6.087 Practical Programming in C, lec10

C standard library: stdio.h,ctype.h, stdlib.h, assert.h, stdarg.h, time.h

<stdio.h>: File operations

int remove(const char∗ filename)

• removes the file from the filesystem.
• retrn non-zero on error.
int rename(const char∗ oldname, const char∗ newname)

• renames file
• returns non-zero on error(reasons?: permission, existence)
第一次发现C的<stdio.h>中有这两个函数，一直觉得文件操作很复杂和神秘，现在看还是很简单的。不过底层应该会涉及到安全机制，尤其是在涉及到多种操作系统时，不同的安全策略也许会带来很大的麻烦。

<stdio.h>:Temporary files

FILE∗ tmpfile(void)

• creates a temporary file with mode "wb+".
• the file is removed automatically when program terminates.
char∗ tmpnam(char s[L_tmpnam])

• creates a string that is not the name of an existing file.
• return reference to internal static array if s is NULL. Populate s otherwise.
• generates a new name every call.
这个临时的命名用时间来命名是最合适的了。\

<stdio.h>: Raw I/O

size_t fread(void∗ ptr , size_t size, size_t nobj,FILE ∗stream)

• reads at most nobj items of sizesize from stream into ptr.
• returns the number of items read.
• feof and ferror must be used to test end of file.
size_t fwrite (const void∗ ptr,size_t size, size_t nobj,FILE ∗stream)

• write at most nobj items of size size from ptr onto stream.
• returns number of objects written.
fread使我想起了malloc时对所获得的内存进行强制类型转换，大概也是这个样子吧，将新的内存段按大小分，再登记下这段内存的类型。

<stdio.h>: File position

int fseek(FILE∗ stream, long offset, int origin )

• sets file position in the stream.Subsequent read/write begins at this location
• origin can be SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR,SEEK_END.
• returns non-zero on error.
long ftell (FILE∗ stream)

• returns the current positionwithin the file. (limitation? long data type).
• returns -1L on error.
int rewind(FILE∗ stream)

• sets the file pointer at thebeginning.
• equivalent tofseek(stream,0L,SEEK_SET);
这几个函数用的多一些，记得上课时就学过。在进行文件流操作时，至少要记录文件的起始位置和当前文件指针的位置。

<stdio.h>: File errors

void clearerr (FILE∗ stream)

• clears EOF and other errorindicators on stream. int feof (FILE∗ stream)
int feof (FILE∗ stream)

• return non-zero (TRUE) if end offile indicator is set for stream.
• only way to test end of file forfunctions such as fwrite(),fread()
int ferror (FILE∗ stream)

• returns non-zero (TRUE) if anyerror indicator is set for stream.

<string.h>: Memory functions

void∗ memcpy(void∗ dst, const void∗ src, size_t n)

• copies n bytes from src to location dst
• returns a pointer to dst.
• src and dst cannot overlap.
void∗ memmove(void∗ dst, const void∗ src, size_t n)

• behaves same as memcpy() function.
• src and dst can overlap.
int memcmp(const void∗ cs,const void∗ ct,int n)

• compares first n bytes between cs and ct.
void∗ memset(void∗ dst, int c, int n)

• fills the first n bytes of dst with the value c.
• returns a pointer to dst
memcpy相对memmove最大的好处就是方便并行化处理吧。这两个名字起的很精彩，copy就是copy，move就是move。在设计类库时多考虑下数据的独立性是很好的编程习惯。

<stdlib.h>:Utility

double atof(const char∗ s)

int atoi (const char∗ s)

long atol(const char∗ s)

• converts character to float,integerand long respectively.
int rand()

• returns a pseduo-random numbersbetween 0 and RAND_MAX
void srand(unsigned int seed)

• sets the seed for thepseudo-random generator!
前面的几个函数实现起来好像并不难。就是整型转浮点的实现可能麻烦一些，我还想不到特别优雅的方法。

<stdlib.h>: Exiting

void abort(void)

• causes the program to terminateabnormally.
void exit ( int status)

• causes normal program termination.The value status is returned to the operating system.
• 0 EXIT_SUCCESS indicatessuccessful termination. Any other value indicates failure(EXIT_FAILURE)
void atexit (void (∗fcn )( void))

• registers a function fcn to becalled when the program terminates normally;
• returns non zero when registrationcannot be made.
• After exit() is called, the functions are called in reverse order of registration.
int system(const char∗ cmd)

• executes the command in string cmd.
• if cmd is not null, the program executes the command and returns exit status returned by the command
system这个函数好像python里面也有，并且在python里面用的很多。atexit的执行顺序为什么是逆序，实在想不通。

<stdlib.h>:Search and sort

void∗ bsearch(const void∗ key, const void∗ base, size_t n,size_t size, int(∗cmp)(const void∗ keyval, const void∗ datum));

• searches base[0] through base[n-1] for *key.

• function cmp() is used to perform comparison.

• returns a pointer to the matching item if it exists and NULLotherwise.

void qsort(void∗ base, size_t n, size_t sz, int(∗cmp)(constvoid∗, const void∗));

• sorts base[0] through base[n-1] in ascending/descending order.

• function cmp() is used to perform comparison.

搜索和排序中的比较函数指针是使用函数指针的一个典型例子。bsearch和qsearch如此常用，以至于很多编程语言的库函数都将其包含在内。

<assert.h>: Diagnostics

void assert(int expression)

• used to check for invariants/codeconsistency during debugging
• does nothing when expression istrue.
• prints an error message indicating, expression, filename and line number.
Alternative ways to print filename and line number during execution is to use: __FILE__,__LINE__ macros.

assert函数在发布为release时应该会去掉，现在也明白了为什么JUnit里面那么多assert打头的函数了。

<stdarg.h>:Variable argument lists

Variable argument lists:

• functions can variable number ofarguments.
• the data type of the argument canbe different for each argument.
• atleast one mandatory argument isrequired.
• Declaration:
int printf (char∗ fmt ,...); /∗fmt is last named argument∗/
va_list ap

• ap defines an iterator that willpoint to the variable argument.
• before using, it has to beinitialized using va_start.
C与Java、C#等运行在虚拟机中的解释性语言不同，是彻底的编译运行，因此这种动态特性是由预处理的宏来实现的。