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[笔记]Python虚拟机的运行时基本知识

2012-03-10 01:45 381 查看
首先应该了解程序的运行时刻环境,个人觉得龙书中文版第7章挺通俗易懂的。

Python在这方面设计了PyFrameObject这个结构(对应于龙书中的“活动记录”)来维护运行时环境,并采用了“访问链”的思想(龙书中介绍了“访问链”和“显示表”)来解决不同作用域间变量的访问问题。
不过在PyFrameObject中维护了3个成员,用来指向最经常使用的3个符号表,内置符号表、全局符号表、局部符号表:
PyObject *f_builtins;     /* builtin symbol table (PyDictObject) */
    PyObject *f_globals;      /* global symbol table (PyDictObject) */
    PyObject *f_locals;       /* local symbol table (any mapping) */


这样可以避免在访问全局变量、内建变量时还要通过“访问链”上的回溯来搜索。
PyFrameObject通过如下成员来维护“访问链”(或者称“符号表链”、“名字空间链”):
struct _frame *f_back;    /* previous frame, or NULL */


关于Python的作用域,有一些规则。
最内嵌套作用域规则:由一个赋值语句引进的名字在这个赋值语句所在的作用域里是可见(起作用)的,而且在其内部嵌套的每个作用域里也可见,除非它被嵌套于内部的,引进同样名字的另一条赋值语句所遮蔽/覆盖。
LEGB:符号表的搜索顺序是Local -> Enclosing Function -> Global -> Built-in

一个比较常见而且经典的案例是UnboundLocalError,见如下代码:
x = 10
def foo():
    print(x)
    x += 1
foo()


这一段代码会出现如下错误:
UnboundLocalError: local variable 'x' referenced before assignment

这个问题可以用下面两段话来解答:
This is because when you make an assignment to a variable in a scope, that variable becomes local to that scope and shadows any similarly named variable in the outer scope. Since the last statement in foo assigns a new value
to x, the compiler recognizes it as a local variable. Consequently when the earlier print x attempts
to print the uninitialized local variable and an error results.
URL:http://docs.python.org/faq/programming.html#why-am-i-getting-an-unboundlocalerror-when-the-variable-has-a-value
Otherwise, all variables found outside of the innermost scope are read-only (an attempt to write to such a variable will simply create a new local
variable in the innermost scope, leaving the identically named outer variable unchanged).
URL:http://docs.python.org/tutorial/classes.html#python-scopes-and-namespaces

第二个URL,即官方文档也说明了LEGB规则:

the innermost scope, which is searched first, contains the local names
the scopes of any enclosing functions, which are searched starting with the nearest enclosing scope, contains non-local, but also non-global names
the next-to-last scope contains the current module’s global names
the outermost scope (searched last) is the namespace containing built-in names

上面讨论了帧对象PyFrameObject和作用域、符号表等,下面是比较大的概念:关于Python虚拟机的运行时环境。

虚拟机的具体实现位于ceval.c中的PyEval_EvalFrameEx函数中。
函数开头首先定义了如下变量:
register PyObject **stack_pointer;  /* Next free slot in value stack */
    register unsigned char *next_instr;
    register int opcode;        /* Current opcode */
    register int oparg;         /* Current opcode argument, if any */
    register enum why_code why; /* Reason for block stack unwind */


含义可以从注释中看出,比如next_instr表示下一条指令,why表示栈展开的原因。

PyEval_EvalFrameEx是一个非常庞大的函数,拥有庞大的switch/case语句数目来执行各种指令。
函数中提供了几个访问指令的宏:
/* Code access macros */

#define INSTR_OFFSET()  ((int)(next_instr - first_instr))
#define NEXTOP()        (*next_instr++)
#define NEXTARG()       (next_instr += 2, (next_instr[-1]<<8) + next_instr[-2])
#define PEEKARG()       ((next_instr[2]<<8) + next_instr[1])
#define JUMPTO(x)       (next_instr = first_instr + (x))
#define JUMPBY(x)       (next_instr += (x))


此外,在运行时需要涉及的还有线程和进程,Python使用的是系统原生的线程/进程,并使用PyThreadState和PyInterpreterState对象来进行抽象和维护。
在PyEval_EvalFrameEx函数开头,也定义了tstate变量,并把当前线程状态赋值给该变量:
PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();


接着设置线程状态对象中的帧:
tstate->frame = f;


然后再设置帧的一些信息:
co = f->f_code;
    names = co->co_names;
    consts = co->co_consts;
    fastlocals = f->f_localsplus;
    freevars = f->f_localsplus + co->co_nlocals;
    first_instr = (unsigned char*) PyString_AS_STRING(co->co_code);
    next_instr = first_instr + f->f_lasti + 1;
    stack_pointer = f->f_stacktop;
    assert(stack_pointer != NULL);
    f->f_stacktop = NULL;       /* remains NULL unless yield suspends frame */


最后,进入switch/case:
switch (opcode) {


P.S. “访问链”的形成是在PyFrame_New函数中,帧的f_back成员指向当前线程状态对象的frame成员。

JasonLee 2011.08.20 20:18
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