into 1st gear....you're not going to get anywhere very fast. So Delta would represent 1st gear.
The next brainwave is theta. Theta activity has a frequency of 3.5 to 7.5 Hz and is classed as "slow" activity. It is seen in connection with
creativity, intuition, daydreaming, and
fantasizing and is a repository for memories, emotions, sensations. Theta waves are strong during internal focus, meditation, prayer, and spiritual awareness. It reflects the state between wakefulness and sleep and relates to the subconscious
mind. It is abnormal in awake adults but is perfectly normal in children up to 13 years old. It is also normal during sleep. Theta is believed to reflect activity from the limbic system and hippocampal regions. Theta is observed in anxiety, behavioral activation
and behavioral inhibition. When the theta rhythm appears to function normally it mediates and/or promotes adaptive, complex behaviors such as learning and memory. Under unusual emotional circumstances, such as stress or disease states, there may be an imbalance
of three major transmitter systems, which results in aberrant behavior. Back to our car example, Theta would be considered 2nd gear. Not as slow as 1st gear (Delta) but still not very fast.
Alpha waves are those between 8 and 12(Hz). Alpha waves will peak around 10Hz. Good healthy alpha production promotes mental resourcefulness, aids in the ability to mentally coordinate, enhances overall sense of
relaxation and fatigue. In this state you can move quickly and efficiently to
accomplish whatever task is at hand. When Alpha predominates most people feel
at ease and calm. Alpha appears to bridge the conscious to the subconscious. It is the major rhythm seen in normal relaxed adults - it is present during most of life especially beyond the thirteenth year when it dominates the
resting tracing. Alpha rhythms are reported to be derived from the white matter of the brain. The white matter can be considered the part of the brain that connects all parts with each other. Alpha is a common state for the brain and occurs whenever a person
is alert (it is a marker for alertness and
sleep), but not actively processing information. They are strongest over the occipital (back of the head) cortex and also over frontal cortex. Alpha has been linked to extroversion (introverts show less), creativity (creative subjects show alpha when
listening and coming to a solution for creative problems), and mental work. When your alpha is within normal ranges we tend to also experience good moods, see the world truthfully, and have a sense of calmness. Alpha is one of the brain's most important frequency
to learn and use information taught in the classroom and on the job. You can increase alpha by
closing your eyes or deep breathing or decrease alpha by thinking or calculating. Alpha-Theta training can create an increase in sensation, abstract thinking and self-control. In our car scenario, Alpha would represent neutral
or idle. Alpha allows us to shift easily from one task to another.
Beta activity is 'fast' activity. It has a frequency of 14 and greater Hz. It reflects
desynchronized active brain tissue. It is usually seen on both sides in symmetrical distribution and is most evident frontally. It may be absent or reduced in areas of cortical damage.
It is generally regarded as a normal rhythm and is the dominant rhythm in those who are
alert or anxious or who have their eyes open. It is the state that most of brain is in when we have
our eyes open and are listening and thinking
during analytical problem solving, judgment,
decision making, processing information about the world around us.
Beta would represent overdrive or hyperdrive in our car scenario.
The beta band has a relatively large range, and has been divided into low, midrange and high.
Gamma is measured between 30 and 44 (Hz) and is the only frequency group found in every part of the brain. When the brain needs to
simultaneously process information from different areas, its hypothesized that the 40Hz activity consolidates the required areas for simultaneous processing. A good memory is associated with well-regulated and efficient 40Hz activity, whereas
a 40Hz deficiency
原文:http://www.nhahealth.com/science.htm
Definitions
The EEG (electroencephalograph) measures brainwaves of different frequencies within the brain. Electrodes are placed on specific sites on the scalp to detect and record the electrical impulses within the brain. A frequency is thenumber of times a wave repeats itself within a second. It can be compared to the frequencies that you tune into on your radio. If any of these frequencies are deficient, excessive, or difficult to access, our mental performance can suffer.
The raw EEG has usually been described in terms of frequency bands: Gamma
greater than 30(Hz) BETA (13-30Hz), ALPHA
(8-12 Hz), THETA (4-8 Hz), and DELTA(less than 4 Hz).
For example: Our brain uses 13Hz (high alpha or low beta) for "active" intelligence. Often we find individuals who exhibit
learning disabilities and attention problems having a deficiency of 13Hz activity in certain brain regions that affects the ability to easily
perform sequencing tasks and math calculations.
Brain Wave Frequencies:
DELTA (0.1 to 3.5 Hz)
The lowest frequencies are delta. These are less than 4 Hz and occur in deep sleep and insome abnormal processes. It is the dominant rhythm in infants up to one year of age and it is present in stages 3 and 4 of sleep. It tends to be the highest in amplitude and the slowest waves. We increase Delta waves in order
to decrease our awareness of the physical world. We also
access information in our unconscious mind through Delta. Peak performers decrease Delta waves when high focus and peak performance are required. However, most individuals diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder, naturally increase rather than decrease
Delta activity when trying to focus. The inappropriate Delta response often severely restricts the ability to focus and maintain attention. It is as if the brain is locked into a perpetual drowsy state.Another way to look at Delta is to imagine you are driving
in a car and you shift into 1st gear....you're not going to get anywhere very fast. So Delta would represent 1st gear.
DELTA (0.1-3 Hz): Distribution: generally broad or diffuse; may be bilateral, widespread |
Subjective feeling states: deep, dreamless sleep, non-REM sleep, trance, unconscious Associated tasks & behaviors: lethargic, not moving, not attentive Physiological correlates: not moving, low-level of arousal Effects of training: can induce drowsiness, trance, deeply relaxed states |
THETA (4-8 Hz)
The next brainwave is theta. Theta activity has a frequency of 3.5 to 7.5 Hz and is classed as "slow" activity. It is seen in connection withcreativity, intuition, daydreaming, and
fantasizing and is a repository for memories, emotions, sensations. Theta waves are strong during internal focus, meditation, prayer, and spiritual awareness. It reflects the state between wakefulness and sleep and relates to the subconscious
mind. It is abnormal in awake adults but is perfectly normal in children up to 13 years old. It is also normal during sleep. Theta is believed to reflect activity from the limbic system and hippocampal regions. Theta is observed in anxiety, behavioral activation
and behavioral inhibition. When the theta rhythm appears to function normally it mediates and/or promotes adaptive, complex behaviors such as learning and memory. Under unusual emotional circumstances, such as stress or disease states, there may be an imbalance
of three major transmitter systems, which results in aberrant behavior. Back to our car example, Theta would be considered 2nd gear. Not as slow as 1st gear (Delta) but still not very fast.
THETA (3.5-7.5 Hz): Distribution: usually regional, may involve many lobes, can be lateralized or diffuse; |
Subjective feeling states: intuitive, creative, recall, fantasy, imagery, creative, dreamlike, switching thoughts, drowsy; "oneness", "knowing" Associated tasks & behaviors: creative, intuitive; but may also be distracted, unfocused Physiological correlates: healing, integration of mind/body Effects of Training: if enhanced, can induce drifting, trance-like state. If suppressed, can improve concentration, ability to focus attention |
ALPHA (8-12 Hz)
Alpha waves are those between 8 and 12(Hz). Alpha waves will peak around 10Hz. Good healthy alpha production promotes mental resourcefulness, aids in the ability to mentally coordinate, enhances overall sense ofrelaxation and fatigue. In this state you can move quickly and efficiently to
accomplish whatever task is at hand. When Alpha predominates most people feel
at ease and calm. Alpha appears to bridge the conscious to the subconscious. It is the major rhythm seen in normal relaxed adults - it is present during most of life especially beyond the thirteenth year when it dominates the
resting tracing. Alpha rhythms are reported to be derived from the white matter of the brain. The white matter can be considered the part of the brain that connects all parts with each other. Alpha is a common state for the brain and occurs whenever a person
is alert (it is a marker for alertness and
sleep), but not actively processing information. They are strongest over the occipital (back of the head) cortex and also over frontal cortex. Alpha has been linked to extroversion (introverts show less), creativity (creative subjects show alpha when
listening and coming to a solution for creative problems), and mental work. When your alpha is within normal ranges we tend to also experience good moods, see the world truthfully, and have a sense of calmness. Alpha is one of the brain's most important frequency
to learn and use information taught in the classroom and on the job. You can increase alpha by
closing your eyes or deep breathing or decrease alpha by thinking or calculating. Alpha-Theta training can create an increase in sensation, abstract thinking and self-control. In our car scenario, Alpha would represent neutral
or idle. Alpha allows us to shift easily from one task to another.
ALPHA(8-12 Hz): Distribution: regional, usually involves entire lobe; strong occipital w/eyes closed |
Subjective feeling states: relaxed, not agitated, but not drowsy; tranquil, conscious Associated tasks & behaviors: meditation, no action Physiological correlates: relaxed, healing Effects of Training: can produce relaxation Sub band low alpha: 8-10: inner-awareness of self, mind/body integration, balance Sub band high alpha: 10-12: centering, healing, mind/body connection |
BETA (above 12 Hz)
Beta activity is 'fast' activity. It has a frequency of 14 and greater Hz. It reflectsdesynchronized active brain tissue. It is usually seen on both sides in symmetrical distribution and is most evident frontally. It may be absent or reduced in areas of cortical damage.
It is generally regarded as a normal rhythm and is the dominant rhythm in those who are
alert or anxious or who have their eyes open. It is the state that most of brain is in when we have
our eyes open and are listening and thinking
during analytical problem solving, judgment,
decision making, processing information about the world around us.
Beta would represent overdrive or hyperdrive in our car scenario.
The beta band has a relatively large range, and has been divided into low, midrange and high.
LOW BETA (12-15HZ): Distribution: localized by side and by lobe (frontal, occipital, etc) |
Subjective feeling states: relaxed yet focused, integrated Associated tasks & behaviors: low SMR can reflect "ADD", lack of focused attention Physiological correlates: is inhibited by motion; restraining body may increase SMR Effects of Training: increasing SMR can produce relaxed focus, improved attentive abilities, |
MID BETA (15-18hz): Distribution: localized, over various areas. May be focused on one electrode. |
Subjective feeling states: thinking, aware of self & surroundings Associated tasks & behaviors: mental activity Physiological correlates: alert, active, but not agitated Effects of Training: can increase mental ability, focus, alertness |
HIGH BETA (above 18hz): Distribution: localized, may be very focused. |
Subjective feeling states: alertness, agitation Associated tasks & behaviors: mental activity, e.g. math, planning Physiological correlates: general activation of mind & body functions. Effects of Training: can induce alertness, but may also produce agitation |
GAMMA (above 30 Hz)
GAMMA (above 30hz Hz): Distribution: very localized |
Subjective feeling states: thinking; integrated thoughts Associated tasks & behaviors: high-level information processing, "binding" Physiological correlates: associated with information-rich task processing Effects of Training: not known |
simultaneously process information from different areas, its hypothesized that the 40Hz activity consolidates the required areas for simultaneous processing. A good memory is associated with well-regulated and efficient 40Hz activity, whereas
a 40Hz deficiency
原文:http://www.nhahealth.com/science.htm
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