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图解数据结构(9)——左偏树

2012-06-15 10:51 393 查看
十三、左偏树(Leftist Tree)

树这个数据结构内容真的很多,上一节所讲的二叉堆,其实就是一颗二叉树,这次讲的左偏树(又叫“左翼堆”),也是树。

二叉堆是个很不错的数据结构,因为它非常便于理解,而且仅仅用了一个数组,不会造成额外空间的浪费,但它有个缺点,那就是很难合并两个二叉堆,对于“合并”,“拆分”这种操作,我觉得最方面的还是依靠指针,改变一下指针的值就可以实现,要是涉及到元素的移动,那就复杂一些了。

左偏树跟二叉堆比起来,就是一棵真正意义上的树了,具有左右指针,所以空间开销上稍微大一点,但却带来了便于合并的便利。BTW:写了很多很多的程序之后,我发觉“空间换时间”始终是个应该考虑的编程方法。:)

左偏左偏,给人感觉就是左子树的比重比较大了,事实上也差不多,可以这么理解:左边分量重,那一直往右,就一定能最快地找到可以插入元素的节点了。所以可以这样下个定义:左偏树就是对其任意子树而言,往右到插入点的距离(下面简称为“距离”)始终小于等于往左到插入点的距离,当然了,和二叉堆一样,父节点的值要小于左右子节点的值。



如果节点本身不满,可插入,那距离就为0,再把空节点的距离记为-1,这样我们就得出:父节点的距离 = 右子节点距离 + 1,因为右子节点的距离始终是小于等于左子节点距离的。我把距离的值用蓝色字体标在上图中了。

左偏树并一定平衡,甚至它可以很不平衡,因为它其实也不需要平衡,它只需要像二叉堆那样的功能,再加上合并方便,现在来看左偏树的合并算法,如图:







这种算法其实很适合用递归来做,但我还是用了一个循环,其实也差不多。对于左偏树来说,这个合并操作是最重要最基本的了。为什么?你看哦:Enqueue,我能不能看作是这个左偏树的root和一个单节点树的合并?而Dequeue,我能不能看作是把root节点取出来,然后合并root的左右子树?事实上就是这样的,我提供的代码就是这样干的。

Conclusion:左偏树比同二叉堆的优点就是方便合并,缺点是编程复杂度略高(也高不去哪),占用空间稍大(其实也大不去哪)。附上代码,老样子了,单个文件,直接调试的代码,零依赖零配置,一看就懂,代码虽然不算完美,但作为演示和学习,是足够了。

#include <stdio.h>

// TreeNode

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

struct TreeNode

{

TreeNode(int iVal)

{

m_iData = iVal;

m_iDistance =0;

m_pLeft =0;

m_pRight =0;

}

~TreeNode()

{

}

void SwapLeftRight()

{

TreeNode *pTmp
= m_pLeft;

m_pLeft = m_pRight;

m_pRight = pTmp;

}

void UpdateDistance()

{

m_iDistance = GetRightDistance()+1;

}

int GetLeftDistance()

{

return m_pLeft!=0?m_pLeft->m_iDistance:-1;

}

int GetRightDistance()

{

return m_pRight!=0?m_pRight->m_iDistance:-1;

}

int m_iData;

int m_iDistance;

TreeNode* m_pLeft;

TreeNode* m_pRight;

};

// Stack

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

class Stack

{

public:

Stack(int iAmount
=10);

~Stack();

//return 1 means succeeded, 0 means failed.

int Pop(TreeNode*& val);

int Push(TreeNode* val);

int Top(TreeNode*& val);

//iterator

int GetTop(TreeNode*&val);

int GetNext(TreeNode*&val);

private:

TreeNode** m_pData;

int m_iCount;

int m_iAmount;

//iterator

int m_iCurr;

};

Stack::Stack(int iAmount)

{

m_pData =new TreeNode*[iAmount];

m_iCount =0;

m_iAmount = iAmount;

m_iCurr =0;

}

Stack::~Stack()

{

delete m_pData;

}

int Stack::Pop(TreeNode*& val)

{

if(m_iCount>0)

{

--m_iCount;

val = m_pData[m_iCount];

return1;

}

return0;

}

int Stack::Push(TreeNode* val)

{

if(m_iCount<m_iAmount)

{

m_pData[m_iCount] = val;

++m_iCount;

return1;

}

return0;

}

int Stack::Top(TreeNode*& val)

{

if(m_iCount>0&& m_iCount<=m_iAmount)

{

val = m_pData[m_iCount-1];

return1;

}

return0;

}

int Stack::GetTop(TreeNode*&val)

{

if(m_iCount>0&& m_iCount<=m_iAmount)

{

val = m_pData[m_iCount-1];

m_iCurr = m_iCount
-1;

return1;

}

return0;

}

int Stack::GetNext(TreeNode*&val)

{

if((m_iCurr-1)<(m_iCount-1)
&& (m_iCurr-1)>=0)

{

--m_iCurr;

val = m_pData[m_iCurr];

return1;

}

return0;

}

// LeftistTree

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

class LeftistTree

{

public:

LeftistTree();

~LeftistTree();

//return 0 means failed.

int Dequeue(int& iVal);

int Enqueue(int iVal);

//returns the merged root.

TreeNode* Merge(TreeNode
*pT1, TreeNode
*pT2);

TreeNode* GetRoot();

#ifdef _DEBUG

void Print(TreeNode* pNode);

#endif

protected:

TreeNode *m_pRoot;

};

LeftistTree::LeftistTree()

{

m_pRoot = NULL;

}

LeftistTree::~LeftistTree()

{

Stack st(40);
//2^40 must be enough.

//Postorder traverse the tree to release all nodes.

TreeNode *pNode
= m_pRoot;

TreeNode *pTemp;

if(pNode==0)

return;

while (1)

{

if(pNode->m_pLeft!=0)

{

st.Push(pNode);

pTemp = pNode;

pNode = pNode->m_pLeft;

pTemp->m_pLeft
=0;

continue;

}

if(pNode->m_pRight!=0)

{

st.Push(pNode);

pTemp = pNode;

pNode = pNode->m_pRight;

pTemp->m_pRight
=0;

continue;

}

delete pNode;

if(0==st.Pop(pNode))

break;

}

}

int LeftistTree::Dequeue(int& iVal)

{

if(m_pRoot==0)

return0;

iVal = m_pRoot->m_iData;

TreeNode *pTmp
= m_pRoot;

m_pRoot = Merge(m_pRoot->m_pLeft, m_pRoot->m_pRight);

delete pTmp;

return1;

}

int LeftistTree::Enqueue(int iVal)

{

TreeNode *pNew
=new TreeNode(iVal);

m_pRoot = Merge(m_pRoot, pNew);

return1;

}

TreeNode* LeftistTree::Merge(TreeNode
*pT1, TreeNode
*pT2)

{

if(pT1==0&& pT2==0)

return0;

elseif(pT1==0)
//pT2!=0

return pT2;

elseif(pT2==0)
//pT1!=0

return pT1;

if(pT1->m_iData
> pT2->m_iData)

return Merge(pT2, pT1);

Stack st(40);

TreeNode* pInsPos
= pT1;

TreeNode* pToIns
= pT2;

TreeNode* pTmp;

st.Push(pInsPos);

//Find a node available for insert.

while(1)

{

if(pInsPos->m_pRight!=NULL)

{

if(pToIns->m_iData
< pInsPos->m_pRight->m_iData)

{

pTmp = pInsPos->m_pRight;

pInsPos->m_pRight
= pToIns;

pToIns = pTmp;

st.Push(pInsPos);

pInsPos = pInsPos->m_pRight;

}

else

{

st.Push(pInsPos);

pInsPos = pInsPos->m_pRight;

}

}

else

{

st.Push(pInsPos);

//Insert


pInsPos->m_pRight
= pToIns;

break;

}

}

TreeNode* pNode;

//Try to update the relative distance and make the tree be still the leftist tree.

while (0!=st.Pop(pNode))

{

if(pNode->GetLeftDistance()
< pNode->GetRightDistance())

pNode->SwapLeftRight();

pNode->UpdateDistance();

}

return pT1;

}

TreeNode* LeftistTree::GetRoot()

{

return m_pRoot;

}

#ifdef _DEBUG

void LeftistTree::Print(TreeNode* pNode)

{

if(pNode!=NULL)

{

if(pNode->m_pLeft!=NULL
&& pNode->m_pRight!=NULL)

{

printf("%d[%d]->(%d, %d)\n", pNode->m_iData, pNode->m_iDistance,
pNode->m_pLeft->m_iData, pNode->m_pRight->m_iData);

Print(pNode->m_pLeft);

Print(pNode->m_pRight);

}

elseif(pNode->m_pLeft!=NULL)

{

printf("%d[%d]->(%d, x)\n", pNode->m_iData, pNode->m_iDistance,
pNode->m_pLeft->m_iData);

Print(pNode->m_pLeft);

}

elseif(pNode->m_pRight!=NULL)

{

printf("%d[%d]->(x, %d)\n", pNode->m_iData, pNode->m_iDistance,
pNode->m_pRight->m_iData);

Print(pNode->m_pRight);

}

}

}

#endif

int main(int argc,
char* argv[])

{

LeftistTree tree;

tree.Enqueue(9);

tree.Enqueue(4);

tree.Enqueue(2);

tree.Enqueue(1);

tree.Enqueue(3);

tree.Enqueue(8);

#ifdef _DEBUG

tree.Print(tree.GetRoot());

#endif

int iVal;

tree.Dequeue(iVal);

printf("\nDequeue value is %d\n", iVal);

tree.Dequeue(iVal);

printf("Dequeue value is %d\n", iVal);

#ifdef _DEBUG

tree.Print(tree.GetRoot());

#endif

return0;

}
也许你还想问:怎么你写的代码都不加个头啊,用来声明版权什么的。本人似乎没这个习惯,那些东西繁琐得很,而且根据我多年开发经验,给每个cpp文件加个头其实是没有必要的,就好像注释,不需要的时候也生硬加上,那就是画蛇添足了。
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