Oracle分析函数总结(1) - 基本概念和语法

Analytic functions compute an aggregate value based on a group of rows. They differ from aggregate functions in that they return multiple rows for each group. The group of rows is called a window and is defined by the analytic_clause. For each row, a sliding
window of rows is defined. The window determines the range of rows used to perform the calculations for the current row. Window sizes can be based on either a physical number of rows or a logical interval such as time.

Analytic functions are the last set of operations performed in a query except for the final ORDER BY clause. All joins and all WHERE, GROUP BY, and HAVING clauses are completed before the analytic functions are processed. Therefore, analytic functions can appear
only in the select list or ORDER BY clause.

分析函数基于一个行集计算聚集值，和聚合函数不同的地方在于分析函数会返回多行。

(很多分析函数也可以用作聚合函数，只是两种用法在语法上有所差异)

行集被称为窗口，对于每一行，定义了一个滑动窗口。这个窗口决定了对于当前行，用来执行计算的行的范围。

窗口的大小可以是物理的（行号）也可以是逻辑的（取值范围）。

除了最后的order by子句，分析函数是一个查询中最后被执行的操作，

所有的join,where,group by,having语句都在分析函数之前执行，

因此分析函数只能出现在select语句或者order by子句中。

分析函数语法

analytic_function([arguments])

OVER(

[partition_clause]

[order_by_clause[windowing_clause]]

)

1)分析函数

有以下的分析函数，带*号的函数表示允许windowing子句。

AVG *

CORR *

COUNT *

COVAR_POP *

COVAR_SAMP *

CUME_DIST

DENSE_RANK

FIRST

FIRST_VALUE *

LAG

LAST

LAST_VALUE *

LEAD

LISTAGG

MAX *

MIN *

NTH_VALUE*

NTILE

PERCENT_RANK

PERCENTILE_CONT

PERCENTILE_DISC

RANK

RATIO_TO_REPORT

REGR_ (Linear Regression) Functions *

ROW_NUMBER

STDDEV *

STDDEV_POP *

STDDEV_SAMP *

SUM *

VAR_POP *

VAR_SAMP *

VARIANCE *

2)PARTITION子句

按照表达式分分组,如果省略此子句,则全部的结果集被看作是一个组。

3)ORDER BY子句

ORDER BY将添加一个默认的WINDOWING子句,这个窗口从分组的第一行开始,一直继续到当前行(值),

即RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW.

没有ORDER BY时,默认的窗口是组中的全部行。

4)WINDOWING子句

定义分析函数作用的行集合,集合中的数据可以看作是一个窗口。

要使用WINDOWING子句,必须使用ORDER BY子句。

有2个建立窗口的关键字:ROWS和RANGE。

ROWS表示一个物理窗口(行);RANGE表示一个逻辑窗口。

BETWEEN...AND: 指定一个范围,如果省略,只指定一个端点,它将作为起点,终点是当前行。

UNBOUNDED PRECEDING:表示窗口从当前分组的第一行开始。

UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING:表示窗口,结束于当前分组的最后一行。

CURRENT ROW:表示窗口开始/结束于当前行或者当前值。

value_expr PRECEDING/value_expr FOLLOWING:指定一个物理或者逻辑的偏移量。

下面通过几个例子来理解这些概念。emp表中有如下数据:

tony@ORCL1> select empno,ename,sal,deptno
2  from emp order by deptno, sal;

EMPNO ENAME             SAL     DEPTNO
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7934 MILLER           1300         10
7782 CLARK            2450         10
7839 KING             5000         10
7369 SMITH             800         20
7876 ADAMS            1100         20
7566 JONES            2975         20
7788 SCOTT            3000         20
7902 FORD             3000         20
7900 JAMES             950         30
7654 MARTIN           1250         30
7521 WARD             1250         30
7844 TURNER           1500         30
7499 ALLEN            1600         30
7698 BLAKE            2850         30

14 rows selected.

wmsys.wm_concat()函数可以用来进行字段合并，把多行的某一列数据合并成一行显示。

例如，下面利用这个函数把一个部门的所有人名显示在一行。

tony@ORCL1> column emp_list format a40
tony@ORCL1> select deptno, wm_concat(ename) emp_list
2  from emp group by deptno;

DEPTNO EMP_LIST
---------- ----------------------------------------
10 CLARK,MILLER,KING
20 SMITH,FORD,ADAMS,SCOTT,JONES
30 ALLEN,JAMES,TURNER,BLAKE,MARTIN,WARD

上面的例子里wm_concat()作为聚合函数使用，下面看看它作为分析函数的结果。

可以看到和聚合函数用法不同的是分析函数为每一行都返回一个结果。

tony@ORCL1> select ename,deptno,
2  wm_concat(ename) over (partition by deptno) emp_list
3  from emp;

ENAME          DEPTNO EMP_LIST
---------- ---------- ----------------------------------------
CLARK              10 CLARK,KING,MILLER
KING               10 CLARK,KING,MILLER
MILLER             10 CLARK,KING,MILLER
JONES              20 JONES,FORD,ADAMS,SMITH,SCOTT
FORD               20 JONES,FORD,ADAMS,SMITH,SCOTT
ADAMS              20 JONES,FORD,ADAMS,SMITH,SCOTT
SMITH              20 JONES,FORD,ADAMS,SMITH,SCOTT
SCOTT              20 JONES,FORD,ADAMS,SMITH,SCOTT
WARD               30 WARD,TURNER,ALLEN,JAMES,BLAKE,MARTIN
TURNER             30 WARD,TURNER,ALLEN,JAMES,BLAKE,MARTIN
ALLEN              30 WARD,TURNER,ALLEN,JAMES,BLAKE,MARTIN
JAMES              30 WARD,TURNER,ALLEN,JAMES,BLAKE,MARTIN
BLAKE              30 WARD,TURNER,ALLEN,JAMES,BLAKE,MARTIN
MARTIN             30 WARD,TURNER,ALLEN,JAMES,BLAKE,MARTIN

14 rows selected.

上面的例子没有加上order by子句,前面说过如果没有order by子句默认的窗口是分组中的全部行。

所以在每个部门分组中的所有人名都会显示。

下面看看如果加上order by子句会怎么样。

结果比较有趣，原因在于前面提到，order by子句会添加一个默认的窗口，

RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW

即从分组的第一行开始,一直继续到当前行(值)。

tony@ORCL1> select ename,deptno,
2  wm_concat(ename) over (partition by deptno order by ename) emp_list
3  from emp;

ENAME          DEPTNO EMP_LIST
---------- ---------- ----------------------------------------
CLARK              10 CLARK
KING               10 CLARK,KING
MILLER             10 CLARK,KING,MILLER
ADAMS              20 ADAMS
FORD               20 ADAMS,FORD
JONES              20 ADAMS,FORD,JONES
SCOTT              20 ADAMS,FORD,JONES,SCOTT
SMITH              20 ADAMS,FORD,JONES,SCOTT,SMITH
ALLEN              30 ALLEN
BLAKE              30 ALLEN,BLAKE
JAMES              30 ALLEN,BLAKE,JAMES
MARTIN             30 ALLEN,BLAKE,JAMES,MARTIN
TURNER             30 ALLEN,BLAKE,JAMES,MARTIN,TURNER
WARD               30 ALLEN,BLAKE,JAMES,MARTIN,TURNER,WARD

14 rows selected.

再来看几个例子。

没有partition子句和order by子句，窗口是分组中的全部行

tony@ORCL1> column sal format $99999.99
tony@ORCL1> column avgsal format $99999.99
tony@ORCL1> column sumsal format $99999.99
tony@ORCL1> select ename, sal, sum(sal) over() sumsal from emp;

ENAME             SAL     SUMSAL
---------- ---------- ----------
SMITH         $800.00  $29025.00
ALLEN        $1600.00  $29025.00
WARD         $1250.00  $29025.00
JONES        $2975.00  $29025.00
MARTIN       $1250.00  $29025.00
BLAKE        $2850.00  $29025.00
CLARK        $2450.00  $29025.00
SCOTT        $3000.00  $29025.00
KING         $5000.00  $29025.00
TURNER       $1500.00  $29025.00
ADAMS        $1100.00  $29025.00
JAMES         $950.00  $29025.00
FORD         $3000.00  $29025.00
MILLER       $1300.00  $29025.00

14 rows selected.

有order by子句没有开窗子句，窗口是

RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW.

即分组中的第一行到当前行(值).

tony@ORCL1> select ename, sal,
2  sum(sal) over(order by ename) sumsal
3  from emp;

ENAME             SAL     SUMSAL
---------- ---------- ----------
ADAMS        $1100.00   $1100.00
ALLEN        $1600.00   $2700.00
BLAKE        $2850.00   $5550.00
CLARK        $2450.00   $8000.00
FORD         $3000.00  $11000.00
JAMES         $950.00  $11950.00
JONES        $2975.00  $14925.00
KING         $5000.00  $19925.00
MARTIN       $1250.00  $21175.00
MILLER       $1300.00  $22475.00
SCOTT        $3000.00  $25475.00
SMITH         $800.00  $26275.00
TURNER       $1500.00  $27775.00
WARD         $1250.00  $29025.00

14 rows selected.

如果order by指定的是salary，注意结果中相同salary值的行的结果。

原因在于默认的窗口子句RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW

是逻辑窗口，即第一行到等于当前值的所有行。

tony@ORCL1> select ename, sal,
2  sum(sal) over(order by sal) sumsal
3  from emp;

ENAME             SAL     SUMSAL
---------- ---------- ----------
SMITH         $800.00    $800.00
JAMES         $950.00   $1750.00
ADAMS        $1100.00   $2850.00
WARD         $1250.00   $5350.00
MARTIN       $1250.00   $5350.00
MILLER       $1300.00   $6650.00
TURNER       $1500.00   $8150.00
ALLEN        $1600.00   $9750.00
CLARK        $2450.00  $12200.00
BLAKE        $2850.00  $15050.00
JONES        $2975.00  $18025.00
SCOTT        $3000.00  $24025.00
FORD         $3000.00  $24025.00
KING         $5000.00  $29025.00

14 rows selected.

分部门计算薪水总和的结果。

tony@ORCL1> select ename, sal, deptno,
2  sum(sal) over(partition by deptno) sumsal
3  from emp;

ENAME             SAL     DEPTNO     SUMSAL
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
CLARK        $2450.00         10   $8750.00
KING         $5000.00         10   $8750.00
MILLER       $1300.00         10   $8750.00
JONES        $2975.00         20  $10875.00
FORD         $3000.00         20  $10875.00
ADAMS        $1100.00         20  $10875.00
SMITH         $800.00         20  $10875.00
SCOTT        $3000.00         20  $10875.00
WARD         $1250.00         30   $9400.00
TURNER       $1500.00         30   $9400.00
ALLEN        $1600.00         30   $9400.00
JAMES         $950.00         30   $9400.00
BLAKE        $2850.00         30   $9400.00
MARTIN       $1250.00         30   $9400.00

14 rows selected.

分部门计算薪水总和的结果。因为有order by子句，

加上了一个默认的窗口子句RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW

tony@ORCL1> select ename, sal, deptno,
2  sum(sal) over(partition by deptno order by ename) sumsal
3  from emp;

ENAME             SAL     DEPTNO     SUMSAL
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
CLARK        $2450.00         10   $2450.00
KING         $5000.00         10   $7450.00
MILLER       $1300.00         10   $8750.00
ADAMS        $1100.00         20   $1100.00
FORD         $3000.00         20   $4100.00
JONES        $2975.00         20   $7075.00
SCOTT        $3000.00         20  $10075.00
SMITH         $800.00         20  $10875.00
ALLEN        $1600.00         30   $1600.00
BLAKE        $2850.00         30   $4450.00
JAMES         $950.00         30   $5400.00
MARTIN       $1250.00         30   $6650.00
TURNER       $1500.00         30   $8150.00
WARD         $1250.00         30   $9400.00

14 rows selected.

计算各部门的薪水平均值。

tony@ORCL1> select ename, sal, deptno,
2  avg(sal) over(partition by deptno) avgsal
3  from emp;

ENAME             SAL     DEPTNO     AVGSAL
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
CLARK        $2450.00         10   $2916.67
KING         $5000.00         10   $2916.67
MILLER       $1300.00         10   $2916.67
JONES        $2975.00         20   $2175.00
FORD         $3000.00         20   $2175.00
ADAMS        $1100.00         20   $2175.00
SMITH         $800.00         20   $2175.00
SCOTT        $3000.00         20   $2175.00
WARD         $1250.00         30   $1566.67
TURNER       $1500.00         30   $1566.67
ALLEN        $1600.00         30   $1566.67
JAMES         $950.00         30   $1566.67
BLAKE        $2850.00         30   $1566.67
MARTIN       $1250.00         30   $1566.67

14 rows selected.

下面再来看几个指定了开窗子句的例子。

按照名字排序，计算前面3行和本行的薪水总和。

tony@ORCL1> select ename, sal,
2  sum(sal) over(order by ename rows 3 preceding) sumsal
3  from emp;

ENAME             SAL     SUMSAL
---------- ---------- ----------
ADAMS        $1100.00   $1100.00
ALLEN        $1600.00   $2700.00
BLAKE        $2850.00   $5550.00
CLARK        $2450.00   $8000.00
FORD         $3000.00   $9900.00
JAMES         $950.00   $9250.00
JONES        $2975.00   $9375.00
KING         $5000.00  $11925.00
MARTIN       $1250.00  $10175.00
MILLER       $1300.00  $10525.00
SCOTT        $3000.00  $10550.00
SMITH         $800.00   $6350.00
TURNER       $1500.00   $6600.00
WARD         $1250.00   $6550.00

14 rows selected.

按照新水排序，计算>=(自己薪水-100) and <=自己薪水的所有人的薪水总和

tony@ORCL1> select ename, sal,
2  sum(sal) over(order by sal range 100 preceding) sumsal
3  from emp;

ENAME             SAL     SUMSAL
---------- ---------- ----------
SMITH         $800.00    $800.00
JAMES         $950.00    $950.00
ADAMS        $1100.00   $1100.00
WARD         $1250.00   $2500.00
MARTIN       $1250.00   $2500.00
MILLER       $1300.00   $3800.00
TURNER       $1500.00   $1500.00
ALLEN        $1600.00   $3100.00
CLARK        $2450.00   $2450.00
BLAKE        $2850.00   $2850.00
JONES        $2975.00   $2975.00
SCOTT        $3000.00   $8975.00
FORD         $3000.00   $8975.00
KING         $5000.00   $5000.00

14 rows selected.

按照新水排序，计算>=(自己薪水-100) and <=(自己薪水+200)的所有人的薪水总和

tony@ORCL1> select ename, sal,
2  sum(sal) over(order by sal range
3    between 100 preceding and 200 following) sumsal
4  from emp;

ENAME             SAL     SUMSAL
---------- ---------- ----------
SMITH         $800.00   $1750.00
JAMES         $950.00   $2050.00
ADAMS        $1100.00   $4900.00
WARD         $1250.00   $3800.00
MARTIN       $1250.00   $3800.00
MILLER       $1300.00   $5300.00
TURNER       $1500.00   $3100.00
ALLEN        $1600.00   $3100.00
CLARK        $2450.00   $2450.00
BLAKE        $2850.00  $11825.00
JONES        $2975.00   $8975.00
SCOTT        $3000.00   $8975.00
FORD         $3000.00   $8975.00
KING         $5000.00   $5000.00

14 rows selected.