您的位置:首页 > 理论基础 > 计算机网络

基于Apache的HttpClient进行HTTP网络访问

2012-10-16 14:17 429 查看
在Android中,除了使用java.net包下的API访问HTTP服务之外,我们还可以换一种途径去完成工作.Android SDK附带了Apache的HttpClient API.Apache HttpClient是一个完善的HTTP客户端,它提供了对HTTP协议的全面支持,可以使用HTTP GET和POST进行访问.下面我们就结合实例,介绍一下HttpClient的使用方法:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package=""
android:versionCode="1"
android:versionName="1.0">
<application android:icon="@drawable/icon" android:label="@string/app_name">
<!-- 配置测试要使用的类库 -->
<uses-library android:name="android.test.runner"/>
</application>
<!-- 配置测试设备的主类和目标包 -->
<instrumentation android:name="android.test.InstrumentationTestRunner"
android:targetPackage="com.scott.http"/>
<!-- 访问HTTP服务所需的网络权限 -->
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>
<uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="8" />
</manifest>

然后,我们的单元测试类需要继承android.test.AndroidTestCase类,这个类本身是继承junit.framework.TestCase,并提供了getContext()方法,用于获取Android上下文环境,这个设计非常有用,因为很多Android API都是需要Context才能完成的.

现在让我们来看一下我们的测试用例,HttpTest.java代码如下:

public class HttpTest extends AndroidTestCase {
private static final String PATH = "http://192.168.1.57:8080/web";

public void testGet() throws Exception {
HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient();
HttpGet get = new HttpGet(PATH
+ "/TestServlet?id=1001&name=john&age=60");
HttpResponse response = client.execute(get);
if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == HttpStatus.SC_OK) {
InputStream is = response.getEntity().getContent();
String result = inStream2String(is);
Assert.assertEquals(result, "GET_SUCCESS");
}
}

public void testPost() throws Exception {
HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient();
HttpPost post = new HttpPost(PATH + "/TestServlet");
List<NameValuePair> params = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("id", "1001"));
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("name", "john"));
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("age", "60"));
HttpEntity formEntity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(params);
post.setEntity(formEntity);
HttpResponse response = client.execute(post);
if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == HttpStatus.SC_OK) {
InputStream is = response.getEntity().getContent();
String result = inStream2String(is);
Assert.assertEquals(result, "POST_SUCCESS");
}
}

public void testUpload() throws Exception {
InputStream is = getContext().getAssets().open("books.xml");
HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient();
HttpPost post = new HttpPost(PATH + "/UploadServlet");
InputStreamBody isb = new InputStreamBody(is, "books.xml");
MultipartEntity multipartEntity = new MultipartEntity();
multipartEntity.addPart("file", isb);
multipartEntity.addPart("desc", new StringBody("this is description."));
post.setEntity(multipartEntity);
HttpResponse response = client.execute(post);
if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == HttpStatus.SC_OK) {
is = response.getEntity().getContent();
String result = inStream2String(is);
Assert.assertEquals(result, "UPLOAD_SUCCESS");
}
}

// 将输入流转换成字符串
private String inStream2String(InputStream is) throws Exception {
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
int len = -1;
while ((len = is.read(buf)) != -1) {
baos.write(buf, 0, len);
}
return new String(baos.toByteArray());
}
}
因为此文件包含三个测试用例,所以我将会逐个介绍一下.

首先,需要注意的是,我们定位服务器地址时使用到了IP,因为这里不能用localhost,服务端是在windows上运行,而本单元测试运行在Android平台,如果使用localhost就意味着在Android内部去访问服务,可能是访问不到的,所以必须用IP来定位服务.

我们先来分析一下testGet测试用例.我们使用了HttpGet,请求参数直接附在URL后面,然后由HttpClient执行GET请求,如果响应成功的话,取得响应内如输入流,并转换成字符串,最后判断是否为GET_SUCCESS.

testGet测试对应服务端Servlet代码如下:

@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
System.out.println("doGet method is called.");
String id = request.getParameter("id");
String name = request.getParameter("name");
String age = request.getParameter("age");
System.out.println("id:" + id + ", name:" + name + ", age:" + age);
response.getWriter().write("GET_SUCCESS");
}
然后再说testPost测试用例。我们使用了HttpPost,URL后面并没有附带参数信息,参数信息被包装成一个由NameValuePair类型组成的集合的形式,然后经过UrlEncodedFormEntity处理后调用HttpPost的setEntity方法进行参数设置,最后由HttpClient执行。

testPost测试对应的服务端代码如下:

@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
System.out.println("doPost method is called.");
String id = request.getParameter("id");
String name = request.getParameter("name");
String age = request.getParameter("age");
System.out.println("id:" + id + ", name:" + name + ", age:" + age);
response.getWriter().write("POST_SUCCESS");
}
上面两个是最基本的GET请求和POST请求,参数都是文本数据类型,能满足普通的需求,不过在有的场合例如我们要用到上传文件的时候,就不能使用基本的GET请求和POST请求了,我们要使用多部件的POST请求。下面介绍一下如何使用多部件POST操作上传一个文件到服务端。

由于Android附带的HttpClient版本暂不支持多部件POST请求,所以我们需要用到一个HttpMime开源项目,该组件是专门处理与MIME类型有关的操作。因为HttpMime是包含在HttpComponents 项目中的,所以我们需要去apache官方网站下载HttpComponents,然后把其中的HttpMime.jar包放到项目中去。

然后,我们观察testUpload测试用例,我们用HttpMime提供的InputStreamBody处理文件流参数,用StringBody处理普通文本参数,最后把所有类型参数都加入到一个MultipartEntity的实例中,并将这个multipartEntity设置为此次POST请求的参数实体,然后执行POST请求。服务端Servlet代码如下:

@SuppressWarnings("serial")
public class UploadServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
boolean isMultipart = ServletFileUpload.isMultipartContent(request);
if (isMultipart) {
FileItemFactory factory = new DiskFileItemFactory();
ServletFileUpload upload = new ServletFileUpload(factory);
try {
List items = upload.parseRequest(request);
Iterator iter = items.iterator();
while (iter.hasNext()) {
FileItem item = (FileItem) iter.next();
if (item.isFormField()) {
// 普通文本信息处理
String paramName = item.getFieldName();
String paramValue = item.getString();
System.out.println(paramName + ":" + paramValue);
} else {
// 上传文件信息处理
String fileName = item.getName();
byte[] data = item.get();
String filePath = getServletContext().getRealPath(
"/files")
+ "/" + fileName;
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(filePath);
fos.write(data);
fos.close();
}
}
} catch (FileUploadException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
response.getWriter().write("UPLOAD_SUCCESS");
}
}
服务端使用apache开源项目FileUpload进行处理,所以我们需要commons-fileupload和commons-io这两个项目的jar包。

介绍完上面的三种不同的情况之后,我们需要考虑一个问题,在实际应用中,我们不能每次都新建HttpClient,而是应该只为整个应用创建一个HttpClient,并将其用于所有HTTP通信.此外,还应该注意在通过一个HttpClient同时发出多个请求时可能发生的多线程问题.针对这两个问题,我们需要改进一下我们的项目:

1.扩展系统默认的Application,并应用在项目中。

2.使用HttpClient类库提供的ThreadSafeClientManager来创建和管理HttpClient。

其中MyApplication扩展了系统的Application,代码如下:

public class MyApplication extends Application {
private HttpClient httpClient;

@Override
public void onCreate() {
super.onCreate();
httpClient = this.createHttpClient();
}

@Override
public void onLowMemory() {
super.onLowMemory();
this.shutdownHttpClient();
}

@Override
public void onTerminate() {
super.onTerminate();
this.shutdownHttpClient();
}

// 创建HttpClient实例
private HttpClient createHttpClient() {
HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
HttpProtocolParams.setVersion(params, HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1);
HttpProtocolParams.setContentCharset(params,
HTTP.DEFAULT_CONTENT_CHARSET);
HttpProtocolParams.setUseExpectContinue(params, true);
SchemeRegistry schReg = new SchemeRegistry();
schReg.register(new Scheme("http", PlainSocketFactory
.getSocketFactory(), 80));
schReg.register(new Scheme("https",
SSLSocketFactory.getSocketFactory(), 443));
ClientConnectionManager connMgr = new ThreadSafeClientConnManager(
params, schReg);
return new DefaultHttpClient(connMgr, params);
}

// 关闭连接管理器并释放资源
private void shutdownHttpClient() {
if (httpClient != null && httpClient.getConnectionManager() != null) {
httpClient.getConnectionManager().shutdown();
}
}

// 对外提供HttpClient实例
public HttpClient getHttpClient() {
return httpClient;
}
}
我们重写了onCreate()方法,在系统启动时就创建一个HttpClient;重写了onLowMemory()和onTerminate()方法,在内存不足和应用结束时关闭连接,释放资源.需要注意的是,当实例化DefaultHttpClient时,传入一个由ThreadSafeClientConnManager创建的一个ClientConnectionManager实例,负责管理HttpClient的HTTP连接.

然后,想要让我们这个加强版的“Application”生效,需要在AndroidManifest.xml中做如下配置:

<application android:name=".MyApplication" ...>
....
</application>
如果我们没有配置,系统默认会使用android.app.Application,我们添加了配置,系统就会使用我们的com.scott.http.MyApplication,然后就可以在context中调用getApplication()来获取MyApplication实例.

有了上面的配置,我们就可以在活动中应用了,HttpActivity.java代码如下:

public class HttpActivity extends Activity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.main);
Button btn = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btn);
btn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
execute();
}
});
}

private void execute() {
try {
MyApplication app = (MyApplication) this.getApplication(); // 获取MyApplication实例
HttpClient client = app.getHttpClient(); // 获取HttpClient实例
HttpGet get = new HttpGet(
"http://192.168.1.57:8080/web/TestServlet?id=1001&name=john&age=60");
HttpResponse response = client.execute(get);
if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == HttpStatus.SC_OK) {
InputStream is = response.getEntity().getContent();
String result = inStream2String(is);
Toast.makeText(this, result, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}

// 将输入流转换成字符串
private String inStream2String(InputStream is) throws Exception {
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
int len = -1;
while ((len = is.read(buf)) != -1) {
baos.write(buf, 0, len);
}
return new String(baos.toByteArray());
}
}
内容来自用户分享和网络整理,不保证内容的准确性,如有侵权内容,可联系管理员处理 点击这里给我发消息
标签: